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volume 38 issue 2 (april 2015) : 202-208,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00070.3

Salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) by intensifying antioxidant defense system and preventing salt-induced nitrate reductase (NR) activity loss

R
Radha Singh
A
A. Hemantaranjan*
P
Pradeep Kumar Patel
1Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi–221 005, India.
Cite article:- Singh Radha, Hemantaranjan* A., Patel Kumar Pradeep (2025). Salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) by intensifying antioxidant defense system and preventing salt-induced nitrate reductase (NR) activity loss. Legume Research. 38(2): 202-208. doi: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00070.3.

ABSTRACT

To improve the antioxidant system and protect the nitrate reductase (NR) activity of two field pea genotypes (DDR 61 and HUDP 15) by seed hardening through optimum concentration salicylic acid (SA) @ 1.0 mM under salinity stress condition. Salinity was imposed by NaCl @ 50,100 and 150 mM with their corresponding EC 4.0, 8.2 and 10.6 dSm-1 respectively. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity significantly reduced under stress at the reproductive (i.e. post anthesis) stage but was maintained higher in 1.0 mM SA treated plants upto the level of 100 mM NaCl. In addition to NR, membrane stability index (MSI) also decreased significantly under salinity stress. In DDR 61 MSI was found to be more as compared to HUDP 15. On the other hand, activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) were up-regulated by salinity stress and further enhanced remarkably by 1.0 mM SA treatment. DDR 61 genotype was found to be more responsive to SA application as compared to HUDP 15. Salt stress was found to have more damaging effects during the pre-anthesis phase than the post-anthesis phase of development. Hence, results signify the role of SA in protecting NR metabolic activity along with regulating salinity response of plants.

REFERENCES

  1. Aebi, H. (1984). Catalse In vitro. Methods Enzymol. 205: 121-126.
  2. Arshi, A., Ahmad, A., Aref, I.M. and Iqbal, M. (2012). Comparative studies on antioxidant enzyme action and ion accumulation in soybean cultivars under salinity stress. J. Environ Biol. 33 (1): 9-20.
  3. Ashraf, M. (2009). Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnol. Adv. 27: 84-93.
  4. Ashraf, M.Y., Azmi, A.R., Khan, A.H., Naqvi, S.S.M. and Ala, S.A. (1995). Effect of water stress on different enzymatic activities in wheat. Acta Physiol. Plant. 17(4): 315-320.
  5. Azco´n, R., Go´mez, M. and Tobar, R.M. (1996). Physiological and nutritional responses by Lactuca sativa L. to nitrogen sources and mycorrhizal fungi under drought conditions. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 22: 156–161.
  6. Borsani, O., Valpuesta, V. and Botella, M.A. (2001). Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiol. 126: 1024-1030.
  7. Cekic, C. and Paulsen, G.M. (2001) Evaluation of a Ninhydrin Procedure for measuring membrane termostability of Wheat. Crop Sci., 41, 1351–1355.
  8. Dhindsa, R.S., Plumb-Dhindsa, P. and Thorpe, T.A. (1981). Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. J. Exp. Bot. 32: 93-101.
  9. Erdal, S. and Dumlupinar, R. (2010a). Progesterone and b-Estradiol Stimulate the Seed Germination in Chickpea by Causing Important Changes in Biochemical Parameters. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section C. 65: 239-244.
  10. Erdal, S. and Dumlupinar, R. (2010b). Mammalian sex hormones stimulate antioxidant system and enhance growth of chickpea plants. Acta Physiol. Plantarum. 33: 1011-1017.
  11. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. A. Willy- Interscience Publication, New York.
  12. Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Eraslan, F., Bagci, E.G. and Cicek, N. (2007). Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. J. Plant Physiol. 164: 728-736.
  13. He, Y.L., Liu, Y.L., Chen, Q. and Bian, A.H. (2002). Thermotolerance related to antioxidation induced by salicylic acid and heat acclimation in tall fescue seedlings. J. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 28: 89-95.
  14. Hernandez, J.A., Jimennez, A., Mullineax, P.M. and Sevilla, F. (2000). Tolerance of pea (Pisum Sativum L.) to long-term salt stress is associated with induction of antioxidant defense. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 853-862.
  15. Hussein, M., Nadia, E.L., Gereadly, H.M. and EL-Desuki, M. (2006). Role of puterscine in resistance to salinity of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.). J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2:598–604.
  16. Khan, N.A., Syeed, S., Masood, A., Nazar, R. and Iqbal, N. (2010). Application of salicylic acid increases contents of nutrients and antioxidative metabolism in mungbean and alleviates adverse effects of salinity stress. Int. J. Plant Biol. 1: 1-8.
  17. Mauch-Mani, B. and Me´traux, J. (1998). Salicylic acid and systemic acquired resistance to pathogen attack. Ann. Bot. 82:535–540.
  18. Mittal, Shweta, Kumari Nilima, Sharma Vinay (2012). Differential response of salt stress on Brassica juncea: Photosynthetic performance, pigment, proline, D1 and antioxidant enzymes. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 54: 17-26.
  19. Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Fruit and Vegetable Diseases. Hingham, MA, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 145.
  20. Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25:239-250.
  21. Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1980). Spinach chloroplast scavenging hydrogen peroxide on illumination. Plant Cell Physiol. 21:1295-1307.
  22. Nishida, I. and Murata, N. (1996). Chilling sensitivity in plants and cyanobacteria: The crucial contribution of membrane lipids. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol.47: 541-568.
  23. Noreen, Z., Ashraf, M. and Akram, N.A. (2010). Salt-induced regulation of some key antioxidant enzymes and physio-    biochemical phenomena in five diverse cultivars of turnip (Brassica rapa L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 196: 273-285.
  24. Nounjan, N. and Nghia, P.T. (2012). Theerakulpisut, P Exogenous proline and trehalose promote recovery of rice seedlings from salt-stress and differentially modulate antioxidant enzymes and expression of related genes. J. Plant Physiol. 169: 596– 604.
  25. Panda, S.K. and Patra, H.K. (2007). Effect of salicylic acid potentiates cadmium-induced oxidative damage in Oryza sativa L. leaves. Acta Physiol. Plant. 29:567–575.
  26. Rane, J., Lakkineni, K.C., Kumar, P.A. and Abrol, Y.P. (1995). Salicylic acid protects nitrate reductase activity of wheat leaves. Plant Physiol Biochem. 22: 119-121.
  27. Shahid, M.A., Pervez, M.A., Balal, R.M., Mattson, N.S., Rashid, A., Ahmad, R., Ayyub, C.M. and Abbas, T. (2011). Brassinosteroid (24-epibrassinolide) enhances growth and alleviates the deleterious effects induced by salt stress in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Aust. J. Crop Sci. 5: 500-510.
  28. Singh, B. and Usha, K. (2003). Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regul. 39:137–141.
  29. Srivastava, H.S. (1974). Regulation of nitrate reductase activity in higher plants. Phytochem. 19: 725-791.
  30. Tester, M. and Devenport, R. (2003). Na? tolerance and Na? transport in higher plants. Ann. Biol. 91:503–507.
  31. Wang, W. Vinocur, B. and Altman, A. (2003). Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta. 218: 1–14.
  32. Williams, M., Senaratna, T., Dixon, K. and Sivasithamparam, K. (2003). Benzoic acid induces tolerance to biotic stress caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Banksai attenuate. Plant Growth Regul. 41: 89-91.
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    volume 38 issue 2 (april 2015) : 202-208,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00070.3

    Salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) by intensifying antioxidant defense system and preventing salt-induced nitrate reductase (NR) activity loss

    R
    Radha Singh
    A
    A. Hemantaranjan*
    P
    Pradeep Kumar Patel
    1Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi–221 005, India.
    Cite article:- Singh Radha, Hemantaranjan* A., Patel Kumar Pradeep (2025). Salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) by intensifying antioxidant defense system and preventing salt-induced nitrate reductase (NR) activity loss. Legume Research. 38(2): 202-208. doi: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00070.3.

    ABSTRACT

    To improve the antioxidant system and protect the nitrate reductase (NR) activity of two field pea genotypes (DDR 61 and HUDP 15) by seed hardening through optimum concentration salicylic acid (SA) @ 1.0 mM under salinity stress condition. Salinity was imposed by NaCl @ 50,100 and 150 mM with their corresponding EC 4.0, 8.2 and 10.6 dSm-1 respectively. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity significantly reduced under stress at the reproductive (i.e. post anthesis) stage but was maintained higher in 1.0 mM SA treated plants upto the level of 100 mM NaCl. In addition to NR, membrane stability index (MSI) also decreased significantly under salinity stress. In DDR 61 MSI was found to be more as compared to HUDP 15. On the other hand, activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) were up-regulated by salinity stress and further enhanced remarkably by 1.0 mM SA treatment. DDR 61 genotype was found to be more responsive to SA application as compared to HUDP 15. Salt stress was found to have more damaging effects during the pre-anthesis phase than the post-anthesis phase of development. Hence, results signify the role of SA in protecting NR metabolic activity along with regulating salinity response of plants.

