Legume Research

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Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) under Different Phosphorus Management Options in Central Dry Zone of Karnataka

A.H. Kumar Naik1,*, T. Basavaraj Naik2, O. Kumara3, S. Umesha4, G. Madhu4
1Department of Agronomy, Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Hiriyur-577 598, Karnataka, India.
2Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Navile-573 131, Karnataka, India.
3Krishi Vignan Kendra, Chitradurga-577 501, Karnataka, India.
4Natural Farming Project, Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Hiriyur-577 598, Karnataka, India.

  • Submitted23-03-2022|

  • Accepted16-07-2022|

  • First Online 20-08-2022|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4925

ABSTRACT

Background: Phosphorus is considered as the second most important plant nutrient because of its significant role in various biochemical activities such as photosynthesis, respiration, root growth, energy storage, cell division etc. Phosphorus is required in greater amounts for pulse crops because of high demand in energy transfer molecules used in nitrogen fixation. Application of proper dose of phosphorus fertilizer is very crucial in deciding the productivity of the groundnut. The bioavailability of the phosphorus fertilizers mainly depends on the soil properties viz., pH, organic carbon, amount of Fe and Al oxides, CaCO3 and microbial load in the soil. In this context, the present study was designed to know the growth and yield parameter of groundnut by using appropriate combination of microbial culture with different levels of phosphorus at central dry zone of Karnataka.

Methods: Field experiments were carried out for three consecutive years during 2018, 2019 and 2020 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Babbur farm, Hiriyur, Karnataka, India to study and understand the efficiency of DGRC culture (microbial culture) with different levels of phosphorus on groundnut under kharif season. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication and ten treatments consisting of seed treatment with DGRC culture inoculants @ 20g/ kg groundnut seed (cv. TMV-2) with different doses of phosphorus (20 kg, 40 kg and 60 kg/ha).

Result: Three years pooled results indicated that there was a significant response of pod yield (2457 kg/ha) and higher economics like gross return (Rs. 1,15,138/ ha), net return (Rs. 73,115/ha) and B:C ratio (2.76) were also profitable with the application of 40 kg/ha of P + DGRC culture as compared to other treatments. Furthermore, higher nutrient uptake viz., N (99.60 kg/ha), P2O5 (16.68 kg/ha) and K2O (58.86 kg/ha) were recorded in application of 40 kg/ha of P+DGRC culture.

INTRODUCTION

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the major legume growing in Karnataka. The crop is cultivated mainly for its seed and it comprises 40-50% oil, 20-30% protein and contains vitamin B as well. All other parts of the plant are used as animal feed (Ahmad et al., 2007). Poor soil fertility, lack of improved varieties, erratic rainfall and drought are some of the production constraints faced by farmers in Central Dry Zone of Karnataka. However, soils found in most groundnut growing areas are inherently poor with deficiencies in most of the essential plant nutrients especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (Burri et al., 2010). Groundnut yields obtained by farmers in Central Dry Zone of Karnataka are generally low due to the poor soil fertility which has ensued as a result of continuous cropping coupled with low use of external inputs.
       
Proper doses of phosphorus fertilizer have vital effect on the yield of groundnut. The most obvious effect of P is on the plant root system (Kumar Naik et al., 2017). The adequate P levels encourage vigorous root and shoot growth promote early maturity, increase water use efficiency and economic yield (Brady and Well, 2002, Singh and Singh., 2000, Jain et al., 1990). Phosphorus is a key element involved in various functions in growth and metabolism of legumes (Ramesh et al., 1997) and it frequently a major limiting nutrient for plant growth in slightly alkaline soils of Central Dry Zone of Karnataka.
       
