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Research Article

Legume Research, volume 44 issue 12 (december 2021) : 1475-1481

Bioefficacy of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC Against Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Pod Fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) in Pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp.

S.K. Khinchi1,*, K.C. Kumawat1
1Department of Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner-303 329, Rajasthan, India.

  • Submitted02-04-2020|

  • Accepted08-10-2020|

  • First Online 19-01-2021|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4384

Cite article:- Khinchi S.K., Kumawat K.C. (2021). Bioefficacy of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC Against Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Pod Fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) in Pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp. . Legume Research. 44(12): 1475-1481. doi: 10.18805/LR-4384.

ABSTRACT

Background: Pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) are important pod boring insects infesting the pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp. throughout the world. A number of synthetic insecticides are known to be effective against these borers but most of them have been phased out as a result of high toxicity to the pollinators and other biotic agencies, therefore, a new molecule, chlorantraniliprole has been tested for bioefficacy against these insect pests.

Methods: The experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2017 in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications. Observations were made to record pod borer, H. armigera and pod fly, M. obtusa maggot present before treatment imposition and 3, 7 and 14 days after each spray from five randomly selected and tagged plants/ plot. From the data recorded per cent reduction in population over control was calculated. The per cent pod damage was calculated by counting damaged pods out of healthy pods. The numbers of coccinellids and spiders were recorded on 5 randomly selected plants before treatment and 7 and 14 days after spray (DAS) in each treatment.

Result: The chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC was found most effective @ 200 ml/ha which was found at par with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 150 ml/ha and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (Market sample) @ 150 ml/ha for suppression pod borer, H. armigera and pod fly, M. obtusa. The yield was maximum and at par in the chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 200 ml/ha (18.25 q ha-1), chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 150 ml/ha (17.82 q ha-1) and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (Market sample) @ 150 ml/ha (17.42 q ha-1). Predatory population of coccinellids and spiders after imposing the treatments declined to some extent at seven days after treatment, however, increased after 14 days. Based on the results, the use of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 150 ml/ha was most effective to control pod borer and pod fly in pigeonpea crop.

INTRODUCTION

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp.] also known as red gram, tur or arhar in India is an erect and short lived perennial leguminous shrub belonging to family Leguminosae. India is probably the primary centre of origin of pigeonpea. The 100g seeds contain 20-25 per cent protein (Tamboli and Lolage, 2008) and 63 g carbohydrate, 1.49 g fat and 0.643 vitamin B2 (Mazur et al., 1998). India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses including pigeonpea. Among the insect pests exercising heavy toll of pigeonpea crop include pod borer complex, viz., pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), plume moth, Exelastis atomosa (Wals), tur pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch), blue butterfly, Lampides boeticus (Linn.), spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer) which causes considerable losses in yield (Reddy, 1973). Sharma et al. (1991) reported 37 insect pests attacking pigeonpea crop. Deshmukh et al., (2003) reported the losses ranging from 48.75 to 58.75 per cent in yield due to pod borer complex in pigeonpea. The present studies on the bioefficacy of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC were therefore undertaken for an effective management of insect pests, viz., pod borer, H.  armigera and pod fly M. obtusa population in pigeonpea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted at Agronomy farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur (Rajasthan) during Kharif, 2017 season in a randomized block design (RBD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications. Observations were made for pod borer, H. armigera larvae present before treatment imposition and 3, 7 and 14 days after each spray from five randomly selected plants/plot. For pod fly maggots, M. obtusa population count observations were made before first spray and at 3, 7 and 14 days after each spray from randomly selected 5 pods/plant and 5 plants/plot. From the data recorded per cent reduction in population over control was also calculated. After second spray per cent pod damage by H. armigera larvae and M. obtusa maggots were calculated by counting damaged pods out of healthy pods from pods of five randomly selected plants at 3, 7 and 14 days after spray. Further these data were subjected to square root and arc sine transformation (wherever needed) and applied the statistical tool for analysis. The plot size was 5.0 × 5.0 m2 keeping row to row and plant to plant distance of 45 and 30 cm, respectively. The pigeonpea variety, UPAS-120 was used for the experiment. The treatments were applied as foliar spray in evening hours on the crop using pre-calibrated knapsack sprayer when the pest population was sufficiently built up and second spray was repeated after three weeks of first spray. The numbers of coccinellids and spiders were recorded on 5 randomly selected plants at before treatment imposition and 7 and 14 DAS, in each treatment, subjected to square root transformation and analyzed statistically.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Efficacy of insecticides against pod borer, H. armigera
 
