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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 35 issue 4 (december 2012) : 294 - 302

DYNAMICS OF MAGNESIUM, COPPER AND ZINC IN SOIL AND FORAGES GROWN IN SEMIARID AREAS OF SARGODHA, PAKISTAN

K
Kafeel Ahmad
Z
Zafar Iqbal Khan
M
Muneeba Shaheen
A
Alireza Seidavi
1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Ahmad Kafeel, Khan Iqbal Zafar, Shaheen Muneeba, Seidavi Alireza (2025). DYNAMICS OF MAGNESIUM, COPPER AND ZINC IN SOIL AND FORAGES GROWN IN SEMIARID AREAS OF SARGODHA, PAKISTAN. Legume Research. 35(4): 294 - 302. doi: .

ABSTRACT

This investigation results the concentration of certain essential elements (Zn, Mg and Cu) in soil and animal forages from industrial and non-industrial sites in the Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan during two consecutive seasons of the year. The purpose of this study was to check the concentration of essential elements (Zn, Mg and Cu) in soil and forages from industrial and non-industrial sites in the Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan during two consecutive seasons of the year. Mean soil and forage values decreased from summer to winter at both sites. Mean Mg concentration ranged from 7.95-45.7 mg/kg and 0.17-3.79 mg/kg of Cu while 0.29-18.5 mg/kg of Zn in forages. Cu and Zn concentrations in soil were found to be similar to critical level but Mg was higher than 30 mg/kg critical level. However, Cu, Zn and Mg concentrations in forages were below the significant level. Therefore, ruminants feeding on those forage species need continual supplementation to avoid diseases caused by deficiency of mineral elements.