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are environmental friendly, low cost and non-bulky agricultural inputs which play a significant role in plant nutrition as a supplementary and complementary factor to mineral nutrition (Peix et al., 2015). Balanced use of fertilizers organic manures along with bio-fertilizers for improving crop productivity and soil fertility status in cereals and cereal-based rotations is well documented (Garcia et al., 2012). Thus, substitution of some of the inorganic P requirement of groundnut through farm yard manure (FYM) and PGPRs is important to synthesize low cost nutrient management technology, besides addressing production vulnerabilities.  In addition to proper dose of phosphorus, a suitable and efficient microbial culture should be used to increase its production.Based on these constraints at farmers level present study has been carried out to evaluate the appropriate combination of microbial culture and different levels of phosphorus on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of groundnut under Central Dry Zone of Karnataka.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The field experiments were conducted during Kharif season of 2018, 2019 and 2020 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Babbur Farm, Hiriyur of University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India Table 1. The soil of the experimental plot was block in texture and slightly alkaline in reaction. The soil has low organic carbon content of 0.46 per cent and was low in available nitrogen 205 kg/ha, high in phosphorus 23.0 kg/ha and potash 321 kg/ha. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of ten treatment combinations of seed treatment with DGRC culture inoculants @ 20g/ kg groundnut seed (cv. TMV-2) with different doses of phosphorus (20 kg, 40 kg and 60 kg/ha) the treatment details viz., Control (no application of P), Application of  20 kg/ha of P, Application of 40 kg/ha of P, Application of 60 kg/ha of P, Application of 20 kg/ha of P+ DGRC culture, Application of 40 kg/ha of P+DGRC culture, Application of 60 kg/ha of P+DGRC culture, Application of FYM @ 2.5 t/ha, Application of FYM @ 2.5 t/ha+DGRC culture, Application of DGRC culture enriched FYM@100 kg/ha. A recommended dose of farmyard manure, nitrogen, potash and seed rate was applied. The cultural practices, irrigation and plant protection measures were taken as and when required.

Table 1: Physical and chemical properties of the soil of the experimental site at ZAHRS, Babbur farm, Hiriyur.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Growth parameters and phosphorous fertilization
 
Three years pooled data presented in Table 2, 3 and 4 revealed that the growth and yield attributes significantly influenced by different treatments. Significantly higher plant height (40.67 cm) was observed in application of 60 kg/ha of P+DGRC culture and which is on par with the application of 40 kg/ha of P+DGRC culture, whereas, number of branches per plant (9.04), number of pods per plant (43.21) and 100 kernel weight (42.60 g) were significantly recorded by the application of 40 kg/ha of P+DGRC culture.The optimum availability of P to sustain crop growth. Further, P is a key component of molecules necessary for root growth and development, respiration, nucleic acid synthesis, N- fixation, plant maturity and seed production (Raychaudhury et al., 2003). Phosphorus is required in greater amounts for pulse crops than many other crops due to its high demand in energy transfer molecules used in nitrogen fixation.Moreover, integration of both organic and inorganic nutrient sources might improve fixation of nitrogen and to reduce the movement of P to non liable pools in the soil solution and also reduce the adsorption and immobilization of P (Ramana et al., 2002) which could be one of the reasons for higher dry matter production and growth of groundnut.
 

Table 2: Effect of microbial cultures on initial, final population and plant height of rainfed groundnut during Kharif 2018, 2019 and 2020 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Hiriyur, UAHS, Shivamogga.


 

Table 3: Effect of microbial cultures on shoot length (cm), number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant of rainfed groundnut during Kharif 2018, 2019 and 2020 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Hiriyur, UAHS, Shivamogga.


 

Table 4: Effect of microbial cultures on kernel weight, pod and haulm yield (Kg/ha) of rainfed groundnut during Kharif 2018, 2019 and 2020 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Hiriyur, UAHS, Shivamogga.


 
Effect of different P management options with DGRC cultures on groundnut productivity
 
