Legume Research

  • Chief EditorJ. S. Sandhu

  • Print ISSN 0250-5371

  • Online ISSN 0976-0571

  • NAAS Rating 6.80

  • SJR 0.391

  • Impact Factor 0.8 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Research Article

Legume Research, volume 44 issue 11 (november 2021) : 1293-1300

Resistance in Mungbean Against Meloidogyne incognita and its Impact on Nodulation

Rohit Kumar1, Narpinderjeet Kaur Dhillon1,*, Sukhjeet Kaur1, Anupam1, Asmita Srari1
1Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.

  • Submitted29-08-2019|

  • Accepted06-01-2020|

  • First Online 18-06-2020|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4227

Cite article:- Kumar Rohit, Dhillon Kaur Narpinderjeet, Kaur Sukhjeet, Anupam, Srari Asmita (2021). Resistance in Mungbean Against Meloidogyne incognita and its Impact on Nodulation . Legume Research. 44(11): 1293-1300. doi: 10.18805/LR-4227.

ABSTRACT

Mungbean is an economically as well as nutritionally enriched crop. Of the different soil borne pathogens attacking mungbean, root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is an important pathogen affecting growth and production of mungbean. It is grown in summer as well as in kharif season. The germplasm of mungbean of two seasons’ viz., summer and kharif was screened to identify new sources of resistance against root knot nematode, M. incognita. In addition to screening; studies were also conducted on the impact of root knot nematode infestation in roots on nodulation character of mungbean and growth parameters. Of the sixty three genotypes evaluated in summer, seven were found to be moderately resistant. In kharif season, only three genotypes were found to be moderately resistant. M. incognita infestation was also observed to affect the plant growth parameters as well as nodulation on roots of mungbean genotypes. Comparatively, better plant growth and higher nodulation was observed in moderately resistant genotypes as compared to the susceptible ones. The ten identified moderately resistant genotypes  from two seasons can be a useful source in breeding programmes for developing cultivars to manage root knot nematode.

INTRODUCTION

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important short duration crop grown in summer as well as kharif (rainy) season. Due to short maturity duration the crop is ideal for catch cropping, intercropping and relay cropping. Of the different soil borne pathogens infecting mungbean, root knot nematodes are economically important pathogen infesting mungbean crop and limiting its production. Crop loss due to M. incognita in mungbean has been reported as 8.90% (Khan et al., 2010). Meloidogyne spp. disrupts the plant physiology and can radically reduce plant quality and yield. Species of root knot nematode are pests of high economic importance (Karssen and Moes, 2006). Symptoms of root galling in most cases provides positive diagnostic confirmation of nematode presence, disease severity and potential for crop damage (Noling, 2009).The heavily infested crops showed chlorosis, stunting, premature senescence or delay in overall growth of the plants and respond poorly to fertilizer. Root-knot nematodes attack the tender roots of host plants and find feeding sites forming giant cells resulting in formation of characteristic root galls or knots (Huang, 1985). The formation of galls hampers the water and nutrient uptake capacity of the roots inflicting poor stand of the crop and yield losses.
       
Root knot nematode being soil borne and polyphagous are difficult to control in fields and their management has always been a challenge to nematologists. With the increasing concerns on use of pesticides due to their hazardous nature, an alternative management approach with use of identified and bred resistant cultivars can be useful for combating the losses caused by M. incognita. Due to dynamic nature of the pathogens there is always need to continuously identify new sources of resistance which can be used for breeding programs. Nodulation is an important characteristic of legume plants. Studies have shown that plant parasitic nematodes alone or their interaction with some micro-organisms inhibit nodulation and nitrogen fixation in certain legumes (Siddiqui and Hussain, 1991 and 1992). In this context, the present study was undertaken to identify new sources of resistance in mungbean against M. incognita along with the impact of infestation of root knot nematode on nodulation and growth parameters of the crop.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Pure culture of Meloidogyne incognita was raised from a single egg mass isolated from infected mungbean plant. The juveniles hatched from this egg mass were inoculated into pots filled with sterilised soil in which ten days old mungbean plants were growing. Perennial pattern of adult females collected from this culture were cut and the nematode was identified as Meloidogyne incognita. For mass culturing of nematode; the soil collected from the fields was steam sterilised at 15 lb pressure/square inch for one and half hour in an autoclave. After sterilization, soil was exposed for 24 hrs to open air before its use in experiments. The pots were filled with this soil. Roots from pure culture pot were gently washed and the egg masses were hand- picked and placed in petri plate for hatching. The picked egg masses were placed on tissue paper (double) which was placed on aluminum wire gauge for support. This was placed over a Petridish (10 cm in diameter) having sufficient water to touch the support. Second stage juveniles were collected after 24 hrs and these larvae were used for inoculations for developing mass culture of M.incognita.
 
