Legume Research

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Research Article

Legume Research, volume 47 issue 2 (february 2024) : 268-276

Field Efficacy of a Combination of Seed Treatment and Foliar Spray against Pest Complex in Green Gram

V.K. Chaudhari1,*, V.B. Patel1, M.P. Patel1, A.S. Bhanvadiya1
1Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388 110, Gujarat, India.

  • Submitted02-01-2021|

  • Accepted15-04-2021|

  • First Online 08-09-2021|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4577

Cite article:- Chaudhari V.K., Patel V.B., Patel M.P., Bhanvadiya A.S. (2024). Field Efficacy of a Combination of Seed Treatment and Foliar Spray against Pest Complex in Green Gram . Legume Research. 47(2): 268-276. doi: 10.18805/LR-4577.

ABSTRACT

Background: Pulses constitute the major source of dietary protein; therefore, it has ability to fulfil required protein recommended dietary allowance for vegetarian population of India. Pulse crop attack more than 200 insect pests and inflicting heavy damages at different growth stages that lead to significant economic losses to the farmers. The studies were conducted on green gram to find out the effective control measure of different crop stages against insect pests complex in green gram.

Methods: The field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and the consist 12 treatments with seed treatment and foliar sprays of insecticides at 50 per cent flowering stages then these treatments were replicated thrice at both years 2017 and 2018.

Result: The experiments concluded that the reduction of sucking pests population like thrips, jassid and whitefly and larval population of Maruca vitrata and Helicoverpa armigera was found in seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray of flubendiamide at 50 per cent flowering stage in green gram with Rs. 10,678 net profit and 1:1.42 cost-benefit ratio.

INTRODUCTION

India has 29 per cent vegetarians, which was more than everywhere in the world. India has sufficient food grain to meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). However, per capita pulse availability and consumption have declined since 1975 consequently, nutrient intake RDA was insufficient, especially protein (Ramachandran, 2006). Pulses constitute the major source of dietary protein; therefore, it can fulfill required protein RDA for a vegetarian population of India.
       
India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world account for 33 per cent of world’s area and 24 per cent of world’s production. Green gram is one of the thirteen food legumes grown in India among them third important legume after chickpea and pigeon pea.
       
There are more than 200 insect pests belong to 48 families attack on green gram and inflicting heavy damages at different growth stages in different agro-climatic conditions (Lal and Sachan, 1987). Among them sucking pests like aphid, jassid, whitefly, bugs thrips and caterpillar like spotted pod borer, hairy caterpillar, tobacco caterpillar and blue butter flies are key pests in Gujarat. The sucking insect pests not only reduce the vigor of the plant by sucking the sap but transmit diseases and affect photosynthesis consequently reduce yield. Yellow mosaic virus disease cause 67 per cent yield losses in green gram and black gram that transmitted by whitefly (Jain et al., 1995). Caterpillar damage reproductive parts like pods and cause significantly economical damage to the farmers. Several reports (Biswas and Bhunia, 2009; Khutwad et al., 2002; Salam, 2005) shown the combination of the seed treatment and foliar spray against pest was more effective than alone spray and give complete protection against pest complex. Hence, the present studies were conducted on green gram to find out the effective and economical insecticides as a seed treatment and a foliar spray combination against insect pests complex in green gram.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was conducted during kharif season year of 2017 and 2018 at Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) and the consist 12 treatments (Table 1) including control and these treatments were replicated thrice. Green gram variety GAM-5 which is commonly cultivated in this area was grown in plots had 5 rows, plot size 5.0 x 3.6 meter in each plot. The space between rows and plants were maintained 45 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Crop was raised by following all local recommended agronomical practice except insecticidal spray.
 

Table 1: Detail of treatments applied as a seed treatment and foliar spray in green gram.


       
For seed treatment, 200g of green gram seeds was taken in a plastic bag. Then 10 ml of water and required quantity of insecticide was added to this and stirred carefully. More water was added drop by drop and stirred well to get slurry. Plastic bag was tightened properly and vigorously shaken for 30 seconds to get uniform coated of the slurry on the seeds. Dressed seed was then air dried in shade overnight and sown on the next day. For foliar application, the treatment’s wise application of insecticides were done at 50 per cent flowering of the green gram. Spray fluid was taken 500 liters per hectare. All sprays were done by using knapsack sprayer in the morning hours. To avoid cross contamination of insecticides, utmost care taken as spray pump was washed thrice with fresh water while switching over from one insecticide to another.
       
For the count of aphid, jassid and whitefly, 5 plants randomly selected in net plot area of each treatment. The population jassid and whitefly will be recorded from three leaves (upper, middle and lower) of the selected plants. The data from each plot were recorded early in the morning at every week after 10 days of sowing up to 60 days after sowing for sucking pest. The observations of the number of larvae per plant were recorded on one day before and 1st, 3rd and 7th day after spray from randomly selected 5 plants per plot. At the time of harvest, pod damage was recorded from randomly selected 50 pods from each plot.
       
