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Research Article

Legume Research, volume 44 issue 5 (may 2021) : 608-612

Temporal availability of phosphorus and sulphur in acid Inceptisol as influenced by graded application of P and S under black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) production 

Basant Tamang1, Sanjay-Swami1,*
1School of Natural Resource Management, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University, Umiam-793 103, Meghalaya, India.

  • Submitted21-02-2019|

  • Accepted28-05-2019|

  • First Online 14-08-2019|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4127

Cite article:- Tamang Basant, Sanjay-Swami (2019). Temporal availability of phosphorus and sulphur in acid Inceptisol as influenced by graded application of P and S under black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) production . Legume Research. 44(5): 608-612. doi: 10.18805/LR-4127.

ABSTRACT

A pot culture experiment was conducted at School of Natural Resource Management, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU, Umiam, Meghalaya to assess the temporal availability of phosphorus and sulphur in acid Inceptisol of Meghalaya as influenced by graded application of P and S under black gram (cv. SBC-47) production. The treatment consisted of four levels of P (20, 40, 60 and 80 mg P kg-1 soil) and four levels of S (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg S kg-1 soil). The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with three replications during kharif season of 2016. The experimental soil was deficient in available phosphorus (13.85 kg ha-1) and available sulphur (15.91 kg ha-1). The results revealed that combined application of P and S had significant effects on seed and stover yield of black gram. The optimum seed and stover yield were recorded with combined application of 60 mg kg-1 soil and 30 mg kg-1 soil, respectively which was statistically at par with combined application of 80 mg P kg-1 soil and 40 mg S kg-1 soil. The assessment of temporal availability of phosphorus and sulphur at 20, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram in acid Inceptisol of Meghalaya indicated that available phosphorus in soil increased with each successive increasing level of P application, however it showed decreasing trend with time intervals of 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram at each successive dose of 40, 60 and 80 mg P kg-1 soil over 20 mg P kg-1 soil in the presence of S fertilization. Similarly, available sulphur in soil also increased with each successive increasing level of S application, whereas it also showed decreasing trend with time intervals of 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram at each successive dose of 20, 30 and 40 mg S kg-1 soil over control as 10 mg S kg-1 soil in the presence of P fertilization.

INTRODUCTION

Pulses are included in cropping systems to improve soil health and fertility status. The productivity of pulses mainly depends on proper nutrient management practices (Ghosh et al., 2003). Black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is one of the important pulse crop grown throughout the world. Being a legume crop, black gram has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically with the nodule producing bacteria Rhizobium sp. Responses of black gram to nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur have been found to vary with different soil, crop and climatic conditions. Black gram is the cheapest source of protein for the poor and is called the poor men’s meat. It contains approximately 25-28 per cent protein, 4.5-5.5 per cent ash, 0.5-1.5 per cent oil, 3.5-4.5 per cent fibre and 62-65 per cent carbohydrate on dry weight basis (https://www.indiaagronet.com/ indiaagronet/crop%20info/black_gram.htm).
       
Pulses are commonly grown in soils with low fertility status or with application of low quantities of organic and inorganic sources of plant nutrients, which in turn resulted in deterioration of soil health and productivity (Kumpawat, 2010). Black gram accounts for 10 per cent of total pulse production in India. The total area under pulses is (2013-2014) was 25.23 M ha with the production of 19.27 million tonnes and with an average productivity of about 764 kg ha-1 (Tiwari and Shivhare, 2016). However, the total area under pulses in Meghalaya is only 7988 ha with the production of 10981 kg ha-1 and with an average productivity of about 1375 kg ha-1 (Statistical Abstract, GOM, 2016). One of the important factors responsible for its low yield is inadequate use of plant nutrients particularly phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). Proper fertilization is essential to improve the productivity of black gram. It can meet its nitrogen requirements by symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. The nutrients which need attention are phosphorus and sulphur (Nandal, et al., 1987). The soils of the Meghalaya are highly acidic and low in available P and S contents (Kumar et al., 2012). A search of literature pertaining to P and S reveals that information on effect of combined application of P and S on yield, quality and content of each nutrient in black gram in acid Inceptisol is rather limited. Moreover, no information on temporal availability of P and S in acid Inceptisol of Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya under the influence of graded application of P and S is available, therefore, it is very much essential to develop a strong workable and compatible package of phosphorus and sulphur management for black gram based on scientific facts and local conditions.
       