Trials were laid in the pot house of Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for screening against M. incognita. The trial was conducted for two years viz. 2018 and 2019. Pots were filled with nematode infested soil and ten seeds of each genotype were sown in first week of April for summer crop with an estimated population of 300 nem/cc soil and in second week of July for kharif crop in which the estimated nematode population was observed to be 296.6 nem/250 cc soil. The seed was procured from Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Pulses section, PAU Ludhiana. Each treatment was replicated thrice. When the crop was at two leaf stage, thinning was done so as to keep five plants/pot. Soil nematode population was reassessed and the population taken at this stage was considered as initial root knot nematode population (Pi) for each genotype. Nematode population taken at the end of crop was taken as final nematode population (Pf). Observations on soil nematode population/250 cc soil and RGI (Root gall index) were taken after fifty days of sowing. For RGI, mungbean plants were uprooted from the pots and the galling on the roots was assessed on the scale of (0-10) as described by Bridge and Page (1980): where, 0 = no knots on roots; 1 = few small knots difficult to find; 2 = small knots only but clearly visible, main roots clean; 3 = some larger knots visible, but main roots clean; 4 = larger knots predominate but main roots clean; 5 = 50% of the roots knotted, knotting on parts of main root system; 6 = knotting on some of main roots; 7 = majority of main roots knotted; 8 = all main roots knotted, few clean roots visible; 9 = all roots severely knotted, plant usually dying; 10 = all roots severely knotted, no root. Observations were also taken on plant growth parameters, viz., plant height and weight and on the number of nodules on each plant in each replication. The genotypes evaluated in summer and kharif were as follows.
 
Genotypes screened
 
In all 63 and 38 genotypes of mungbean were screened against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in summer and kharif season and are listed in Table 1 and 3, respectively.
 

Table 1: Evaluation of mungbean genotypes against Meloidogyne incognita in summer season.


 
Observations and data analysis
 
Observations were recorded on root galling index, soil nematode population, plant growth parameters and disease reaction was categorized as per scales given before. A similarity matrix based on simple matching coefficients was generated. The similarity coefficient and genetic distance were analyzed according to the method described by Nei (1972). NTSYS-PC 2.2 software (Rohlf, 1998) was used to perform cluster analysis on resistance indexes in the similarity matrix, using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Further, correlation coefficient was computed between disease index (root gall index) and nodule formation among the mungbean genotypes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Evaluation of mungbean genotypes against M. incognita in summer season
 
The data in Table 1 and 2 revealed that different genotypes exhibited differential response to root knot nematode. The multiplication of M. incognita was favoured on susceptible or highly susceptible genotypes. Of the sixty three genotypes screened against root knot nematode, twenty one were found to be highly susceptible with root galling index (>7) (Table 2). Soil nematode population in these genotypes was found to range from 446.3-633.6 nem/250 cc soil and the reproduction factor (Rf=Pf /Pi) was observed to be more than two in highly susceptible genotypes indicating greater multiplication of root knot nematode on these genotypes. Thirty five genotypes were found to be susceptible to root knot nematode with galling index (4-7) on the roots (Table 2). Soil nematode population ranged from 300-560 nem./250 cc soil in these susceptible genotypes. Seven genotypes, SML 1829, SML 1826, SML 2031, SML 1820, ML 2056, SML 2042 and ML 2607 were found to be moderately resistant with root gall index in range of 2-4 and soil nematode population varied from 176.6-376.6 nem/250 cc soil. The reproduction factor (Rf=Pf /Pi) was less than one in moderately resistant genotypes. The lowest multiplication factor (Rf=Pf /Pi) was observed to be 0.8 in SML 2042 and ML 2056 genotype while this factor was highest in SML 2016 and SML 1922 (Rf= 2.4) genotype. None of the genotype was found resistant against root knot nematode.
 

Table 2: Reaction of different mungbean genotypes to Meloidogyne incognita in summer season.


       
The Euclidean distance was computed using morphological data on the basis of UPGMA for 63 kharif mungbean genotypes. The multivariate analysis grouped the 63 genotypes into 2 major clusters (Fig 1). The cluster I comprised of 56 genotypes showing susceptible and highly susceptible reaction against root knot nematode. Group II comprised of 7 moderately resistant genotypes (SML 1829, SML 1826, SML 2031, SML 1820, ML 2056, SML 2042, ML 2607). The result of cluster analysis was somewhat consistent with classification based on resistance indexes.

