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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 38 issue 2 (april 2015) : 209-218,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00069.7

Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments on productive and qualitative traits of broad bean (Vicia faba var. minor L.) in a Mediterranean environment

E
Elvio Di Paolo
P
Pasquale Garofalo
M
Michele Rinaldi
1Centro per la Sperimentazione e Divulgazione delle Tecniche Irrigue, S.S. 16 Nord, Km 240-66054, Vasto (Italy).
Cite article:- Paolo Di Elvio, Garofalo Pasquale, Rinaldi Michele (2025). Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments on productive and qualitative traits of broad bean (Vicia faba var. minor L.) in a Mediterranean environment. Legume Research. 38(2): 209-218. doi: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00069.7.

ABSTRACT

Broad bean (Vicia faba var. minor L.) is a legume crop cultivated in the Mediterranean area for animal feeding and green manure purposes. The crop has an important role on the sustainability of the cropping systems for its ability to fix nitrogen and for the effects on soil structure, weed competition, nitrate leaching and pest control. This research, carried out in Central Italy, investigated the effect of the irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on productive traits of broad bean (biomass, seed yield, seed weight, harvest index, protein yield), seed chemical composition (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, trypsin inhibitors, tannin polyphenols, total polyphenols), water and nitrogen budgets (ETc, WUE, plant N content, N fixed, soil N uptake). The yearly variability was the factor that greatly influenced the crop performances in term of total biomass (13.6 t ha-1, on average), yield (3.53 t ha-1, on average) and protein yield (841 kg ha-1, on average). Evapotranspiration was affected by the water availability (rainfall and irrigation), and water use efficiency for the biomass (31.68 g kg -1, on average) and yield (8.36 g kg -1, on average) were quite stable among water and nitrogen treatments. Anti-nutritional factors in the seed remained similar for all experimental treatments and below the threshold levels for animal feeding purposes.

REFERENCES

  1. Abd-Alla MH, Wahab AMA (1995) Response of nitrogen fixation, nodule activities, and growth to potassium supply in water-stressed broad bean. J. Plant Nutr. 18(7):1391-1402.
  2. Abdelghany AM, Abdel-Rahman RA (2004) Effect of first irrigation timing and application of zinc and manganese on flowering, pod setting and seed quality on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Giza Blanca cultivar. J. Agr. Sci. Mansoura Uni. 29(4):1645-1656.
  3. Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, FAO; Rome, 301 pp.
  4. Ashraf M, Athar HR, Harris PJC, Kwon TR (2008) Some prospective strategies for improving crop salt tolerance. Adv Agron. 97:45–110.
  5. Ashraf, M, Iram, A (2005) Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora, 200:535–546.
  6. Azcon R, Rubio R, Barea JM (1991) Selective interactions between different species of mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium meliloti strains, and their effects on growth, N2-fixation (15N) and nutrition of Medicago sativa L. New Phytologist 117: 339–404.
  7. Bennett JM, Albrecht SL (1984) Drought and flooding effects on nitrogen fixation, water relations, and diffusive resistance of soybean. Agron. J. 76:735-740.
  8. Borlaug NE, Dowswell CR (2005) Feeding a world of ten billion people: a 21st century challenge. In: Tuberosa R, Phillips RL, Gale MD (eds) In the Wake of the Double Helix: From the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution, 27-31 May 2003, Bologna, Italy: Avenue Media, Bologna, Italy.
  9. Brenes A, Marquardt RR, Guenter W, Viveros A (2002) Effect of enzyme addition on the performance and gastrointestinal tract size of chicks fed lupin seed and their fractions. Poultry Sci. 81:670-678.
  10. Carmona A, Seidl, DS, Jaffè WG (1991) Comparison of Extraction Methods and Assay Procedures for the Determination of the Apparent Tannin Content of Common Beans. J. Sci. Food Agric. 56:291-301.
  11. Chalk PM (1998) Dynamics of biologically fixed N in legume-cereal rotation: a review. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 49:303-316.
  12. Clifford S, Van Megen W, Twaalfhoven L, Hitchcoch C (1980) The determination of Trypsin Inhibitor Level in Foodstuff. J. Sci. Food Agric., 31:341-350.
  13. De Vincenzi S, Lupattelli M, Cestola E, Lipioni GB (2006) Effect of variety and agronomical conditions on the level of polyphenols and antinutritional factors of Vicia faba minor. Vet. Res. Commun. 30(1):371-374.