A pot culture experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2016 at Research Farm of School of Natural Resource Management, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University, Umiam, Meghalaya. Geographically, the experiment site was located at 25o41’ north latitude and 91o55’ east longitude with an altitude of 1,010 meters above mean sea level with Agro-Climatic Zone of mixed subtropical hill and falls in AES-III zone (Choudhury et al., 2012). The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture having pH 5.21, EC 46.53 dSm-1, organic carbon 1.65 per cent, available nitrogen 241.78 kg ha-1 and available potassium 219.52 kg ha-1. The soil was deficient in available phosphorus (13.85 kg ha-1) and available sulphur (15.91 kg ha-1). Sixteen treatments consisted of four levels of P (20, 40, 60 and 80 mg P kg-1 soil) and four levels of S (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg S kg-1 soil) were applied through potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and elemental sulphur (S), respectively. The experiment was laid in factorial complete randomized design (F-CRD) and replicated thrice. Five seeds of black gram (var. SBC-47) were sown in each treated pot. Finally, three plants were maintained uniformly in all the treated pots and kept under closed observation up to harvest. The crop was harvested at physiological maturity and seed and stover yields were recorded. For assessing temporal soil availability of P and S, the soil samples were collected separately at 20 DAS, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram for analysis with standard methods of Bray’s P1 (Bray and Kurtz,1945) for P and CaCl2-extractable S (Chesnin and Yien, 1951). The data were statistically analysed in factorial complete randomized design (F-CRD) using the technique of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The difference between the treatment means was tested as to their statistical significance with appropriate critical difference (C.D.) value at 5 per cent level of probability (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).
       
Application of P significantly and markedly increased the seed and stover yield of black gram up to 60 mg P kg-1 soil (Table 1). However, the seed and stover yield was also increased slightly with the application of 80 mg P kg-1 soil. The per cent increase in mean seed yield with the successive application of 40, 60 and 80 mg P kg-1 soil over 20 mg P kg-1 soil were 31.12, 50.10 and 52.22, respectively, whereas the per cent increase in mean stover yield with the successive application of 40, 60 and 80 mg P kg-1 soil over 20 mg P kg-1 soil were 23.74, 43.38 and 47.20, respectively. Application of S also significantly increased the seed and stover yield. The per cent increase in mean seed yield with the successive application of 20, 30 and 40 mg S kg-1 soil over 10 mg S kg-1 soil were 15.55, 32.36 and 37.58, respectively, whereas successive application of 20, 30 and 40 mg S kg-1 soil over 10 mg S kg-1 soil increased mean stover yield by 13.30, 26.26, and 31.69 respectively. The magnitude of response was found more in case of phosphorus as compared to sulphur.
 

Table 1: Seed and Stover yield of black gram (cv. SBC-47) as influenced by graded application of P and S in acid Inceptisol.


       
The combined application of 60 mg P kg-1 soil and 30 mg S kg-1 soil recorded optimum seed yield (15.08 g pot-1) and stover yield (39.20 g pot-1) of black gram (cv. SBC-47) which was statistically at par with combined application of 80 mg P kg-1 soil and 40 mg S kg-1 soil due to positive effect of P and S on each other at lower levels of 60 mg P kg-1 soil and 30 mg S kg-1 soil. It may be due to utilization of high quantities of nutrients through their well developed root system and nodules which might have resulted in better growth and yield at medium. These results confirm the earlier findings of Nagar et al., (1993) in soybean, Choudhary and Das (1996) in black gram, Shankaralingappa et al., (1999) in cowpea, Teotia et al., (2000) in moong bean, and Niraj and Prakash (2015) in black gram. Singh et al., (1995) and Tamang and Sanjay-Swami (2017) have also shown that nature of P and S interaction depends on their rates of application.
       