Significantly higher seed yield (2614 kg/ha and 2652kg/ha) were recorded when crop was fertilized with 40 kg P2O5/ha + DGRC culture. But, it remained at par with 60 kg P2O5/ha (2607 kg/ha and 2638 kg/ha) during 2018 and 2019. While during 2020 the application of 40 kg P2O5/ha+DGRC culture recorded higher pod yield (2105 kg/ha). Three years pooled results indicated that there was a significant response of seed yield (2457 kg/ha) and haulm yield (3681 kg/ha) due to application of 40 kg P2O5/ha+DGRC culture followed by the application of 60 kg/ha of P+DGRC culture (2434 kg/ha and 3640 kg/ha) has compared to control (Table 4). A substantial quantity of applied P becomes unavailable to plants through complexation under calcareous and alkaline soil conditions with highly reactive Ca2+. It has also been documented that P anions are very reactive, forming metal complexes with metal cations such as calcium in calcareous and alkaline soil. These reactions reduce the efficiency of applied P fertilizers by approximately 80% (Salvagiotti, 2017). Microorganisms such as phosphate solubilizing bacteria have been reported to modify phosphorus nutrition and increase its Solubilization in soil through many process such as, they may decrease the pH of the soil by the producing organic (gluconic acid) and mineral acids, alkaline phosphatases, phytohormones and H+ protonation, anion exchange, chelation and siderophores production which promote P solubilisation in soil (Rodriguez and Fraga 1999). Moreover, the use of organics with inorganic fertilizers leads to better soil moisture utilization, nutrient uptake and less fluctuation in the soil temperature and improves soil organic matters which increase the soil water holding capacity, soil aggregation, microbial activity and soil porosity ultimately leading to higher crop productivity (Badole et al., 2003). Similar results were also reported by many other researchers which state that integration of chemical and organic sources led to higher crop productivity (Biswas et al., 2003, Soumare et al., 2003).
 
Effect of different P management options with DGRC culture on farm profitability and nutrient uptake
 
Economics of different treatments are presented in Table 5. Gross realization, cost of cultivation, net realization and B:C ratio of different treatments was worked out on the basis of current market prices of groundnut and inputs used. The results indicated that application of 40 kg P2O5/ha + DGRC culture was recorded higher gross return (Rs. 1,15,138/ha), net return (Rs. 73,115/ha) and B:C ratio (2.76) in pooled results.
       

Table 5: Effect of microbial cultures on Economics of rainfed groundnut under rainfed conditions during Kharif 2018, 2019 and 2020 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Hiriyur, UAHS, Shivamogga.


 
Similarly, highest nutrient uptake of nitrogen (99.60 kg/ha), phosphorus (16.68 kg/ha) and potassium (58.86 kg/ha) in groundnut after harvest was noticed in the application of 40 kg P2O5/ha + DGRC culture (Table 6). Integrated application of P exits in the soil in several organic and inorganic forms in soil organic matter, minerals and in the soil solution. Plants taken up as orthophosphate ions from the soil solution. To maintain equilibrium, P moves from more available organic and inorganic pools to the soil solution. This more available or liable P includes mineralizable organic P, readily exchangeable adsorbed P moves from less available pools which include stable organic P and is strongly absorbed to soil minerals and compounds into liable pools to maintain P equilibrium status in the soils, thereby increases the nutrient uptake and biological yield of crops (Hao and Chang 2002). Moreover, integrated P management using chemical 40 kg/ha P fertilizer + DGRC culture led to reduction in plant requirements for inorganic P fertilizer which is likely to reduce cost of cultivation by reducing the dependent as on chemical P fertilizer. The results are in close agreement with the findings of many researchers (De Jager et al., 2001, Palm et al., 2001 and Ouedraogo et al., 2001). The present study revealed that application of 40 kg/ha P2O5/ha + DGRC culture effective in improving the growth, productivity and profitability and nutrient uptake of groundnut.
 

Table 6: Effect of microbial cultures on Nutrients uptake of rainfed groundnut during Kharif 2018, 2019 and 2020 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Hiriyur, UAHS, Shivamogga.

CONCLUSION

From the present study authors conclude that, application of 40 kg P2O5/ha + DGRC culture showed significant increase in the growth and yield parameters of groundnut viz., number of branches per plant (9.04), number of pods per plant (43.21), 100 kernel weight (42.60 g), seed yield (2457 kg/ha) and haulm yield (3681 kg/ha) and it is on par with the application of 60 kg P2O5/ha+DGRC culture (except plant height 40.67cm) as compare to other treatments and it has saved 20 kg P2O5/ha by increasing the higher gross return (Rs. 1,15,138/ ha), net return (Rs. 73,115/ha) and B:C ratio (2.76) and the highest nutrient uptake of nitrogen (99.60 kg/ha), phosphorus (16.68 kg/ha) and potassium (58.86 kg/ha) in pooled results.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to DGRC-Directorate of Groundnut Research Centre, Junagadh, India for providing DGRC culture to conduct the research work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.

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