  14. Di Paolo E, Rinaldi M (2008) Yield response of corn to irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crop Res. 105:202-210.
  15. Duc G, P Marget R, Esnault J, Le Guen and D Bastianelli (1999) Genetic variability for feeding value of faba bean seeds (Vicia faba): Comparative chemical composition of isogenics involving zero-tannin and zero-vicine genes. The Journal of Agric. Science, 133:185-196.
  16. EC Council Regulation n. 1259/1999, of 17 May 1999: Establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy. O. J. E. C. Law n. L 160; 26 June 1999.
  17. EC Council Regulation, n. 1782/2003, of 29 September 2003: Establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers and amending Reg. n. 2019/93, n. 1452/2001, n. 1453/2001, n. 1454/2001, n. 1868/94, n. 1251/1999, n. 1254/1999, n. 1673/2000, n. 2358/71 and n. 2529/2001. O. J. E. C. Law n. 270 of 21 October 2003.
  18. EC Council Regulation, n. 1804/1999, of 19 July 1999: O. J. E. C. Law n. L 222; 24 August 1999.
  19. Fischer RA, Tuerner NC (1978) Plant productivity in the arid and semiarid zone. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29:277-317.
  20. Halvorson, AD, Schweissing, FC, Bortolo, ME, Reule, CA (2005) Corn response to nitrogen fertilization in a soil with high residual nitrogen. Agron. J., 97:1222-1229.
  21. Jansman AJM, Verstegen MWA, Huisman J, Berg JWOVD (1995) Effects of hulls of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with a low or high content of condensed tannins on the apparent ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients and the excretion of endogenous protein in ileal digesta and feces of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:118-127.
  22. Jensen ES (1986) Symbiotic N2 fixation in pea and field bean estimated by 15N fertilizer dilution in field experiments with barley as a reference crop. Plant Soil, 92:3-13.
  23. Jensen ES, Peoples MB, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2010) Faba bean in cropping systems. Field Crops Res. 115:203-216.
  24. Khan HR, Paull JG, Siddique KHM, Stoddard FL (2010) Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective. Field Crops Res. 115:279-286.
  25. Kopke U, Nemecek T (2010) Ecological services of faba bean. Field Crop Res. 115:217-233.
  26. Maccar HPS, Bluemmel M, Becker K (1995) Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol with tannins and their implications in gas production and true digestibility in vitro techniques. Brit. J. Nutr. 73:897-913.
  27. Minakowski D, Sajko HS, Falkowska A (1996) Nutritive value of faba bean hulls for ruminants. J. Aim. Feed Sci. 5:225-233.
  28. Musallam IW, Al-Karaki GN, Ereifej KI, Tawaha Abdel-Rahman M (2004) Chemical composition of faba bean genotypes under rainfed and irrigation conditions. Int. J. Agri. & Biol. 6:359-362.
  29. Ortiz LT, Centeno C, Trevino J (1993) Tannins in faba bean seed effects on the digestion of protein and amino acids in growing chicks. J. Aim. Feed Sci. 41:271-278.
  30. Oweis T, Hachum A, Pala M (2005) Faba bean productivity under rainfed and supplemental irrigation in northern Syria, Agr. Water Manag. 73(1):57-72.
  31. Peoples, MB, Giller, KE, Herridge, DF, Vessey JK (2002) Limitation to biological nitrogen fixation as a renewable source of nitrogen for agriculture. In: Finan, T., O’Brian, M., Layzell, D., Vessay, K., Newton, W. (Eds), NitrogenFixation: Global Perspectives. CAB International, UK, pp. 356-360.
  32. Pikul, JL, Hammack, L, Riedell, WE (2005) Corn yield, nitrogen use, and corn rootworm infestation of rotations in the Northern Corn Belt. Agron. J., 97:854-863.
  33. Pusztai A, Bardoc, S, Martin-Cabrejras MA (2004) The mode of action of ANFs on the gastrointestinal tracts and its microflora. EAAP Pubblication No. 110, 2004.
  34. R Development Core Team (2005) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL: http://www.r-project.org.
  35. Ricciardi L, Polignano GB, De Giovanni C (2001) Genotypic response of faba bean to water stress. Euphytica 118:39-46.
  36. Richards JE, Soper R (1979) Effect of N fertilizer on yield, protein content, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in faba bean. Agron. J. 71:807-811.
