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Research Article

Legume Research, volume 44 issue 9 (september 2021) : 1032-1037

Mitigation of Moisture Stress through Foliar Spray of Thiourea, Salicylic Acid and Homobrassinolide in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) 

Abhishek1,*, S.R. Doddagoudar1, Basavegowda1, N.M. Shakuntala1, M.K. Meena1
1Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584 104, Karnataka, India.

  • Submitted07-08-2019|

  • Accepted09-01-2020|

  • First Online 18-03-2020|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4206

Cite article:- Abhishek, Doddagoudar S.R., Basavegowda, Shakuntala N.M., Meena M.K. (2021). Mitigation of Moisture Stress through Foliar Spray of Thiourea, Salicylic Acid and Homobrassinolide in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) . Legume Research. 44(9): 1032-1037. doi: 10.18805/LR-4206.

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburgi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur to study the influence of foliar spray of thiourea, salicylic acid and homobrassinolide on crop growth and seed yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under moisture stress conditions in rabi 2018-19. The experiment consisted of sixteen treatment combinations (four moisture stress with four foliar sprays) which was laid out in 2 factor RBD. Among the different treatments imposed, two foliar spray of thiourea @ 1000 ppm under no moisture stress (control) during flowering (45 DAS) and seed setting (75 DAS) recorded significantly higher plant height (42.0 and 49.0 cm), leaf area index (3.020 and 2.003), number of primary branches plant-1 (9.1 and 10.7), chlorophyll content (SPAD values 64.4 and 56.6), number of pods plant-1 (64.3), 100 seed weight (25.0 g), drought tolerant efficiency (100.0 %), seed yield plant-1 (18.9 g) and hectare-1 (27.2 q) compared to other treatments.

INTRODUCTION

Pulse crops play an important role in human diet as they are the main source of proteins compared to other protein sources like meat and meat products. Among the pulses, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) commonly known as bengal gram is a major rabi pulse crop, which is highly nutritious grain legume and one of the cheapest sources of energy and protein as it contains 60-65 per cent carbohydrates, 6 per cent fat and 12 to 31 per cent higher protein than any other pulse crops.

Drought is one of the most important limiting factors for crop production all around the world. It is also a major constraint for chickpea production as the major chickpea growing areas are in arid and semi-arid zones and about 90 per cent of world’s chickpea is grown under rain fed conditions (Kumar and Abbo, 2001). It causes 40-50 per cent reduction in yield globally (Ahmad et al., 2005).
        
Chickpea is traditionally sown towards the end of rainy season during rabi under receding soil moisture conditions. In some areas, the rainfall is poorly distributed over the growing season and stops before growth of chickpea is completed even for early sown crops. Moisture stress at flowering and seed setting is most common and reported to reduce seed the yield significantly. Consequently, terminal drought stress, which occurs during the reproductive phase of the crop is common and critical (Anbessa and Bejiga, 2002).
        
Exogenous application of thiourea has been found effective in stress alleviating molecules including thiols that are crucial for enhancing crop productivity. Thiols are well-known to maintain the redox state (-SH/-S-S-ratio) of the cell and its proper functioning under stress (Anjum et al., 2011 and Perveen et al., 2013). Improvement in plant growth and development under different stresses due to foliar spray of thiourea has been observed in maize (Sahu et al., 1993), wheat (Sahu et al., 2006), pearl millet (Parihar et al., 1998) and cluster bean (Garg et al., 2006). Salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in regulation of plant growth, development, interactions with other organisms and responses to environmental stress (Miura and Tada, 2014). Brassinosteroids are involved in regulating the metabolism of plant oxidation radicals and have a role in mediating plant responses to stress, such as freezing, drought, salinity, disease, heat and nutrient deficiency. Sengupta et al., (2011) concluded that the growth parameters like plant height, leaf area index were significantly higher due to foliar spray of brassinolide (0.25 ppm) in greengram.
               
Hence, during the last one decade the quantity of rainfall and its distribution was found be erratic and many a times it is very deficit, hence under these circumstances, it is necessary to provide life saving irrigations along with some foliar sprays to overcome the adverse effect of drought. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburgi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during rabi 2018-19 in a two factor randomized block design to study the influence of foliar spray of thiourea, salicylic acid and homobrassinolide on growth, seed yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar JG-11 under moisture stress conditions. The experiment consisted of sixteen treatment combinations as mentioned below.
 