Fig 1: Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram among the 63 summer mungbean genotypes based on Nei’s coefficients. Two groups were defined, Group I include fifty seven genotypes, group II includes seven genotypes.


       
Observations on growth parameters revealed that plant height and weight in moderately resistant varieties was observed to be comparatively higher than susceptible and highly susceptible varieties. It was also observed that the number of nodules formed were comparatively higher in genotypes with less galled roots. Thus, nodulation was less on susceptible and highly susceptible plants as compared to moderately resistant plants. Statistical analysis conducted on the impact of root galling on nodule formation was found negatively correlated (-0.93417) with disease index (root galling index) (Fig 2).       

Fig 2: Correlation between root gall index and number of nodules in different genotypes of summer mungbean genotypes.


               
Evaluation of mungbean genotypes against M. incognita in kharif season
 
In kharif season, nine lines showed highly susceptible reaction with root galling index greater than seven in these genotypes. Soil nematode population in these genotypes was found to range high from 516.6-623.3 nem/250 cc soil and the reproduction factor (Rf= Pf /Pi) was observed to be more than two in these genotypes. Twenty seven mungbean genotypes showed susceptible reaction against M. incognita. Soil nematode population in these genotypes was found to range from 300-580 nem./250 cc soil and the reproduction factor (Rf= Pf /Pi) was observed to be more than one in susceptible genotypes. Only three out of thirty eight viz., ML 2056, ML 2526, ML 2581were found to be moderately resistant against M. incognita (RGI<2). Low populations of nematode in soil were observed in moderately resistant cultivars. Nematode population varied from 176-273.3 nem/250 cc soil and reproduction factor (Rf= Pf /Pi) was recorded to be less than one in moderately resistant genotypes. Effect of M. incognita on plant height, weight and number of nodules was similar to the trend observed in summer (Table 3 and 4).
 

Table 3: Evaluation of mungbean genotypes against Meloidogyne incognita in kharif season.


 

Table 4: Reaction of different Kharif mungbean genotypes to M. incognita.


       
The multivariate cluster analysis grouped the 38 kharif mungbean genotypes into three major clusters (Fig 3). The cluster I comprised of 9 genotypes (8 highly susceptible and 1 susceptible), cluster II with 26 genotypes (25 susceptible and 1 highly susceptible) and cluster III comprised of 3 moderately resistant genotypes.  All the three moderately resistant genotypes (ML 2056, MML 2560, ML 2581) made a separate cluster III, which shows results of analysis in agreement with the classification based on resistance indexes.

Fig 3: Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram among the 38 kharif mungbean genotypes based on Nei’s coefficients.


       
The growth parameters (plant height and plant weight) and the number of nodules were observed to be higher in moderately resistant genotypes of kharif season as compared to susceptible genotypes. Nodulation in kharif mungbean genotypes was also found to be negatively correlated (-0.93811) with disease index (root galling index) (Fig 4).

Fig 4: Correlation between root gall index and number of nodules in different genotypes of kharif mungbean.


       
Present study revealed that of the one hundred one genotypes of mungbean screened against Meloidogyne incognita in summer and kharif seasons; ten showed moderately resistant reaction, sixty one genotypes showed susceptible reaction and thirty genotypes showed highly susceptible reaction. Pulse crops have been reported to be susceptible to root knot nematode (Pandey et al., 2016). The nematode population was suppressed by 10-50% of its harmful density by growing of resistant cultivar (Oostenberink, 1966). Sasser (1954) also observed that the roots of resistant plants were not invaded rapidly as compared to susceptible ones. Anwar and McKenry, (2007) had observed that the variable response of tolerance of cultivars can be associated with their genetic makeup. Root-knot nematode resistant cultivars have comparatively more height and weight in comparison to susceptible cultivars. Earlier studies have also reported only moderately resistant genotypes of mungbean and no resistant lines against root knot nematode (Chakraborty et al., 2016). However, Bozbuga et al., 2015 reported that  out of 87 common bean genotypes evaluated against root knot nematode, M. incognita,  only one genotype (Sehirali) was found as immune,  four genotypes (TR42164, Seleksiyon 5, Seker Fasulye, Fas-Agadir-Suk-1) highly resistant and eight (Acik Badem, TR68587, TR43477, TR53827, TR28018, Gülnar-3, Siyah Fasulye, Kibris Amerikan) moderately resistant.
       