The experimental results after the spray showed that all the doses of chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC and other treatments were significantly superior in reduction of pod borer population (Table 1). The larval population of pod borer, H. armigera before imposing treatment ranged from 4.27 to 6.67 larvae per plant, which varied non-significantly. The treatments of chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Insecticide India Ltd., IIL sample) @ 200 ml/ha, 150 ml/ha and chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Market sample) @ 150 ml/ha were recorded lowest population of H. armigera larvae i.e. 0.40, 0.80 and 0.80 respectively and were significantly superior to untreated control (6.00) at 3 DAS. At 7 DAS, chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Insecticide India Ltd., IIL Sample) @ 200 ml/ha and 150 ml/ha recorded lowest population i.e. 0.60 and 1.20 which were at par with market sample of chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 150 ml/ha (1.40). Similar trend was noticed at 14 DAS with slight increase in overall infestation. After imposition of treatments for the second time, the infestation came down again (Table 2) in similar trend with lowest larval population in chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Insecticide India Ltd., IIL Sample) @ 200 ml/ha and 150 ml/ha (0.20 and 0.60, respectively). The highest larval population was noticed in untreated control (8.60) which was significantly inferior to all the test doses.  With respect to overall pod damage after second spray (Table 3), chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (IIL Sample) @ 200 ml/ha and 150 ml/ha recorded lowest mean damage pod per cent (9.53 and 11.51) followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Market sample) @ 150 ml/ha which recorded 11.64 per cent damaged pods. The highest damaged pods were recorded in untreated check with 36.86 per cent damaged pods. The present results get support from the observations of Sambathkumar et al., (2015) who reported minimum larval population (9.5 larvae/10 plants) of pod borer, H. armigera in plots treated with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30 g a.i./ha. Sapkal et al., (2018) reported that chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC found most effective than all other insecticides against tomato fruit borer, H. armigera on tomato. Sreekant et al., (2014) and Prasad and Rao (2010) found that efficacy of chlorantraniliprole effective for reduction of H. armigera population. Ma et al., (2000) reported that chlorantraniliprole most effective chemical for the control of H. armigera in cotton. Similarly, Mohanraj et al., (2012) reported chlorantraniliprole as the best treatment on the basis of damaged fruits and per cent loss of yield. Dabariya et al., (2010) reported that indoxacard 0.0075 per cent gave highest per cent mortality of H. armigera followed by spinosad 0.009 per cent, profenophos + cypermethrin 0.044 per cent and endosulfan 0.07 per cent in pigeonpea. Deshmukh et al., (2010) found that flubendiamide 0.007 per cent was most effective in reducing the H. armigera population and pod damage in pigeonpea. However, flubendiamide 480 SC at 100 ml/ha caused significantly high reduction in larvae (Ameta et al., 2011).  Sonune et al., (2010) revealed that spinosad 0.009 per cent, indoxacarb 0.008 per cent, profenopos 0.05 per cent and lambda cyhalothrin 0.005 per cent were found the most effective in reducing the larval population of Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) and also pod damage of blackgram. Timmanna et al., (2019) revealed that spinetoram 11.7 SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC were found significantly superior insecticides with higher larval mortality as compared to the other insecticides against Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) under laboratory bioassay and field experiments.
 

Table 1: Bioefficacy of insecticides against larvae of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) after first spray.


 

Table 2: Bio-efficacy of insecticides against larvae of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) after second spray.


 

Table 3: Pod damaged by pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larvae after second spray.