The data was analyzed of variance to determine the significance of treatments (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Means were separated by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Duncan, 1955).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of seed treatment
 
Sucking pest population viz. thrips, jassid and whitefly on green gram at 10 to 60 day after sowing (DAS) was homogeneous in treatments indicated uniformly distribution in the experimental plot during kharif 2017 and 2018. The data of 10 to 60 DAS were analyzed and presented in Table 2.
 

Table 2: Efficacy of seed treatment against sucking pests of green gram.


       
Green gram seeds treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and thiamethoxam 30 FS which were T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 found significantly reduce a population of thrips compare to T9, T10, T11 and control in 2017. In 2018, significantly lowest thrips population was observed in seed treated with imidaclopriod 48 FS, which were T1, T2, T3, T7 followed by seed treated with thiomethoxam 30 FS which was T4, T5, T6 and T8. The data on pooled over year revealed that, significantly lowest thrips population was observed in seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS, which were T1, T2, T3 and T7 followed by seed treated with thiomethoxam 30 FS, it was T5 and T6 (Table 2).
       
The pooled over periods data in 2017, indicate jassid population found significantly lowest in seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS, which were T1, T2, T3 and T7 followed by seed treated with thiomethoxam 30 FS, that was T4, T5 and T6. In 2018, significantly lowest jassid population was observed in seed treated with imidaclopriod 48 FS (T1, T2, T3 and T7) and thiamethoxam 30 FS (T4, T5, T6 and T8) compared to T9, T10, T11 and control. The data of pooled over year revealed that the significantly lowest jassid population was found in seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS which were T1, T2, T3 and T7 followed by seed treated with thiomethoxam 30 FS, it was T4, T5, T6 and T8 (Table 2).
       
Whitefly population was found significantly lowest in seed treated with thiamethoxam 30 FS, which were T4, T5, T6 and T8 in 2017.  At 2018, significantly lowest whitefly population was observed in thiomethoxam (T5, T6 and T7) and imidacloprid (T1 and T3). The pooled over year data indicated that significantly lowest whitefly population was observed in seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS (T2, T3 and T7) and thiamethoxam 30 (T4, T5, T6 and T8).
       
The results obtained from the present study revealed that the seed treatment with imidacloprid 48 FS @ 5.0 ml/kg was found more effective against thrips, jassid and whiteflies in green gram. The present findings are in accordance with many of the earlier reports. The seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS @ 5.0 ml/kg followed by foliar spray with either of the neonicotiniods such as thiamethoxam 25 WG or acetameprid 20 SP  were found effective against both the thrips and whiteflies in greengram (Mahalakshmi, et al., 2018). Seed treated with thiomethoxam 25 WG @ 0.0035% and imidacloprid 70 WS @ 0.0035% which was protecting the greengram from whiteflies up to 25 days after sowing (Panduranga et al., 2011). Seed treated with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 10 ml/kg found significantly lowest population of whitefly, leafhopper and thrips with highest gross and net returns (Anusha et al., 2016).
 
Effect of spray at 50 per cent flowering
 
The larval population of pod borar viz. spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata), gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) found non-significant difference before the spray of insecticides on treatments.
       
During 2017, the data of pooled over periods indicated that the significantly lowest larval population was found in spray with spinosad 45 SC (T1), it was at par with all spray treatments viz. flubendiamide 48 SC (T2, T5 and T10) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T3, T6 and T11). In 2018, the data of pooled over periods indicated that significantly lowest larval population was found in spray with flubendiamide 48 SC (T5) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T6). During 2017, the data of pooled over periods indicated significantly lowest larval population was found in spray with spinosad 45 SC (T1), it was at par with all spray treatment viz. flubendiamide 48 SC (T2, T5 and T10) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T3, T6 and T11). In 2018, the data of pooled over periods indicated that significantly lowest larval population was found in spray with flubendiamide 48 SC (T5) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T6). The pooled over years, data revealed that the significantly lowest larval population was observed in spray with flubendiamide 48 SC (T2, T5 and T10) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T3, T6 and T11) (Table3).
 

Table 3: Efficacy of insecticide against Maruca vitrata in green gram.


 
The data clearly stated that flubendiamide 48 SC and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC were highly effective against Maruca vitrata. These find also confirm by Mallikarjuna (2009) the highest larval reduction of pod borers with flubendiamide 480 SC and thiacloprid 48 SC followed by emamectin benzoate 55G and indoxacarb 14.5SC in dolichos bean. Mahalakshmi et al., (2013) reported that coragen 20% SC (chlorantranilip- role) at 20 g a.i./ha proved highly effective against the larval population of Maruca vitrata in blackgram.
       
During 2017, significantly lowest gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) larval population was observed in spray with spinosad 45 SC (T1, T4 and T9), flubendiamide 48 SC (T2, T5 and T10) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T3, T6 and T11) compared to control (T12) and only seed treatment (T7 and T8). In 2018, pooled over periods data indicated that significantly lowest larval population was observed in spray with spinosad 45 SC and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC which was T2, T8 and T3, T11, respectively. The pooled over year data indicated that significantly lowest larval population was observed in spray with spinosad 45 SC (T1, T4 and T9), flubendiamide 48 SC (T2, T5 and T10) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T3, T6 and T11) compared to control (T12) and only seed treatment (T7 and T8) (Table 4). The current findings are also supported previously a finding by Kumar and Shivaraju (2009) that reported thiodicarb 75 WP @ 562.5g a.i/ha and flubendiamide 480 SC @ 48 g a.i/ha were highly effective for control the pod borers in blackgram.
 