Factor 1: Moisture stress (S)
S1: Moisture stress at flowering (45 DAS).
S2: Moisture stress at flowering and seed setting.
S3: Moisture stress at seed setting (75 DAS).
S4: No moisture stress-control (Without stress at flowering and seed setting).
 
Factor 2: Foliar spray (F)
F1: Water spray.
F2: Salicylic acid (50 ppm).
F3: Thiourea (1000 ppm).
F4: Homobrassinolide (0.25 ppm).

The seeds were sown in three replications at a spacing of 30 × 10 cm. Two foliar sprays at 45 DAS and 75 DAS after sowing were given as per the treatments of factor 2.
        
The observations on plant height, leaf area index, number of primary branches plant-1, chlorophyll content was recorded at 50 and 80 days after sowing. While, number of pods plant-1, 100 seed weight, drought tolerant efficiency, and seed yield plant-1 and hectare-1 were recorded after harvest. The statistical analysis was done as per the procedure described by Panse and Sukhatme (1985).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The moisture stress and foliar spray had a significant influence on the plant growth, physiological parameters, yield attributing characters and yield of chickpea. Plant height (cm) is an important determinant that decides the yield potential of any crop plant. The moisture stress and foliar spray had significantly influenced the plant height (cm) at 50 and 80 days after sowing (DAS) in chickpea (Table 1).

Table 1: Influence of moisture stress and foliar spray on plant height (cm), number of branches plant-1, leaf area index and chlorophyll content (SAPD values).


 
Among the various moisture stresses, S4 (no moisture stress / control) recorded significantly higher plant height (39.8 and 47.6 cm) compared to S1 (moisture stress at flowering, 36.7 and 41.8 cm) and S2 (moisture stress at flowering and seed setting, 36.5 and 37.9 cm) respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS. It also recorded significantly higher number of primary (8.7 and 10.4) branches per plant at harvest (Table 1) compared to S1 (7.6 and 9.3), at 50 and 80 DAS, respectively. Moisture stress at flowering and seed setting (S2) exhibited 8.2 and 20.3 per cent reduction in plant height and 13.7 and 21.1 per cent reduction in number of primary branches over to no moisture stress / control (S4) both at 50 and 80 DAS. These results are in conformation with the finding of Manivannan et al., (2007) who reported  in decreased cell division and slower cell enlargement and expansion (Ghiabi et al., 2013) due to (moisture) stress which lead to reduction in plant height in cowpea. The decrease in number of primary branches per plant might be due to inhibition of cell elongation of plant by interruption of water flow from xylem to surrounding elongating cells leading to reduced number of branches when moisture stress was imposed both at flowering and seed setting as reported in cowpea (Manivannan et al., 2007). In the same way Ulemale et al., (2013) in chickpea reported decreased the plant height and number of braches per plant due to drought (moisture) stress. Lima et al., (2011) reported reduced tillering in sorghum under moisture stress and also less uptake of nutrients for plant growth. Anita and Lakshmi (2015) reported that in cowpea plant height and number of branches were maximum under control conditions were IW/CPE ratio 0.8 in control conditions.
        
Among the various foliar sprays imposed to chickpea plants, F3 (thiourea @ 1000 ppm) recorded significantly higher plant height (39.6 and 43.6 cm) compared all other treatments and control-F1 (37.0 and 41.5 cm) respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS. The same treatment also recorded significantly higher number of primary (8.5 and 9.8) branches per plant compared to all other treatments and control-F1 (7.8 and 8.9) respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS. These results indicated that thiourea @ 1000 ppm (F3) enhanced the plant growth in chickpea by 7.0 and 5.0 per cent and 8.9 and 10.1 per cent in number of primary branches respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS over to control. These results are well supported with the findings of Burman et al., (2004) due to foliar spray of thiourea @ 1500 mg L-1 who noticed increased nitrogen uptake, metabolic processes and hence increased the clusterbean growth and dry matter accumulation. Similarly, thiourea @ 1500 mg L-1 promoted growth and photosynthetic pigments in maize (Sahu et al., 1993), onion (Abdul Hye et al., 2002), clusterbean (Garg et al., 2006), sunflower (Amin et al., 2008) and wheat (Anjum, 2008). Shanu et al., (2013) who reported a significant increase in the number of branches as a result of foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm in coriander. Ample support to such effects in maize due to foliar spray of thiourea @ 1000 ppm was also reported by Sahu et al., (1993).
        