 
Efficacy of insecticides against pod fly, M. obtusa
 
All the treatments reduced the maggot population of pod fly, M. obtusa significantly at 3 DAS (Table 4) but chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Insecticide India Ltd., IIL sample) @ 200 ml/ha, 150 ml/ha and chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Market sample) @ 150 ml/ha completely reduced the maggot population of pod fly, M. obtusa (0.00) when compared to untreated control (2.67). At 7 DAS, chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (IIL sample) @ 200 ml/ha and 150 ml/ha was found to be significantly superior in reducing the maggot population of pod fly, M. obtusa by recording 0.27 and 0.53 maggots when compared to untreated control (3.53). All the other test doses and market standards recorded slightly higher infestation, but were significantly on par with each other. Similar trend was noticed during 14 DAS. After second application of treatments similar trend was noticed (Table 5). Overall chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (IIL sample) @ 200 ml/ha, 150 ml/ha recorded the mean lowest maggot population 0.11 and 0.33 as compared to untreated control (6.42). Patel and Patel (2013) and Chiranjeevi and Sarnaik (2017) reported that chlorantraniliprole @ 30 g a.i./ha was the most effective insecticide against pod fly, M. obtusa on pigeonpea further supports the present findings. At 3 DAS, minimum damaged pods were found in chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (IIL sample) @ 200 ml/ha, 150 ml/ha i.e. 2.05 and 3.72 followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Market sample) @ 150 ml/ha (3.97) whereas untreated control recorded 30.18 per cent damaged pods by pod fly, M. obtusa (Table 6). Patel et al., (2015) found that chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC @ 30 g a.i./ha registered the lowest pod damage due to pod borer and pod fly and recorded the highest yield of pigeonpea.  Khamoriya et al., (2017) found that efficacy of sequential application of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30 g a.i./ha - indoxacarb 15.8 EC @ 73 g a.i./ha - acetamiprid 20 SP @ 20 g a.i./ha proved better control of pod fly, M. obtusa, tur pod bug, C. gibbosa and pod borer, H. armigera on pigeonpea in terms of lower pod and grain damage and higher grain yield. Similar trend was noticed after 7 and 14 DAS.
 

Table 4: Bio-efficacy of insecticides against maggot of pod fly, Melanogromyza obtusa (Malloch) after first spray.


 

Table 5: Bio-efficacy of insecticides against maggot of pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) after second spray.


       
All the test doses recorded significantly higher grain yield than untreated check (11.25 q/ha) (Table 6). Highest yield was recorded in chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (IIL sample) @ 200 ml/ha (18.25 q/ha) followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (IIL sample) @ 150 ml/ha and chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (market sample) @ 150 ml/ha recorded 17.82 and 17.42 q/ha, respectively. One day before first spray, the coccinellids population ranged from 2.00 to 2.67 per plant while for spiders it varied from 1.53 to 2.33 per plant (Table 7). Predatory population (Coccinellids and Spiders) varied non-significantly prior to application of treatments. After imposing the treatments population declined to some extent at 7 days after treatment, however it increased by 14 days. Niranjana et al., (2017) reported that chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC was effective and significantly superior over other insecticides in reducing the shoot and fruit borer infestation with least effect on natural enemies existed in brinjal fields. In the present investigation, all treatments differed significantly over untreated control with regards to the population of natural enemies, however, there existed non-significant difference between various treatments. Hence there was equal adverse effect on coccinellids and spider population due to application of varying doses of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC.
 

Table 6: Pod damaged by pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) maggots after second spray and yield of pigeonpea.


 

Table 7: Effect of insecticides on natural enemies of pigeonpea.

CONCLUSION

Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 200 ml/ha and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150 ml/ha was found equally effective for suppression of insect pests, viz., pod borer, H. armigera and pod fly, M. obtusa population and pod damage in pigeonpea. Hence the optimum dose chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC to control the pests was 150 ml/ha. All dosages of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC were found statistically at par with regards to effect on natural enemies. Based on the results the use of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 150 ml/ha is suggested to control pod borer, H. armigera and pod fly, M. obtusa damage to pigeonpea crop.

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

The authors are highly thankful to M/s Insecticides (India) Limited, Delhi for funding and Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner for providing the facilities.

REFERENCES


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