    REFERENCES

    1. Aebi, H. (1984). Catalse In vitro. Methods Enzymol. 205: 121-126.
    2. Arshi, A., Ahmad, A., Aref, I.M. and Iqbal, M. (2012). Comparative studies on antioxidant enzyme action and ion accumulation in soybean cultivars under salinity stress. J. Environ Biol. 33 (1): 9-20.
    3. Ashraf, M. (2009). Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnol. Adv. 27: 84-93.
    4. Ashraf, M.Y., Azmi, A.R., Khan, A.H., Naqvi, S.S.M. and Ala, S.A. (1995). Effect of water stress on different enzymatic activities in wheat. Acta Physiol. Plant. 17(4): 315-320.
    5. Azco´n, R., Go´mez, M. and Tobar, R.M. (1996). Physiological and nutritional responses by Lactuca sativa L. to nitrogen sources and mycorrhizal fungi under drought conditions. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 22: 156–161.
    6. Borsani, O., Valpuesta, V. and Botella, M.A. (2001). Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiol. 126: 1024-1030.
    7. Cekic, C. and Paulsen, G.M. (2001) Evaluation of a Ninhydrin Procedure for measuring membrane termostability of Wheat. Crop Sci., 41, 1351–1355.
    8. Dhindsa, R.S., Plumb-Dhindsa, P. and Thorpe, T.A. (1981). Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. J. Exp. Bot. 32: 93-101.
    9. Erdal, S. and Dumlupinar, R. (2010a). Progesterone and b-Estradiol Stimulate the Seed Germination in Chickpea by Causing Important Changes in Biochemical Parameters. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section C. 65: 239-244.
    10. Erdal, S. and Dumlupinar, R. (2010b). Mammalian sex hormones stimulate antioxidant system and enhance growth of chickpea plants. Acta Physiol. Plantarum. 33: 1011-1017.
    11. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. A. Willy- Interscience Publication, New York.
    12. Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Eraslan, F., Bagci, E.G. and Cicek, N. (2007). Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. J. Plant Physiol. 164: 728-736.
    13. He, Y.L., Liu, Y.L., Chen, Q. and Bian, A.H. (2002). Thermotolerance related to antioxidation induced by salicylic acid and heat acclimation in tall fescue seedlings. J. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 28: 89-95.
    14. Hernandez, J.A., Jimennez, A., Mullineax, P.M. and Sevilla, F. (2000). Tolerance of pea (Pisum Sativum L.) to long-term salt stress is associated with induction of antioxidant defense. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 853-862.
    15. Hussein, M., Nadia, E.L., Gereadly, H.M. and EL-Desuki, M. (2006). Role of puterscine in resistance to salinity of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.). J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2:598–604.
    16. Khan, N.A., Syeed, S., Masood, A., Nazar, R. and Iqbal, N. (2010). Application of salicylic acid increases contents of nutrients and antioxidative metabolism in mungbean and alleviates adverse effects of salinity stress. Int. J. Plant Biol. 1: 1-8.
    17. Mauch-Mani, B. and Me´traux, J. (1998). Salicylic acid and systemic acquired resistance to pathogen attack. Ann. Bot. 82:535–540.
    18. Mittal, Shweta, Kumari Nilima, Sharma Vinay (2012). Differential response of salt stress on Brassica juncea: Photosynthetic performance, pigment, proline, D1 and antioxidant enzymes. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 54: 17-26.
    19. Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Fruit and Vegetable Diseases. Hingham, MA, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 145.
    20. Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25:239-250.
    21. Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1980). Spinach chloroplast scavenging hydrogen peroxide on illumination. Plant Cell Physiol. 21:1295-1307.
    22. Nishida, I. and Murata, N. (1996). Chilling sensitivity in plants and cyanobacteria: The crucial contribution of membrane lipids. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol.47: 541-568.
    23. Noreen, Z., Ashraf, M. and Akram, N.A. (2010). Salt-induced regulation of some key antioxidant enzymes and physio-    biochemical phenomena in five diverse cultivars of turnip (Brassica rapa L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 196: 273-285.
    24. Nounjan, N. and Nghia, P.T. (2012). Theerakulpisut, P Exogenous proline and trehalose promote recovery of rice seedlings from salt-stress and differentially modulate antioxidant enzymes and expression of related genes. J. Plant Physiol. 169: 596– 604.
    25. Panda, S.K. and Patra, H.K. (2007). Effect of salicylic acid potentiates cadmium-induced oxidative damage in Oryza sativa L. leaves. Acta Physiol. Plant. 29:567–575.
    26. Rane, J., Lakkineni, K.C., Kumar, P.A. and Abrol, Y.P. (1995). Salicylic acid protects nitrate reductase activity of wheat leaves. Plant Physiol Biochem. 22: 119-121.
    27. Shahid, M.A., Pervez, M.A., Balal, R.M., Mattson, N.S., Rashid, A., Ahmad, R., Ayyub, C.M. and Abbas, T. (2011). Brassinosteroid (24-epibrassinolide) enhances growth and alleviates the deleterious effects induced by salt stress in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Aust. J. Crop Sci. 5: 500-510.
    28. Singh, B. and Usha, K. (2003). Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regul. 39:137–141.
    29. Srivastava, H.S. (1974). Regulation of nitrate reductase activity in higher plants. Phytochem. 19: 725-791.
    30. Tester, M. and Devenport, R. (2003). Na? tolerance and Na? transport in higher plants. Ann. Biol. 91:503–507.
    31. Wang, W. Vinocur, B. and Altman, A. (2003). Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta. 218: 1–14.
    32. Williams, M., Senaratna, T., Dixon, K. and Sivasithamparam, K. (2003). Benzoic acid induces tolerance to biotic stress caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Banksai attenuate. Plant Growth Regul. 41: 89-91.
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