  37. Rinaldi M, Vonella AV, Soldo P, Debiase G, Garofalo P (2008) Yield and canopy response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to different irrigation regimes. In Brebbia & D. Pratas Rico (eds) Sustainable Irrigation - Management, Technologies and Policies II, Y. Villacampa Esteve, C.A. WIT Press (UK), WIT Transaction on Ecology and the Environment, vol. 112, pp 123-132.
  38. Salama AM, Sinclair TR (1997) Soybean nitrogen fixation and growth as affected by drought stress and potassium fertilization. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 37:667-676.
  39. n. 1452/2001, n. 1453/2001, n. 1454/2001, n. 1868/94, n. 1251/1999, n. 1254/1999, n. 1673/2000, n. 2358/71 and n. 2529/2001. O. J. E. C. Law n. 270 of 21 October 2003.
  40. EC Council Regulation, n. 1804/1999, of 19 July 1999: O. J. E. C. Law n. L 222; 24 August 1999.
  41. Fischer RA, Tuerner NC (1978) Plant productivity in the arid and semiarid zone. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29:277-317.
  42. Halvorson, AD, Schweissing, FC, Bortolo, ME, Reule, CA (2005) Corn response to nitrogen fertilization in a soil with high residual nitrogen. Agron. J., 97:1222-1229.
  43. Jansman AJM, Verstegen MWA, Huisman J, Berg JWOVD (1995) Effects of hulls of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with a low or high content of condensed tannins on the apparent ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients and the excretion of endogenous protein in ileal digesta and feces of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:118-127.
  44. Jensen ES (1986) Symbiotic N2 fixation in pea and field bean estimated by 15N fertilizer dilution in field experiments with barley as a reference crop. Plant Soil, 92:3-13.
  45. Jensen ES, Peoples MB, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2010) Faba bean in cropping systems. Field Crops Res. 115:203-216.
  46. Khan HR, Paull JG, Siddique KHM, Stoddard FL (2010) Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective. Field Crops Res. 115:279-286.
  47. Kopke U, Nemecek T (2010) Ecological services of faba bean. Field Crop Res. 115:217-233.
  48. Maccar HPS, Bluemmel M, Becker K (1995) Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol with tannins and their implications in gas production and true digestibility in vitro techniques. Brit. J. Nutr. 73:897-913.
  49. Minakowski D, Sajko HS, Falkowska A (1996) Nutritive value of faba bean hulls for ruminants. J. Aim. Feed Sci. 5:225-233.
  50. Musallam IW, Al-Karaki GN, Ereifej KI, Tawaha Abdel-Rahman M (2004) Chemical composition of faba bean genotypes under rainfed and irrigation conditions. Int. J. Agri. & Biol. 6:359-362.
  51. Ortiz LT, Centeno C, Trevino J (1993) Tannins in faba bean seed effects on the digestion of protein and amino acids in growing chicks. J. Aim. Feed Sci. 41:271-278.
  52. Oweis T, Hachum A, Pala M (2005) Faba bean productivity under rainfed and supplemental irrigation in northern Syria, Agr. Water Manag. 73(1):57-72.
  53. Peoples, MB, Giller, KE, Herridge, DF, Vessey JK (2002) Limitation to biological nitrogen fixation as a renewable source of nitrogen for agriculture. In: Finan, T., O’Brian, M., Layzell, D., Vessay, K., Newton, W. (Eds), NitrogenFixation: Global Perspectives. CAB International, UK, pp. 356-360.
  54. Pikul, JL, Hammack, L, Riedell, WE (2005) Corn yield, nitrogen use, and corn rootworm infestation of rotations in the Northern Corn Belt. Agron. J., 97:854-863.
  55. Pusztai A, Bardoc, S, Martin-Cabrejras MA (2004) The mode of action of ANFs on the gastrointestinal tracts and its microflora. EAAP Pubblication No. 110, 2004.
  56. R Development Core Team (2005) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL: http://www.r-project.org.
  57. Ricciardi L, Polignano GB, De Giovanni C (2001) Genotypic response of faba bean to water stress. Euphytica 118:39-46.
  58. Richards JE, Soper R (1979) Effect of N fertilizer on yield, protein content, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in faba bean. Agron. J. 71:807-811.
  59. Rinaldi M, Vonella AV, Soldo P, Debiase G, Garofalo P (2008) Yield and canopy response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to different irrigation regimes. In Brebbia & D. Pratas Rico (eds) Sustainable Irrigation - Management, Technologies and Policies II, Y. Villacampa Esteve, C.A. WIT Press (UK), WIT Transaction on Ecology and the Environment, vol. 112, pp 123-132.
