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Research Article

Legume Research, volume 44 issue 12 (december 2021) : 1521-1528

Efficacy of Coragen 20 SC against Lepidopteran Pest in Greengram and Its Compatibility with Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates

G.K. Sujayanand1,2,*, Sonika Pandey1, Sanjay M. Bandi1
1Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur-208 024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
2Division of Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur-208 024, Uttar Pradesh, India.

  • Submitted14-08-2020|

  • Accepted07-11-2020|

  • First Online 12-01-2021|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4481

Cite article:- Sujayanand G.K., Pandey Sonika, Bandi M. Sanjay (2021). Efficacy of Coragen 20 SC against Lepidopteran Pest in Greengram and Its Compatibility with Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates . Legume Research. 44(12): 1521-1528. doi: 10.18805/LR-4481.

ABSTRACT

Background: Green gram, Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek is third most important pulse crop cultivated in India. The two key insect pest viz., pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Tobacco leaf caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius inflicts heavy yield loss in greengram. As these are polyphagous insect pest and the crop is a short duration crop, immediate management strategy such as chemical control is very much essential to check its yield loss. The current study reports the efficacy of novel insecticide i.e. Coragen® 20 SC against above cited two insect pest in greengram. Further its effect on non-target insects and its influence on growth and survival of Bacillus thuringiensis were evaluated. 

Methods: Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Coragen® 20 SC (at four doses viz., 75 ml ha-1, 100 ml ha-1, 125 ml ha-1 150 ml ha-1), chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 l ha-1 and emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 220 g ha-1 against H. armigera and S. litura during kharif 2018 and 2019. Based on larval load per plant, the percent reduction in larval counts was estimated based on Henderson and Tilton method. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) was worked out for each respective year based on seed yield and net returns. 

Result: Coragen® 20 SC at 125 ml ha-1 and 150 ml ha-1 had resulted in highest percent reduction in larval population over control. Simultaneously, the highest BCR during kharif 2018 (6.29, 4.21) and 2019 (5.95, 5.64) were recorded from above 2 treatments. Further, Coragen® 20 SC showed compatibility with 5 Bt isolates evaluated, i.e Bt growth didn’t inhibited in nutrient agar containing field dose of Coragen 20 SC.

INTRODUCTION

Greengram, [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is the third most important grain legume cultivated in kharif, rabi and summer seasons in India. Globally, India is a leading producer (2.41 million tonnes) of greengram with an area of 4.25 million ha during 2018-19 (Anonymous, 2019). The yield of greengram in Uttar Pradesh (536 kg ha-1) is lower than the national average (567 kg ha-1). The insect pests are one of the major biotic constraints for reduced yield of greengram in U.P. About 17 insect pests which are regarded as key pests are reported to cause significant yield losses in greengram (Cheema et al., 2017). Pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), is a key pest found to cause pod damage up to 27.49% (Joshi et al., 2019). Its infestation starts from pre-flowering and prevails upto crop maturity. As it is a polyphagous insect pest wild crop relatives may impart some degree of pod borer tolerance for example, Cajanus scaraboides in case of pigeonpea (Sujayanand et al., 2019). Whereas in case of greengram sources of heritable pod borer resistance is very scanty (Cheema et al., 2017). Hence the farmers are mostly relying on synthetic insecticides for its control in short time. Many pyrethroid insecticides have lost their efficacy against this insect due to development of insecticide resistance (Walsh et al., 2018). Hence there is an urgent need for newer molecule with novel mode of action for managing this pest. Coragen belongs to anthranilic diamide group and activates the ryanodine receptors in insect muscle cells indicating a novel mode of action. The treated insects are characterized by immediate feeding cessation, paralysis, lethargy and regurgitation (Cordova et al., 2006). In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of Coragen 20 SC against H. armigera and S. litura in greengram. The compatibility of Coragen 20 SC with native Bt isolates was also tested in the present experiment to assess its effect on colonization of Bt isolates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Field efficacy of Coragen® 20 SC
 