Leaf area index is one of the most important and commonly used indices to analyze the growth of any crop plant which depends on the per cent expansion of crop canopy to utilize the sunlight for photosynthesis. In the present investigation the results revealed that among the various moisture stress, S4 (no moisture stress/control) recorded significantly higher leaf area index (2.688 and 1.513) compared to S1 (moisture stress at flowering, 2.378 and 1.026) and S2 (moisture stress at flowering and seed setting, 2.275 and 0.886) respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS in (Table 1). Moisture stress at flowering and seed setting (S2) discloses 15.3 and 41.4 per cent reduction in LAI with respective no moisture stress/control (S4) at 50 and 80 DAS. This might be due to drought (moisture) stress inhibits the dry matter production largely through its inhibitory effects on leaf expansion, leaf development and consequently reduced light interception in pigeonpea (Nam et al., 2011).
        
The result revealed that, among the various foliar sprays imposed, F3 (thiourea @ 1000 ppm) recorded significantly higher leaf area index (2.783 and 1.295) compared to all other treatments and control-F1 (2.279 and 0.994) respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS in (Table 1). The per cent increase in LAI due to foliar spray of thiourea @ 1000 ppm was 22.1 and 30.2 per cent in chickpea respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS over control. Similar results were reported by Garg et al., (2006) where thiourea @ 1000 ppm promotes the allocation of dry matter in leaf under water stress condition. Foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm improved the leaf area index (4.85) when foliar spray was given at 45 and 60 DAS over control in clusterbean (Meena et al., 2016).
        
The highest SPAD value (60.3 and 53.9) was recorded in S4 (no moisture stress / control) compared to S1 (moisture stress at flowering, 51.3 and 41.1) and S2 (moisture stress at flowering and seed setting, 50.0 and 37.7) respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS among the different moisture stress conditions for chlorophyll content (Table 1). A significant decreased in chlorophyll content along with photosynthetic rate noticed under moisture stress at flowering and seed setting (S2) shows (17.0 and 30.0%) reduction when compared with that of no moisture stress /control (S4) at 50 and 80 DAS. This might be results of drought stress caused a large decline in the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content in sunflower (Manivannan et al., 2007). Stomatal closer and decreased transpiration under drought stress caused increase in leaf temperature that can contribute to chlorophyll degradation in chickpea (Pouresmael et al., 2013).
        
The highest SPAD value (58.4 and 46.2) was recorded by foliar sprays of thiourea @ 1000 ppm (F3) compared to all other treatments and control-F1 (52.9 and 41.9) respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS (Table 1). The per cent increase in chlorophyll content was to the extent of 10.3 and 10.2 due to foliar spray of thiourea (1000 ppm) respectively, at 50 and 80 DAS over control. These results are in conformation with the findings of Garg et al., (2006) who reported that foliar spray of thiourea @ 1000ppm enhanced the levels of chlorophyll in leaf tissues of clusterbean under moisture stress (rainfed) conditions.

In the present studies S4 (no moisture stress / control) was able to record significantly higher number of pods per plant (59.9) and 100 seed weight (24.8 g) compared to S1 (moisture stress at flowering, 43.5 and 23.3 g) and S2 (moisture stress at flowering and seed setting, 38.3 and 22.4 g). This study indicates that an immense percent decrease in numbers of pods per plant and 100 seed weight to the tune of 36.0 and 9.6 per cent, respectively when moisture stress was given at flowering and seed setting (S2) over no moisture stress / control (S4). This was due to reduction in the filled pods under moisture stress during pod filling stage in chickpea (Mcphee and Muehlbauer 2001). Water stress generally accelerates leaf senescence, flower drop and shorten pod filling duration in chickpea. This results in reducation of 100 seed weight in chickpea (Shaban et al., 2012). Derease in 100 seed weight under moisture stress might also be due to lower photosynthetic translocation in the developing seed in chickpea (Ulemale et al., 2013).
        