Table 4: Efficacy of insecticide against Helicoverpa armigera in green gram.


 
Pod damage
 
At harvest stage, significantly lowest pod damage was recorded in spray at 50 per cent flowering with flubendiamide 48 SC (T2, T5 and T10) which was at par with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T3 and T6). In 2018, the significantly lowest pod damage was recorded in spray at 50 per cent flowering with flubendiamide 48 SC (T2, T5 and T10) which, was at par with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T3 and T6). The pooled over year data revealed that significantly lowest pod damage was recorded in spray at 50 per cent flowering with flubendiamide 48 SC (T2, T5 and T10), it was at par with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T3 and T6) (Table 5). These finding also supported previously reported by Mahalakshmi et al., (2013) that coragen 20 % SC (chlorantraniliprole) at 20 g a.i./ha proved highly effective against pod borer and less pod damage was observed in black gram.
 

Table 5: Pod damage and grain yield of green gram.


 
Yield
 
The yield of green gram grain was found the significant highest in all combination of seed treated (imidacloprid 48 FS and thiomethoxam 30 FS) and spray at 50 per cent flowering (spinosd 45 SC, flubendiamide 48 SC and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC) which was T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in 2017.  The lowest green gram grain yield was 652 kg per hector was obtained in control. During 2018, the significantly highest green gram grain yield was observed in seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray at 50 per cent flowering with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T3) which was at par with seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray with flubendiamide 48 SC (T2) and seed treated with thiamethoxam 30 FS and spray with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (T5). The pooled over year data indicated that significantly highest yield was observed in seed treated with imidacloprid and thiomethoxam and spray at 50 per cent flowering with spinosd 45 SC, flubendiamide 48 SC and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, which was T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5.  The lowest green gram grain yield was 770 kg per hector observed in control treatment. All combination treatment which was seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS, thiomethoxam 30 FS and spray with spinosd 45 SC, flubendiamide 48 SC and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 50 per cent flowering were found highly effective against insect pests and which was reflected on greengram yield (Table 5).
 
Economics
 
The perusal of the data (Table 6) indicated that the highest net profit of Rs. 10,678/ ha was obtained from T2 (seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray with flubendiamide 48 SC) followed by T3 (seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC), T6 (seed treated with thiamethoxam 30 FS and spray with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC), T4 (seed treated with thiamethoxam 30 FS and spray with spinosad 45 SC), T5 (seed treated with thiamethoxam 30 FS and spray with flubendiamide 48 SC), T1 (seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray with spinosad 45 SC) with net profits of Rs. 7,700, Rs. 4,901, Rs. 4,613, Rs. 4,135 Rs. 212, per hectare, respectively.
       

Table 6: Economics of treatments of green gram.


 
However, when viewed from the angle of cost- benefit ratio, a maximum profit of Rs. 1.42 per rupee invested was obtained in T2 (seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray with flubendiamide 48 SC), T3 (seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC), T6 (seed treated with thiamethoxam 30 FS and spray with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC), T4 (seed treated with thiamethoxam 30 FS and spray with spinosad), T5 (seed treated with thiamethoxam 30 FS and spray with flubendiamide 48 SC), T1 (seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray with spinosad 45  SC), T10 (flubendiamide  48 SC), T9 (spray with spinosad 45 SC), T8 (seed treated with thiamethoxam 30 FS), T7 (seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS) and T11 (spray with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC) with cost-befit ratio of Rs. 1.30, Rs. 1.19, Rs. 1.18, Rs. 1.16, Rs. 1.01, Rs. 0.74, Rs. 0.62, Rs. 0.59 and Rs. 0.48 and Rs. 0.44 per rupee invested, respectively. The relative performance of the treatment terms of net profit generated per hectare in descending order was as follows:
 
          T2> T3 > T6 > T4 > T5 > T1>T10>T9>T8>T7>T11
 
Seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray flubendiamide 48 SC at 50 per cent flowering stage (T2) which give highest net profit Rs. 10,678 and highest cost-benefit ratio (1:1.42) among of all treatments.

CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS was found highly effective against sucking insect pests via. jassid, thrips and whitefly in greengam. At 50 per cent flowering stage, spray of flubendiamide 48 SP and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC insecticides both was significantly reduced population of spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata) and gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) in greengram. The seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and thiomethoxam 30 FS followed by spray with spinosd 45 SC, flubendiamide 48 SC and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 50 per cent flowering stages provides the higher seed yield. However, highest net profit and cost-benefit ratio was found in seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray of flubendiamide at 50 per cent flowering stage in green gram.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

On behalf of all the authors, I declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

REFERENCES


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