Field experiments were conducted in greengram cultivar “Samrat” to assess the efficacy of Coragen® 20 SC against pod borer, H. armigera and tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius during kharif 2018 and 2019 at New Research Campus (NRC) of ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur. The crop was sown on 29th Standard Meteorological week (SMW) and 30th SMW during kharif 2018 and 2019, respectively in randomized block design. All agronomic practices were adopted to raise the crop except plant protection measures. The experiment consisted seven treatments viz., 4 different doses (15/20/25/30 g a.i. ha-1) of Chlorantraniliprolle (Coragen® 20 SC, Dupont India limited), a CIBRC recommended dose of Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (Em1®, Dhanuka agritech limited) and Chlorpyriphos 20 EC (Lethal®, Insecticides (India) limited) each and untreated control. Each treatment was replicated thrice in a plot size of 6 m × 5 m. Each treatment was sprayed at 15 days interval during the podding stage of crop. Five plants were randomly selected and tagged in each replication to record the larval counts of H. armigera and S. litura. The larval counts were taken at a day before spraying followed by 1, 3 and 7 days after spraying. The percent reduction in larval population over untreated control was calculated (Henderson and Tilton, 1955) as given below,
 
Per cent efficacy = 1- [(Ta/Tb) × (Cb/Ca)]] × 100
 
Where,
Ta- population of the treated plot after spray, Tb- population of the treated plot before spray, Ca - population of the control plot after spray, Cb - population of the control plot before spray.
 
Yield and benefit cost ratio
 
The greengram seed yield from each plot was recorded as g m-2 and subsequently mean was calculated for each treatment then converted as Q ha-1. Based on this increased yield over control was calculated by Pradhan (1964):
 
 
The gross returns and cost involved in each treatment was calculated for each year based on the Minimum support price (MSP) for the respective years. The net profit was calculated by detecting the total cost of protection from the gross returns of that treatment and then Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) was calculated as follows:
 
 
Impact of Coragen® 20 SC on non-target insects
 
The natural enemies and pollinators’ presence were also noticed before and after the spray. The crop was harvested and yield data was recorded treatment wise for each replication and then converted to quintals per hectare.
 
Compatibility of Coragen® 20 SC with Bt
 
The compatibility of Coragen® 20 SC with Bacillus thuringiensis, a microbial bio-control agent was tested by inoculating the five Bt isolates viz., Ak2.IIPR, F8.IIPR, F5.IIPR, F6.IIPR and Bt  kurstaki HD-1 in nutrient agar (NA) containing four different doses of Coragen® 20 SC (100 to 300 μl L-1) along with chlorpyriphos 20 EC and Emamectin benzoate 5 SG. All the treatments were replicated thrice and their colony growth was recorded from NA plates after incubating at 25°C for 24 hrs.
 
Statistical analysis
 
The larval count and yield data were analysed with SAS 9.2 PROC GLM procedure (SAS, 2006) while the percent reduction over control was analysed with OPSTAT (one factor analysis) by using angular transformation. The growth parameters of Bt isolates in NA medium were subjected to square root transformation and analysed in OPSTAT software (Sheoran et al., 1998).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Field efficacy of Coragen® 20 SC against H. armigera
 
kharif 2018
 
The pre-treatment larval population of H. armigera was varied from 6.6 to 8.4 larvae per plant. One day after first spraying the lowest (2.8/plant) larval population  was recorded from Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha followed by Coragen® 20 SC @ 125ml/ha (3.4/plant). Similar trend of lowest larval count (0 larvae/plant) was recorded on both the above treatments at 3rd and 7th days after spraying. The per cent reduction over untreated control was also lowest for Coragen® 20 SC @ 150ml/ha followed by Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha during 1st (59.5 and 57.3), 3rd (100 and 100) and 7th (100 and 100) days after spraying (Table 1). The pretreatment larval population of H. armigera during 2nd spray varied from 5.8 to 6.4 larvae per plant. The lowest larval population on 1st day after spraying was recorded from Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha (2.47 larvae/plant) followed by Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2500ml/ha (3.06 larvae/plant) and Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha (3.40 larvae/plant). The percent reduction over control was lowest for Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha and Coragen 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha for 3rd (100 and 100) and 7th (100 and 100) days after spraying (Table 1).