The effect of infestation of mungbean with M. incognita was observed on nodulation in all the genotypes (101). The observations revealed that nodulation in nematode inoculated plants were negatively correlated and inversely proportional to the number of galls on roots. The regression equation indicated that nodule formation was affected by root knot nematode infestation in both summer and kharif mungbean. M. incognita was observed to affect the growth of root system which in turn affected nodulation. The depletion of nutrients and hampered translocation of nutrients might be another reason to decreased nodule formation as Moran (1997) had also reported that legumes did not fix nitrogen as a result of an inefficient Rhizobium strain or poor nutrition. Balasubramanium (1971) had also observed that when nematode population is high, they interfere directly with the establishment of Rhizobium japanicum bacterium due to lowered production of root hairs in Meloidogyne spp. infected plants.  M. incognita infestation has been reported to alter the physiological responses in host and giant cells in roots of plant which in turn might have effects on nodulation on roots.  The result is also in conformity with earlier findings of Ali et al., (1981) who reported that rhizobia strains in leguminous hosts may lose their ability of nitrogen fixation especially when the hosts are infected by certain pathogens. On some roots decayed black nodules were observed which indicate the absence of leghaemoglobin which is active in fixing nitrogen for the plants.

CONCLUSION

The mungbean genotypes varieties investigated showed differential response to susceptibility of M. incognita and nodule formation. In the present studies, 101 genotypes of mungbean were evaluated against M. incognita in summer and kharif season of which ten were found to be moderately resistant against root knot nematode. Nodulation though a qualitative character was observed to be affected by infestation with M. incognita and it exhibited inverse relation with root knot nematode population. The number of nodules was observed to be significantly higher in moderately resistant genotypes as compared to susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes. These genotypes may prove to be an important genetic source in resistance breeding programme of mungbean.

REFERENCES


  1. Ali, M. A., Trabulsi, I. Y. and Abd-Elsamea, M. E. (1981). Antagonistic interaction between Meloidogyne incognita and Rhizobium leguminosarum on cowpea. Plant Disease. 65: 432–435.

  2. Anwar, S.A. and Mckenry, M.V. (2007). Incidence and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on vegetables crop genotypes. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 42: 348-50.

  3. Balasubramanium, M. (1971). Root-knot nematodes and bacteria nodulation in soybean. Current Science. 40:69–70.

  4. Bozbuga, R., Dasgan H. Y., Akhoundnejad Y., Imren M., Toktay H. and Ece Bortecine K. (2015). Identification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes having resistance against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Legume Research. 38 (5): 669-674.

  5. Bridge, J. and Page, S. L. (1980). Estimation of root-knot nematode infestation levels on roots using a rating chart. Tropical Pest Management. 26:296-298.

  6. Chakraborty, G., Mondal S., Karmakar, P., Roy, D. Samanta, P. (2016). Screening of some pulse germplasm for their reactions to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Current Nematology. 2: 137–142.

  7. Huang, C. S. (1985). Formation, anatomy and physiology of giant cells induced by root-knot nematodes. In: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne, Biology and Control [Sasser J N and Carter C C (Eds.)] Raleigh, NC, USA. pp. 155-64.

  8. Karssen, G. and Moens, M. (2006). Root-knot nematodes. In: Plant Nematology. [Perry, R.N. and Moens, M. (Eds.)]. CAB I publishing.pp. 59-90.

  9. Khan, M. R, Jain, R. K, Singh, R. V and Pramanik, A. (2010). Economically Important Plantparasitic Nematodes Distribution Atlas. Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, New Delhi.Pp. 10.

  10. Moran, R. (1997). The little nitrogen factories. Biological Sciences Review. 10:2–6.

  11. Nei, M. (1972). Genetic distance between populations. The American Naturalist. 106:283–92.

  12. Noling, J.W. (2009). Nematode management in cucurbits (cucumber, melons, squash). University of Florida. Pp. 1-11.

  13. Oostenbrink, M. (1966). Major characteristics of the relationships between nematodes and plants.Meded Land gesch Wageningen. 66: 1-46.

  14. Pandey, R.K, Nayak, D.K. and Kar, R.K. (2016). Effects of proline content of green gram varieties/lines as influenced by root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. International Journal of Current Resource and Bioscience Plant Biology. 3:29-32.

  15. Rohlf, F. J. (1998). NTSYSpc, version 2.02g. Exter Software. Applied Biosystematics Inc.

  16. Sasser, J.N. (1954). Identification and host parasite relationships of certain root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Md. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. A 77:31.

  17. Siddiqui, Z. A. and Husain S. I. (1991). Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita race 3 and Macrophomina phaseolina in root-    rot disease complex of chickpea. Nematologia Mediterranea. 19: 237-239.

  18. Siddiqui, Z. A. and Husain, S. I. (1992). Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita race 3, Macrophomina phaseolina and Bradyrhizobium sp. in the root-rot disease complex of chickpea, Cicer arietinum. Fundamentals of Applied Nematology. 16: 491-494.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)