Legume Research

  • Chief EditorJ. S. Sandhu

  • Print ISSN 0250-5371

  • Online ISSN 0976-0571

  • NAAS Rating 6.80

  • SJR 0.391

  • Impact Factor 0.8 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Productivity and Profitability of Summer Blackgram in Response to Integrated Nutrient Management

S. Tripathy1,*, A.K. Mohapatra1, S. Mohapatra1, S.K. Tripathy1
1Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Sikha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed University), Bhubaneswar-751 030, Odisha, India.

  • Submitted12-07-2021|

  • Accepted16-11-2021|

  • First Online 19-02-2022|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4728

ABSTRACT

Background: Pulse crops are commonly known as “rich man’s vegetable”. Blackgram is the most important pulse crops of Odisha after greengram. Poor productivity of blackgram in Odisha is due to soil related constraints such as organic matter and nutrient availability. Use of unbalanced and inadequate fertilizers accompanied by restricted use organic manures resulted decline in crop yield. Promising results of balanced fertilization was documented in various pulse crop but limited research was under taken in blackgram in East and South Eastern coastal plain zone of Odisha. Therefore, current experiment focused on improving productivity of blackgram with different source of nutrient.

Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Siksha “O” Anusandhan (Deemed University), Bhubaneswar, during summer season of 2020 and 2021 to study the Influence of integrated nutrient management on productivity, nutrient uptake and soil fertility of summer blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Blackgram variety ‘LBG 787 (Tulsi)’ was sown at a spacing of 25 × 10 cm under randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatment combinations of FYM, inorganic and foliar fertilizer.

Result: Application of 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray twice at 30 and 45 DAS led to maximum pods per plant (18.5), pod length (4.5 cm), seeds per pod (7.0), test weight (52.0 g), seed yield (843 kg/ha), stover yield (1214 kg/ha) and harvest index (41.0%). Besides, it also recorded highest gross return (Rs 54,840/ha), net return (Rs 27,050/ha), B:C ratio (2.1), production efficiency (10.83 kg/ha/day), economic efficiency (360.67 Rs/ha/day) and was at par with 75% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray. The later recorded 49.1% higher yield and 152.4% higher net return/ha, respectively than that of 100% RDF alone in East and South Eastern coastal plain zone of Odisha.

INTRODUCTION

Blackgram is the 3rd important pulse crop in India, cultivated over an area of 5.44 m ha and with a production of 3.56 mt and productivity of 655 kg/ha (Anonymous, 2018). In Odisha, it is grown in an area of 5.7 lakh ha with a production of 2.59 lakh t and productivity of 456 kg/ha (Anonymous, 2016). The low productivity of blackgram in Odisha has been attributed to the fact that crop is grown in marginal and sub marginal land under rainfed situation with application of low quantities of organic and inorganic sources of plant nutrients, which also resulted in deterioration of soil health and productivity (Kumpawat, 2010). Organic manures provide a good substrate for the growth of microorganisms and maintain a favourable nutritional balance and soil physical properties (Chaudhary et al., 2004). The organic acids produced during decomposition of organic waste can exchange with adsorbed P and increase its availability to plants. For instance, application of FYM increased the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, inorganic pyrophosphatase and dehydrogenase enzymes leading to faster hydrolysis of easter-bond P to plant available P (Dinesh et al., 2003). Farm yard manure @ 15 t /ha significantly improved nodulation of black gram and green gram (Nagarajan and Balachandar, 2001). Significant increases in seed and stover yields were also observed at 40 kg P205 and 20 kg S /ha mainly due to improvement in plant height, branches per plant and pods per plant (Thakur, 1999). To raise production on sustainable basis, there is increased need for integrated use of organic manures, biofertilizers and inorganic sources through optimized combination to increase the productivity and improving the soil health (Sharma and Chauhan, 2011). In view of this, the present study on productivity and profitability of summer blackgram in response to integrated nutrient management was undertaken.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out during summer 2020 and 2021 at the instructional farm of Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Siksha “O” Anusandhan (deemed) university, Bhubaneswar.  The experimental farm was situated at 20°25’ N latitude and 85°78’ E longitude with an average altitude of 36 m above the mean sea level under hot and humid region of Odisha. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture with pH 5.6, EC 0.43 dS/m, organic carbon 0.37% and available N, P and K was 162, 14 and 152 kg/ha, respectively. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with twelve treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of T1-100 % RDF (20:40:20 and 20, respectively N: P2O5 :K2O and S kg/ ha), T2- 100%RDF + FYM (5t/ha), T3-100%RDF + nutrient priming with Mo and P (Ammonium molybdate 0.1% and 1% solution of SSP) + nutrient spray (2%DAP Spray), T4-100%RDF + FYM (5t/ha) + nutrient priming with Mo and P (ammonium molybdate 0.1% and 1%P solution of SSP) + nutrient spray (2%DAP Spray), T5- 100%RDF + nutrient priming + NPK(19:19:19) (2% Spray), T6- 100%RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + NPK (19:19:19) (2% Spray), T7- 75% RDF (20:40:20 and 20, respectively N:P2O5:K2O and S kg/ha), T8- 75%RDF+FYM (5 t/ha), T9- 75%RDF+nutrient priming with Mo and P (ammonium molybdate 0.1% and 1%P solution of SSP) + nutrient spray (2% DAP Spray) , T10- 75% RDF + FYM (5 t/ha) + nutrient priming with Mo and P(ammonium molybdate 0.1% and 1% P solution of SSP) + nutrient spray (2% DAP Spray), T11- 75% RDF + nutrient priming + NPK (19:19:19) (2% Spray), T12- 75% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + NPK (19:19:19) (2% Spray). The fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) were applied at sowing as per treatments. Foliar spray of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and NPK (19-19-19) was made as per treatment combinations, twice at bud and pod initiation stage. Entire quantity of N, P, K and S were applied at the time of sowing. Seed priming was done by treating the seeds with  mixture of 250 mg Mo and 2.5 g DAP (for P) in 250 ml liquid rhizobium carefully, so that seed coat was not injured. The treated seeds were dried under shade for half an hour before sowing. 
               