Among the foliar sprays imposed F3 (thiourea @ 1000 ppm) was recorded significantly higher number of pods per plant (50.7) and 100 seed weight (24.0 g) compared to all other treatments (Table 2) and control-F1 (44.8 and 22.7 g). Foliar sprays of thiourea @ 1000 ppm was able to increase the number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight by 13.1 per cent and 5.7 per cent over control. These results are in line with Priyanak (2017) who reported that foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm in greengram results in increased crop photosynthetic efficiency and source sink relationship. This resulted in concomitant increase in the number of pods per plant. These results are in accordance with the findings of Solanki (2002) in clusterbean, Bamaniya (2009) in mungbean and Meena et al., (2016) in clusterbean.

Table 2: Influence of moisture stress and foliar spray on number of pods plant-1, 100 seed weight (g), seed yield plant-1(g) and hectare-1 (q) and drought tolerant efficiency (%).


        
The seed yield is the final product of all physiological, metabolic processes and influenced by many yield components like number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed weight, test weight and harvest index. The seed yield per plant (g) and seed yield per hectare (q/ha) were significantly influenced by moisture stress and foliar spray in chickpea (Table 2). Striking variation for seed yield per plant and hectare were noticed due to moisture stresses. Among them, S4 (no moisture stress / control) recorded significantly higher seed yield per plant (17.5 g) and hectare (25.3 q) compared to S1 (moisture stress at flowering, 11.1 g and 13 q) and S2 (moisture stress at flowering and seed setting, 09.6 g and 09.1 q). In this study, an immense percent decrease in seed yield per plant and hectare to the tune of 45.1 and 64.0 per cent when moisture stress was given at flowering and seed setting (S2) over no moisture stress / control (S4) was noticed. Similar results were made by Ulemale et al., (2013) who reported that seed yield per plant was less mainly due to an increased rate of floral and pod abortion under water stress. This was due to the fact that under moisture stress the plant growth and development was severely affected which resulted in production of less number of pods per plant with low test weight.
        
The marked variation for seed yield indicates that among the foliar sprays imposed F3 (thiourea @ 1000 ppm) was able to record significantly higher seed yield per plant (14.2 g) and seed yield per hectare (17.3 q) compared to all other treatments and control-F1 (12.0 g and 15.1 q). In this study foliar sprays of thiourea @ 1000 ppm increased the seed yield per plant and hectare by 18.3 per cent and 14.5 per cent over control. Similar results were reported from the findings of Parihar et al., (1998) who noticed in pearl millet a significant improvement in plant growth and seed yield due to foliar spray of thiourea (1000 ppm), (Sahu and Singh, 1995) in wheat and (Sahu et al., 1993) in maize grown in arid and semi arid regions. Application of thiourea @ 1000 ppm significantly improved the seed yield of clusterbean under water stress (Burman et al., 2004). Seed treatment with thiourea @ 1000 ppm followed by foliar spray significantly enhanced yield and also harvest index of clusterbean (Garg et al., 2006), horsegram (Anitha et al., 2006).
        
The drought tolerance efficiency (%) was significantly influenced by moisture stress and foliar spray in chickpea (Table 2). The striking variation for drought tolerance efficiency due to moisture stresses indicates that S4 (no moisture stress / control) was able to record significantly higher drought tolerance efficiency (100%) compared to S1 (moisture stress at flowering, 51.5%) and S2 (moisture stress at flowering and seed setting, 35.4%). Drought tolerant efficiency was measured by yield under stress to the yield under non-stress condition which indicates that moisture stress at flowering and seed setting (S2) was able to record 64.6 per cent over no moisture stress/control (S4). The results are in conformation with the findings of Ulemale et al., (2013) who reported that control exhibited higher values for drought tolerance efficiency and lower value for drought susceptibility index in chickpea.
        
However, among the foliar sprays imposed, F3 (thiourea @ 1000 ppm) registered significantly higher drought tolerance efficiency (65.0%) compared to all other treatments and control-F1 (63.0%). Foliar spray of thiourea @ 1000 ppm increased the drought tolerance efficiency by 3.17 per cent over control. Similar observation were made by Vineeth (2012) who reported enhanced stress tolerance index and drought tolerance efficiency due to foliar spray of thiourea in chickpea.
        
The interaction between moisture stress and foliar spray did not have any significant difference on all above parameter.

CONCLUSION

For chickpea seed production minimum three irrigation at sowing, 45 DAS (flowering) and 75 DAS (seed setting) along with foliar spray of thiourea @ 1000 ppm at 45 and 75 DAS resulted in production of high yield and quality seeds.

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