The effect of different levels of P and S application on available phosphorus (kg ha-1) in soil is presented in (Table 2). The successive application of P significantly increased the available phosphorus content at each growth stage i.e. 20, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram. The per cent increase in available phosphorus with the successive application of 40, 60 and 80 mg P kg-1 soil over 20 mg P kg-1 soil in the presence of 10 mg S kg-1 soil S fertilization at 20 DAS of black gram were 11.75, 21.61 and 26.25, respectively. The maximum mean available phosphorus content in soil were 19.33 kg ha-1, 16.20 kg ha-1 and 13.73 kg per ha obtained at 80 mg P kg-1 soil in 20, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram. The higher values of available P with the successive application of P are attributed to higher availability of P with increasing dose.
 

Table 2: Temporal availability of phosphorus in acid Inceptisol (kg ha-1) as influenced by graded application of P and S under black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] production.


       
Further, close scrutiny of data depicted that available phosphorus content showed decreasing trend with time intervals of 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram at each successive dose of 40, 60 and 80 mg P kg-1 soil over 20 mg P kg-1 soil in the presence of S fertilization due to continuous uptake by black gram and fixation in soil. However, the application of successive doses of S had no significant effect on available phosphorus content at each successive dose of P at 20, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram. Similar results were also reported by Deshbhratar et al., (2010), Yadav (2011), Dhage et al., (2014) and Niraj and Prakash (2015).
 
The effect of different levels of P and S application on available sulphur (kg ha-1) in soil is presented in (Table 3). It is indicated from the data that successive application of S significantly and markedly increased the available sulphur content at each growth stage i.e. 20, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram. The per cent increase in available sulphur with the application of 20, 30 and 40 mg S kg-1 soil over control as 10 mg S kg-1 soil in the presence of 20 mg P kg-1 soil P fertilization at 20 DAS of black gram was 10.66, 19.20 and 35.87, respectively. The maximum mean available sulphur content in soil of 25.11 kg ha-1, 21.01 kg ha-1 and 17.21 kg ha-1 was obtained at 40 mg S kg-1 soil in 20, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram. The higher values of available S with the successive application of S are attributed to higher availability of S with increasing dose.
 

Table 3: Temporal availability of sulphur in acid Inceptisol (kg ha-1) as influenced by graded application of P and S under black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] production.


 
The data also depicted that available sulphur content showed decreasing trend with time intervals of 40 DAS and after maturity of black gram at each successive dose of 20, 30 and 40 mg S kg-1 soil over control as 10 mg S kg-1 soil in the presence of P fertilization due to continuous uptake by black gram and fixation in soil. However, the application of successive doses of P had no significant effect on available sulphur content at each successive dose of S at 20, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram. Similar results were also reported by Deshbhratar et al., (2010), Yadav (2011) and Dhage et al., (2014).
 
The optimum seed yield (15.08 g pot-1) and stover yield (39.20 g pot-1) of black gram were recorded with combined application of 60 mg P kg-1 soil and 30 mg S kg-1 soil clearly indicating synergistic effect of P and S on each other as both the nutrients mutually help in their absorption and utilization by black gram probably due to balanced nutrition.
 
The temporal availability assessment of P and S revealed that available phosphorus in soil increased significantly with the successive application of P over 20 mg P kg-1 soil, however it showed decreasing trend with time intervals of 20, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram in acid Inceptisol of Meghalaya. The application of successive doses of S had no significant effect on available phosphorus content. Similarly, the available sulphur in soil increased significantly with the successive application of S over 10 mg S kg-1 soil, however it showed decreasing trend with time intervals of 20, 40 DAS and after harvesting of black gram. The application of successive doses of P had no significant effect on available sulphur content. In the light of the above study, it can be suggested that to improve the productivity of black gram and sustainability of soil health of acid Inceptisol in Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya, the combined application of 60 mg P kg-1 soil and 30 mg S kg-1 soil is the best option.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The laboratory facility provided by School of Natural Resource Management, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University, Umiam (Barapani) for carrying out soil analysis for present study is duly acknowledged.

REFERENCES


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