Table 1: Efficacy of Coragen® 20 SC on Helicoverpa armigera larva in greengram during kharif 2018.


 
kharif 2019
 
The H. armigera larval population varied from 9.33 to 10.40 larvae per plant during first spray of kharif 2019. One day after spraying the lowest (2.87/plant) larval population was recorded from Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha followed by Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha (3.13 larvae/plant). On 3rd and 7th day after spraying, lowest (0.00 larvae/plant) larval population was recorded in above said treatments. The per cent reduction over untreated control was also lowest for Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha followed by Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha during 1st (71.28 and 70.27), 3rd (100 and 99.22) and 7th (100 and 100) days after spraying (Table 2) wherein they were superior to all other treatments. The pretreatment larval population of H. armigera during 2nd spray varied from 6.67 to 6.93 larvae per plant. The lowest larval population on 1st day after spraying was recorded from Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha (2.33 larvae/plant) followed by Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha (2.73 larvae/plant). The per cent reduction over control was lowest for Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha and Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha for 3rd (100 and 100) and 7th (100 and 100) days after spraying (Table 2). Thus Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha and 150ml/ha was superior in managing H. armigera than Chlorpyriphos and Emamectin benzoate. The present result corroborates with that of Mahalakshmi et al., (2013) wherein they had reported lowest spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata larva incidence in Coragen 20 SC at 30 ml a.i./ha treated blackgram plots.

Table 2: Efficacy of Coragen® 20 SC on Helicoverpa armigera larva in greengram during kharif 2019.

 

Field efficacy of Coragen® 20 SC against Spodoptera litura
 
The tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius larval population recorded before spraying were on par with all the treatments and it varied between 5.20 to 5.87 larvae per plant during kharif 2019. The per cent reduction over control was highest from Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha (87.51) and Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha (78.96) followed by Coragen® 20 SC @ 100 ml/ha (73.22) (Table 3). The Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha and 125 ml/ha has resulted in 100 per cent reduction over control on 3rd and 7th day after spraying. The pretreatment larvae per plant during second spraying varied from 4.40 to 4.73 during 2nd spray. The percent reduction over control on 1st day after spraying was highest for Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha (85.38) that is on par with Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha (83.27). The 3rd and 7th day after spraying has recorded the highest per cent reduction over control (100). Thus Coragen® 20 SC at 150 ml/ha and 125 ml/ha seems to be superior to Chlorpyriphos and Emamectin benzoate in managing S. litura larva.

Table 3: Efficacy of Coragen® 20 SC on Spodoptera litura larva in green gram during kharif 2019.

 

Yield and benefit cost ratio
 
The highest marketable yield during kharif 2018 was obtained from the treatment Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha (2216.7 g/30 m2) that was on par with Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha (2168.3 g/30 m2) followed by Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 220 g/ha (1866.7/30 m2) this was on par with Coragen® 20 SC @ 100 ml/ha (1850 g/30 m2) (Fig 1). The highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) was recorded from the Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha (6.29) followed by Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha (5.95).

Fig 1: Effect of Coragen® 20 SC on greengram yield and BCR during kharif 2018 and 2019.


       
The highest marketable yield during kharif 2019 was obtained from the treatment having Coragen® 20 SC @ 150 ml/ha (1741.7 g/30 m2 or 5.81 q/ha) that is statistically on par with Coragen® 20 SC @ 125ml/ha (1541.7 g/30 m2 or 5.14 q/ha) (Fig 1). The highest BCR is recorded from Coragen® 20 SC @ 150ml/ha (5.64) followed by Coragen® 20 SC @ 125 ml/ha (4.21). Thus these two treatments have highest BCR than remaining all other treatments.
 