  60. Salama AM, Sinclair TR (1997) Soybean nitrogen fixation and growth as affected by drought stress and potassium fertilization. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 37:667-676.
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    volume 38 issue 2 (april 2015) : 209-218,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00069.7

    Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments on productive and qualitative traits of broad bean (Vicia faba var. minor L.) in a Mediterranean environment

    E
    Elvio Di Paolo
    P
    Pasquale Garofalo
    M
    Michele Rinaldi
    1Centro per la Sperimentazione e Divulgazione delle Tecniche Irrigue, S.S. 16 Nord, Km 240-66054, Vasto (Italy).
    Cite article:- Paolo Di Elvio, Garofalo Pasquale, Rinaldi Michele (2025). Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments on productive and qualitative traits of broad bean (Vicia faba var. minor L.) in a Mediterranean environment. Legume Research. 38(2): 209-218. doi: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00069.7.

    ABSTRACT

    Broad bean (Vicia faba var. minor L.) is a legume crop cultivated in the Mediterranean area for animal feeding and green manure purposes. The crop has an important role on the sustainability of the cropping systems for its ability to fix nitrogen and for the effects on soil structure, weed competition, nitrate leaching and pest control. This research, carried out in Central Italy, investigated the effect of the irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on productive traits of broad bean (biomass, seed yield, seed weight, harvest index, protein yield), seed chemical composition (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, trypsin inhibitors, tannin polyphenols, total polyphenols), water and nitrogen budgets (ETc, WUE, plant N content, N fixed, soil N uptake). The yearly variability was the factor that greatly influenced the crop performances in term of total biomass (13.6 t ha-1, on average), yield (3.53 t ha-1, on average) and protein yield (841 kg ha-1, on average). Evapotranspiration was affected by the water availability (rainfall and irrigation), and water use efficiency for the biomass (31.68 g kg -1, on average) and yield (8.36 g kg -1, on average) were quite stable among water and nitrogen treatments. Anti-nutritional factors in the seed remained similar for all experimental treatments and below the threshold levels for animal feeding purposes.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abd-Alla MH, Wahab AMA (1995) Response of nitrogen fixation, nodule activities, and growth to potassium supply in water-stressed broad bean. J. Plant Nutr. 18(7):1391-1402.
    2. Abdelghany AM, Abdel-Rahman RA (2004) Effect of first irrigation timing and application of zinc and manganese on flowering, pod setting and seed quality on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Giza Blanca cultivar. J. Agr. Sci. Mansoura Uni. 29(4):1645-1656.
    3. Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, FAO; Rome, 301 pp.
    4. Ashraf M, Athar HR, Harris PJC, Kwon TR (2008) Some prospective strategies for improving crop salt tolerance. Adv Agron. 97:45–110.
    5. Ashraf, M, Iram, A (2005) Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora, 200:535–546.
    6. Azcon R, Rubio R, Barea JM (1991) Selective interactions between different species of mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium meliloti strains, and their effects on growth, N2-fixation (15N) and nutrition of Medicago sativa L. New Phytologist 117: 339–404.
    7. Bennett JM, Albrecht SL (1984) Drought and flooding effects on nitrogen fixation, water relations, and diffusive resistance of soybean. Agron. J. 76:735-740.
    8. Borlaug NE, Dowswell CR (2005) Feeding a world of ten billion people: a 21st century challenge. In: Tuberosa R, Phillips RL, Gale MD (eds) In the Wake of the Double Helix: From the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution, 27-31 May 2003, Bologna, Italy: Avenue Media, Bologna, Italy.
    9. Brenes A, Marquardt RR, Guenter W, Viveros A (2002) Effect of enzyme addition on the performance and gastrointestinal tract size of chicks fed lupin seed and their fractions. Poultry Sci. 81:670-678.
    10. Carmona A, Seidl, DS, Jaffè WG (1991) Comparison of Extraction Methods and Assay Procedures for the Determination of the Apparent Tannin Content of Common Beans. J. Sci. Food Agric. 56:291-301.
    11. Chalk PM (1998) Dynamics of biologically fixed N in legume-cereal rotation: a review. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 49:303-316.