The blackgram variety ‘LBG 787 (Tulsi)’ was sown on 15th and 23rd February in 2020 and 2021 at 25 × 10 cm spacing with seed rate of  20 kg /ha. The crop was harvested on 1st May and 18th May in respective year.  During the crop season two manual weedings (15 and 30 days after sowing) were done to manage weeds in the experimental crop. Total 4 irrigations were provided to fulfill the crop water requirement.  The observations were recorded on growth, yield attributing characters and yield.  Production efficiency and economic efficiency was calculated as following formula suggested by Goud and Kale (2010).
 


 
Statistical analyses were done as per standard method prescribed by Gomez and Gomez (1984).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth characteristics

Growth attributes (Table 1) were significantly affected by integrated nutrient management (INM). Among the treatments, higher plant height (39.5 cm), number of branches/plant (7.1), leavers/plant (16.0) and leaf area index (4.8) were found with 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray. It also recorded 38.9% higher dry matter production (26.8 g/plant) as compared to 100% RDF alone (19.3 g/plant). However, it was on par with 75% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray (25.0 g/plant). Further reduction in RDF by 25% reduced the dry matter production by 15.6%, which was the lowest among the treatments. Further, significantly higher, nodules/ plant (18.7) and SPAD value of chlorophyll (46.6) were recorded at 40 DAS with 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray over 100% RDF (3.0, 12.7 and 40.2, respectively). It was on par with 75% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray. Consequently, the dry matter production and its accumulation in different parts of plant was higher with100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray than that of 100% RDF. Similar results were reported by Yakdri et al., (2002) in green gram and Senthil Kumar et al., (2008) in blackgram. The increase in these growth parameters might be due to slow release of nutrients from FYM and uniform availability of nutrients along with supplementations through foliar spray during peak demand. Similar finding was reported by Dhakal et al., (2016) in green gram.
 

Table 1: Growth and yield attributes of summer blackgram as influenced by different treatments (Average of 2 years).


 
Yield attributes and yields
 
The number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length and 1000-seed weight were significantly higher with 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP (Table 2). Organics in conjunction with foliar nutrient spray enhanced the number of pods per plant by 60.9, 59.1 and 43.5% in 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray, 75% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray and 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% N-P-K spray, respectively as compared to 100% RDF (11.5). The 1000-seed weight also increased to the tune of 29.7, 25.9 and 12.9%, respectively in the above treatments over 100% RDF (40.1 g). These results suggest that role of FYM was more spectacular than foliar spray in improving yield components over the inorganic fertilizer alone. But combined application of both FYM and foliar spray gave a synergistic effect on all the yield attributing characters. This might be due to uniform slow release of all essential elements by FYM throughout growth period of crop and supplementation of nutrients through foliar sprays at peak period of demand.
 

Table 2: Yield attributes and yield of blackgram as influenced by different treatments (Average of 2 years).


 
Higher seed yield (843 kg /ha), stover yield (1214 kg/ha) and harvest index (39.6%) were recorded in 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming with P and Mo + foliar spray with 2% DAP and it was at par with 75% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming with P and Mo + foliar spray with 2% DAP and 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2 % N-P-K spray. Even reduced dose of RDF along with FYM or 2% DAP and NPK spray in different combinations (T7 to T12) were superior to 100% RDF. Yield loss under 75% RDF could be recovered through application of FYM and foliar nutrients and seed priming. Addition of FYM to RDF increased the crop yield by 28.7% to 33.3%. Reduction in yield of 5.8% due to 25% reduction in RDF (T7-75%RDF) could be compensated by addition of FYM (T8- T7+FYM) or foliar sprays. NPK (19:19:19) and DAP foliar sprays proved to be effective when applied with either 100 or 75 % RDF with an yield increase of 11.5 to 12.9% and 24.4 to 25.8% respectively. Both the foliar sprays increased the yield but DAP 2% was found to be more effective. The same effect of DAP and NPK 19-19-19 has been reported by Kumar et al., (2018). The correlation analysis of the grain yield and the chlorophyll content (SPAD) at 40 DAS in the leaves revealed positive correlation (Fig 1, Y = 45.177x - 1310.4 and R2 = 0.949). The seed yield was expected to increase by 45.18 kg/ha with every unit increase in chlorophyll content,
 

Fig 1: Chlorophyll content in leaves and seed yield correlation.