Impact of Coragen® 20 SC on non-target insects
 
Many odonata (dragon fly), hymenopterans (sphecid wasps, ants, mudwasp, Xylocopa sp, honey bees), dipterous (Syrphids, Tachinids) and Coleopterans (Coccinellids, Ellateridae) insect activity along with Spider (Clubsiona sp, Lynx sp) were recorded during flowering and podding. Interestingly no ants or syrphids or dragonfly or coccinellids were harmed by spraying Coragen® 20 SC during kharif 2018 and 2019 (Table 1 and 2). The present results are in agreement with Depalo et al., (2017) demographic analysis demonstrated that chlorantraniliprole and spirotetramat caused sub-lethal effects.
 
Compatibility of Coragen® 20 SC with Bt isolates
 
The native Bt isolates viz., F8.IIPR, Ak2.IIPR, F6.IIPR, F5.IIPR and the reference strain (Bt kurstaki HD 1) recorded highest growth in nutrient agar containing Coragen® 20 SC than Emamectin benzoate 5 SG and Chlorpyriphos 20 EC. None of the Bt isolate had recorded growth in the treatment having Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/l while Emamectin benzoate at 0.44 g/l has recorded growth in 3 Bt isolates except 2 Bt cultures viz., Ak2.IIPR and Bt kurstaki HD 1. Interestingly, the table 6 reveals that Coragen® 20 SC is highly compatible with Bt than Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (Table 4). The present result supports the findings of Amizadeh et al., (2015) wherein they had reported that chlorantraniliprolle is not reducing the colonization of Bt and also it is exhibiting synergistic action against Tuta absoluta. Further Khalifa et al., (2015) has reported that mixture of chlorantraniliprole at LC12.5/Bacillus thuringiensis at LC12.5 resulted in an additive effect against cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis.

Table 4: Compatibility of Coragen® 20 SC with Bacillus thuringiensis strains.

CONCLUSION

The results of bio-efficacy trials conducted during kharif 2018 and 2019 indicated that the pod borer, H. armigera larval population was lowest from the treatment having Coragen® 20 SC at 150ml/ha and Coragen® 20 SC at 125ml/ha on 1st day after spraying and it is significantly differed from all the treatments tested. Similarly, the percent reduction over untreated control was highest for the same treatments (100%) and it has reached on 3rd day after spraying. The tobacco caterpillar, S. litura larval population was also effectively controlled by Coragen® 20SC at 150ml/ha (0.67 and 0.60 larvae/plant) and Coragen® 20SC at 125 ml/ha (1.13 and 0.73 larvae/plant) during 1st spray and 2nd spray respectively. The per cent reduction over control was lowest for the above said treatments during 3rd and 7th day after spraying (100). The highest grain yield and BCR were recorded from Coragen® 20 SC at 150ml/ha followed by Coragen® 20 SC at 125 ml/ha. The natural enemies (spiders, coccinellids, dragon fly, etc) and non-targets (pollinators, mud wasp, elaterid beetles, etc) insect population were found unaffected by Coragen® 20 SC at 125 and 150ml/ha spray. Similarly, the compatibility tests also revealed that Coragen® 20 SC at 150ml/ha was highly compatible with native Bt isolates than emamectin benzoate 5 SG whereas chlorpyriphos 20 EC was found to be incompatible with all Bt isolates. Thus this new insecticide can be included as part of bio-intensive IPM module in greengram.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors profusely thank M/s FMC India Pvt Ltd for supplying the Coragen® 20 SC and funding this experiment through project code: 1009672. The authors also like to thank Director, ICAR-IIPR for providing the facilities for conducting the experiments.
 
Authors’ contribution
 
G.K. Sujayanand conceived the experiment. G.K. Sujayanand along with Sonika Pandey recorded the experimental data. G.K. Sujayanand and Sonika Pandey wrote the manuscript. G.K. Sujayanand, Sonika Pandey and Sanjay M. Bandi edited the manuscript.

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