    12. Clifford S, Van Megen W, Twaalfhoven L, Hitchcoch C (1980) The determination of Trypsin Inhibitor Level in Foodstuff. J. Sci. Food Agric., 31:341-350.
    13. De Vincenzi S, Lupattelli M, Cestola E, Lipioni GB (2006) Effect of variety and agronomical conditions on the level of polyphenols and antinutritional factors of Vicia faba minor. Vet. Res. Commun. 30(1):371-374.
    14. Di Paolo E, Rinaldi M (2008) Yield response of corn to irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crop Res. 105:202-210.
    15. Duc G, P Marget R, Esnault J, Le Guen and D Bastianelli (1999) Genetic variability for feeding value of faba bean seeds (Vicia faba): Comparative chemical composition of isogenics involving zero-tannin and zero-vicine genes. The Journal of Agric. Science, 133:185-196.
    16. EC Council Regulation n. 1259/1999, of 17 May 1999: Establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy. O. J. E. C. Law n. L 160; 26 June 1999.
    17. EC Council Regulation, n. 1782/2003, of 29 September 2003: Establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers and amending Reg. n. 2019/93, n. 1452/2001, n. 1453/2001, n. 1454/2001, n. 1868/94, n. 1251/1999, n. 1254/1999, n. 1673/2000, n. 2358/71 and n. 2529/2001. O. J. E. C. Law n. 270 of 21 October 2003.
    18. EC Council Regulation, n. 1804/1999, of 19 July 1999: O. J. E. C. Law n. L 222; 24 August 1999.
    19. Fischer RA, Tuerner NC (1978) Plant productivity in the arid and semiarid zone. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29:277-317.
    20. Halvorson, AD, Schweissing, FC, Bortolo, ME, Reule, CA (2005) Corn response to nitrogen fertilization in a soil with high residual nitrogen. Agron. J., 97:1222-1229.
    21. Jansman AJM, Verstegen MWA, Huisman J, Berg JWOVD (1995) Effects of hulls of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with a low or high content of condensed tannins on the apparent ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients and the excretion of endogenous protein in ileal digesta and feces of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:118-127.
    22. Jensen ES (1986) Symbiotic N2 fixation in pea and field bean estimated by 15N fertilizer dilution in field experiments with barley as a reference crop. Plant Soil, 92:3-13.
    23. Jensen ES, Peoples MB, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2010) Faba bean in cropping systems. Field Crops Res. 115:203-216.
    24. Khan HR, Paull JG, Siddique KHM, Stoddard FL (2010) Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective. Field Crops Res. 115:279-286.
    25. Kopke U, Nemecek T (2010) Ecological services of faba bean. Field Crop Res. 115:217-233.
    26. Maccar HPS, Bluemmel M, Becker K (1995) Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol with tannins and their implications in gas production and true digestibility in vitro techniques. Brit. J. Nutr. 73:897-913.
    27. Minakowski D, Sajko HS, Falkowska A (1996) Nutritive value of faba bean hulls for ruminants. J. Aim. Feed Sci. 5:225-233.
    28. Musallam IW, Al-Karaki GN, Ereifej KI, Tawaha Abdel-Rahman M (2004) Chemical composition of faba bean genotypes under rainfed and irrigation conditions. Int. J. Agri. & Biol. 6:359-362.
    29. Ortiz LT, Centeno C, Trevino J (1993) Tannins in faba bean seed effects on the digestion of protein and amino acids in growing chicks. J. Aim. Feed Sci. 41:271-278.
    30. Oweis T, Hachum A, Pala M (2005) Faba bean productivity under rainfed and supplemental irrigation in northern Syria, Agr. Water Manag. 73(1):57-72.
    31. Peoples, MB, Giller, KE, Herridge, DF, Vessey JK (2002) Limitation to biological nitrogen fixation as a renewable source of nitrogen for agriculture. In: Finan, T., O’Brian, M., Layzell, D., Vessay, K., Newton, W. (Eds), NitrogenFixation: Global Perspectives. CAB International, UK, pp. 356-360.
    32. Pikul, JL, Hammack, L, Riedell, WE (2005) Corn yield, nitrogen use, and corn rootworm infestation of rotations in the Northern Corn Belt. Agron. J., 97:854-863.
    33. Pusztai A, Bardoc, S, Martin-Cabrejras MA (2004) The mode of action of ANFs on the gastrointestinal tracts and its microflora. EAAP Pubblication No. 110, 2004.