       
Beneficial effect of integrated nutrient management was mainly due to positive effect of FYM and supplementation of nutrients through foliar sprays. The slow releasing FYM provided nutrients in required quantities over longer period and the higher demands at the time of pick periods of flowering and fruiting were met through foliar nutrient sprays making the availability of nutrients sufficient for the plant as and when required as reflected in dry matter production. Comparable results were reported by Vasanthi and Subramanian (2004) and Dixit and Elemathi (2007).
 
Economics
 
Further, higher net returns was obtained with 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray (27,050 Rs /ha) with B: C ratio of 2.1, production efficiency (10.83 kg/ha/day) and economic efficiency (360.67 Rs/ha/day) followed by application of 75% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray (26245 Rs/ha and 2.0, respectively) (Table 3). This was attributed to higher seed yield. The lower net returns and B: C ratios were realized with only RDF (100 or 75%). Application of 75% RDF + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray (without FYM) recorded 43.3% higher net return/ha than that of 100% RDF alone. Addition of FYM along with recommended dose well compensated the additional cost. The results agree with the findings of Chandrasekhar and Bangarusamy (2003) in green gram.
 

Table 3: Economics, production and economic efficiencies of blackgram as influenced by different treatment (Pooled data of 2 years).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.

REFERENCES


  1. Anonymous (2016). OUAT Strategies for Pulse Production in Rice-fallows of Odisha, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. pp: 2. 

  2. Anonymous (2018). Pulses Revolution form Food to Nutritional Security, Govt. of India, New Delhi pp: 23. 

  3. Chaudhary, D.R., Bhandari, S.C. and Shukla, L.M. (2004). Role of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture: A review. Agricultural Review. 25: 29-39. 

  4. Chandrasekhar, C.N. and Bangarusamy, U. (2003). Maximizing the yield of mung bean by foliar application of growth regulating chemicals and nutrients. Madras Agricultural Journal. 90: 142-145.  

  5. Dhakal, Y., Meena, R.S. and Kumar, S. (2016). Effect of INM on nodulation, yield, quality and available nutrient status in soil after harvest of greengram. Legume Research. 39: 590-594. 

  6. Dinesh, R., Ganeshamurthy, A.N., Choudhuri, S.G. and Prasaad, S.G. (2003). Dissolution of rock phosphate as influenced by farm yard manure, fresh poultry manure and earthworms in soil of an oil palm plantation. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science. 51: 308-312. 

  7. Dixit, P.M. and Elamathi, S. (2007). Effect of foliar application of DAP, micronutrients and NAA on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L.). Legume Research. 30(4): 305-307.  

  8. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedure for Agricultural Research. An International Rice Research Institute Book, A Wiley Inter science, Jhon Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA.  

  9. Goud, V.V. and Kale, H.B. (2010). Productivity and profitability of pigeonpea under different source of nutrients in rainfed condition of Central India. Journal of Food Legumes. 23: 212-217. 

  10. Kumar, D., Singh, R.P., Somasundaram, J., Simaiya, V. and Jamra, S. (2018). Effect of foliar application of nutrients on growth and development of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] under rainfed Vertisols of Central India. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 6: 609-613. 

  11. Kumpawat, B.S. (2010). Integrated nutrient management in blackgram (Vigna mungo) and its residual effect on succeeding mustard (Brassica juncea) crop. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 80: 76-79. 

  12. Nagarajan, P. and Balachandar, D., (2001). Influence of Rhizobium and organic amendments on nodulation and grain yield of blackgram and greengram in acid soil. Madras Agricultural Journal. 88: 703-705. 

  13. Senthil Kumar, G., Muthukrishnan, P., Ramasamy, S. and Chandaragiri, K.K. (2008). Effect of organic and inorganic foliar spray on growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Madras Agricultural Journal. 95: 57-60.  

  14. Sharma, U. and Chauhan, J.K. (2011). Influence of integrated use of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients on growth and production of pea. Journal of Farm Science. 1: 14-18.

  15. Thakur, N.S. (1999). Effect of phosphorus and sulphur levels with and without rhizobium inoculation on growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Advances in Agricultural Research in India. 12: 67-70. 

  16. Vasanthi, D. and Subramanian, S. (2004). Effect of vermicompost on nutrient uptake and protein content in blackgram (Vigna mungo). Legume Research. 27(4): 293-295. 

  17. Yakadri, M., Thatikunta, R. and Rao L.M. (2002). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of greengram (Vigna radiata L.). Legume Research. 25: 139-141.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)