    34. R Development Core Team (2005) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL: http://www.r-project.org.
    35. Ricciardi L, Polignano GB, De Giovanni C (2001) Genotypic response of faba bean to water stress. Euphytica 118:39-46.
    36. Richards JE, Soper R (1979) Effect of N fertilizer on yield, protein content, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in faba bean. Agron. J. 71:807-811.
    37. Rinaldi M, Vonella AV, Soldo P, Debiase G, Garofalo P (2008) Yield and canopy response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to different irrigation regimes. In Brebbia & D. Pratas Rico (eds) Sustainable Irrigation - Management, Technologies and Policies II, Y. Villacampa Esteve, C.A. WIT Press (UK), WIT Transaction on Ecology and the Environment, vol. 112, pp 123-132.
    38. Salama AM, Sinclair TR (1997) Soybean nitrogen fixation and growth as affected by drought stress and potassium fertilization. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 37:667-676.
    39. n. 1452/2001, n. 1453/2001, n. 1454/2001, n. 1868/94, n. 1251/1999, n. 1254/1999, n. 1673/2000, n. 2358/71 and n. 2529/2001. O. J. E. C. Law n. 270 of 21 October 2003.
    40. EC Council Regulation, n. 1804/1999, of 19 July 1999: O. J. E. C. Law n. L 222; 24 August 1999.
    41. Fischer RA, Tuerner NC (1978) Plant productivity in the arid and semiarid zone. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29:277-317.
    42. Halvorson, AD, Schweissing, FC, Bortolo, ME, Reule, CA (2005) Corn response to nitrogen fertilization in a soil with high residual nitrogen. Agron. J., 97:1222-1229.
    43. Jansman AJM, Verstegen MWA, Huisman J, Berg JWOVD (1995) Effects of hulls of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with a low or high content of condensed tannins on the apparent ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients and the excretion of endogenous protein in ileal digesta and feces of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:118-127.
    44. Jensen ES (1986) Symbiotic N2 fixation in pea and field bean estimated by 15N fertilizer dilution in field experiments with barley as a reference crop. Plant Soil, 92:3-13.
    45. Jensen ES, Peoples MB, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2010) Faba bean in cropping systems. Field Crops Res. 115:203-216.
    46. Khan HR, Paull JG, Siddique KHM, Stoddard FL (2010) Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective. Field Crops Res. 115:279-286.
    47. Kopke U, Nemecek T (2010) Ecological services of faba bean. Field Crop Res. 115:217-233.
    48. Maccar HPS, Bluemmel M, Becker K (1995) Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol with tannins and their implications in gas production and true digestibility in vitro techniques. Brit. J. Nutr. 73:897-913.
    49. Minakowski D, Sajko HS, Falkowska A (1996) Nutritive value of faba bean hulls for ruminants. J. Aim. Feed Sci. 5:225-233.
    50. Musallam IW, Al-Karaki GN, Ereifej KI, Tawaha Abdel-Rahman M (2004) Chemical composition of faba bean genotypes under rainfed and irrigation conditions. Int. J. Agri. & Biol. 6:359-362.
    51. Ortiz LT, Centeno C, Trevino J (1993) Tannins in faba bean seed effects on the digestion of protein and amino acids in growing chicks. J. Aim. Feed Sci. 41:271-278.
    52. Oweis T, Hachum A, Pala M (2005) Faba bean productivity under rainfed and supplemental irrigation in northern Syria, Agr. Water Manag. 73(1):57-72.
    53. Peoples, MB, Giller, KE, Herridge, DF, Vessey JK (2002) Limitation to biological nitrogen fixation as a renewable source of nitrogen for agriculture. In: Finan, T., O’Brian, M., Layzell, D., Vessay, K., Newton, W. (Eds), NitrogenFixation: Global Perspectives. CAB International, UK, pp. 356-360.
    54. Pikul, JL, Hammack, L, Riedell, WE (2005) Corn yield, nitrogen use, and corn rootworm infestation of rotations in the Northern Corn Belt. Agron. J., 97:854-863.
    55. Pusztai A, Bardoc, S, Martin-Cabrejras MA (2004) The mode of action of ANFs on the gastrointestinal tracts and its microflora. EAAP Pubblication No. 110, 2004.
    56. R Development Core Team (2005) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL: http://www.r-project.org.
    57. Ricciardi L, Polignano GB, De Giovanni C (2001) Genotypic response of faba bean to water stress. Euphytica 118:39-46.
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