REFERENCES

  1. Ahmad, K., Ejaz, A., Azam, M., Khan, Z. I., Ashraf, M., Al-Qurainy, F., Fardous, A., Gondal, S., Bayat, A. R. and Valeem, E. E. (2011). Lead, cadmium and chromium contents of canola irrigated with sewage water. Pak. J. Bot., 43(2): 1403-1410.
  2. Ahmad, K., M. Ashraf, Z.I. Khan and E.E. Valeem. (2008). Evaluation of macro-mineral concentrations of forages in relation to ruminants requirements: A case study in Soone Valley, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Botany, 40 : 295-299.
  3. Anonymous, (1996). Nutrient Requirements of Beef cattle (Seventh Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
  4. Anonymous. (1980). Analytical Methods for Atomic-Absorption Spectrophotometry. Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk Connecticut.
  5. Anonymous. (2006). Economic Survey of Pakistan 2004-2005. Government of Pakistan, Finance Division, Economic Advisory Wing, Islamabad.
  6. Ben-Shahar, B. and M.J. Coe. (1992). The relationships between soil factors, grass nutrients, and the foraging behavior of wildebeest and zebra. Oecologia, 90: 422-428.
  7. DabkowshnaNaskret, H, H. Jaworshia, A Barthio wiak., Sz, Rozanskai, (2004). M:Pr Komie, NaukRol, biology BTN, 52:3140.
  8. Espinoza J.E., L.R. McDowell, N.S. Wilkinson, J.H. Conrad and F.G. Martin. (1991). Monthly variation of forage and soil minerals in Central Florida. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 22: 1137-1149.
  9. Fujihara, T., Matsui, T., Hayashi, S., Robles, A.Y., Serra, A. B., Cruz, L. C. and Shimizu, H. (1992). Mineral Status of Grazing Philippines goats. II The Nutrition of selenium, copper and zinc of goats in Luzon Island. Asian- Aust. J. Anim Sci., 5: 389-395.
  10. Grace, N.D., J.R. Rounce and J. Lee. (1996). Effect of soil ingestion on the storage of Se, vitamin B12, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the liver of sheep fed Lucerne pellets. New Zealand J. Agric. Res., 39:325-331.
  11. Hanlon, E. A., Kidder, G. and McNeal, B. L. (1990). Soil, Container Media and Water Testing: Interpretations and IFAS Standardized Fertilization Recommendations. Circular 817. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
  12. Jerez, I., Rodriquez, V. and Rivero, J.L. (1984). Milk Production from Three Tropical Pastures: Coast Cross Bermuda Grass No.1 (Cynodon dactylon), Improved Star Grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and Pangola Grass (Digitaria decumbens) During the Rainy Season. Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 18: 253-260.
  13. Khan, Z.I. (2003). Effect of seasonal variation on the availability of macro-and micro, nutrients to animals (sheep and goats) through forage from soil. Ph.D Thesis Univ. Agric, Faisalabad, Pakistan. pp. 286.
  14. Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf and L.R. McDowell. (2006). Mineral Status of Soils and forages in southwestern Punjab-Pakistan: Micro-minerals. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 19: 1139- 1147.
  15. Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf, E.E. Valeem and I. Javed. (2005a). Evaluation of variation of soil and forage minerals in pasture in a semiarid region of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 37: 921- 931.
  16. Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf, L.R. McDowell, 2008. A study on seasonal variability of trace elemental status of forages for ruminants in Pakistan. J. Plant Nutr., 31: 1345-1354.
  17. Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf, M.Y. Ashraf, E.E. Valeem and M.S. Ahmad. (2004). Soil and forage (Trace elements) status of a grazing pasture in the semiarid region of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 36: 851-856.
  18. Khan, Z.I., Ahmed, K., Ashraf, M., Valeem, E. E. and Javed, I. (2008). A comparative study on mineral status of blood plasma of small ruminants and Pastures in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 41: 67-72.
  19. Khan, Z.I., Ahmed, K., Ashraf, M., Valeem, E. E. and McDowell, L. R. (2009). Mineral status of forage and its relationship with that of plasma of farm animals in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 41: 67-72.
  20. Khan, Z.I., M. Ashraf and A. Hussain. (2007). Evaluation of manganese status of grazing sheep in a semi-arid region of Pakistan. Trace Elem. Electrolytes, 24: 55-60.
  21. Khan, Z.I., M. Ashraf and A. Hussain. (2007b). Evaluation of macro mineral contents of forages: Influence of pasture and seasonal variation. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 6: 908- 913.
  22. Khan, Z.I., M. Ashraf, A. Hussain, H.W. Koyro and B. Huchzermeyer. (2005b). Seasonal variation in the status of selenium in goats grazing native and improved pastures in a semiarid region of Pakistan. Deutsche Tierarztliche Worchenschrift, 112: 460-465.
  23. Littledike, E.T. and J. Goff. (1987). Interactions of Ca, P, Mg, and Vitamin D, that influences their status in domestic meat animals. J. Anim. Sci., 65: 1727-1743.
  24. McDowell, L. R., Conrad, J. H. and Ellis, G. L. (1984). Mineral deficiencies and imbalances and their diagnosis. In: Symposium on Herbivore Nutrition in Subtropics and Tropics (Ed.): F.M.C. Gilchrist and R.I. Mackie University of Pretoria, South Africa. pp. 67-88.
  25. McDowell, L.R and Arthington, J.D. (2005). Minerals for Grazing Ruminants in Tropical Regions, 5th Ed. 86pp. University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl.
  26. McDowell, L.R. (2003). Minerals in animals and human nutrition. 2nd ed. 144 p. Elsevier Science BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  27. McGrath, S. P., Shen, Z. G. and Zhao, F. J. (1997). Heavy metals uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi ochroleucum grown in contaminated soils. Plant Soil, 188: 153-160. 
  28. Merkel, R. C., McDowell, L. R., Popenoe, H. L. and Wilkinson, N. S. (1990). Mineral status comparisons between water buffalo and Charolais cattle in Florida. Buffalo J., 1: 33.
  29. Minson, D.J., T.H. Stobbs, M.P. Hegarty and M.J. Playne. (1976). Measuring the nutritive value of pasture plants. In: Tropical Research Principle and Method, (Eds.): N.H. Show and W.W. Bryan. C. A. B. Publications Bulletin, p.51.
  30. Norton, B.W. and D.P. P oppi, (1995). Composition and nutritional attributes of pasture legumes. In tropical legumes in animal nutrition. CAB International, Farham Royal, UK.
  31. NRC. (1996). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (7th ed.) National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Kabata-Pendias, a., Pendias, H.: Trace elements in Soil and Plants. CRC Press Inc.,Boca Raton, FL.
  32. Prabowo, A., McDowell, L. R., Wilkinson, N. S., Wilcox, C. J., Cornad, J. H. (1990). Mineral Status of Grazzinmg cattle in South Sulawesi, Indonesia; I. Macrominerals. Am. J. Anim. Sci., 4:111-120.
  33. Prabowo, A., McDowell, L. R., Wilkinson, N. S., Wilcox, C. J., Cornad, J. H. (1990). Mineral Status of Grazzinmg cattle in South Sulawesi, Indonesia; I. Macrominerals. Am. J. Anim. Sci., 4:111-120.
  34. Reid, R. L. and Horvath, D. J. (1980). Soil chemistry and mineral problems in farm livestock: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 5:95-167.
  35. Rhue, R. D. and Kidder, G. (1983). Analytical procedures used by the IFAS extension soil laboratory and the interpretation of results. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
  36. Rojas, L. X., McDowell, L. R., Wilkinson, N. S. and Martin, F. G. (1993). Mineral status of soils, forages, and beef cattle in South East Venezuela. I. Macro-minerals and forage organic constituents. International. J. Anim Sci. 8: 183-188.
  37. Sanchez, P.A. (1976). Properties and Management of Soils in Tropics, John Wiley and Sons, NY. 97-101.
  38. Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1986). Principles and procedures of statistics, 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York. pp. 336-354.
  39. Tiffany, M.E., L.R. McDowell, G.A.O. Connor, H. Nguyen, F.G. Martin, N.S. Wilkinson and N.A. Katzowitz. (2001). Effects of residual and re-applied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. Microminerals. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 32: 2211-2226.
  40. Tiffany, M.E., L.R. McDowell, G.A.O. Connor, H. Nguyen, F.G. Martin, N.S. Wilkinson and N.A. Katzowitz. (2001). Effects of residual and re-applied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. Microminerals. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 32: 2211-2226.
  41. Tolsma, D.J., W.H.O. Ernst, R.A. Verweij and R. Vooijs. (1987). Seasonal variation of nutrient concentrations in a semi-arid sevanna ecosystem in Botswana. J. Eco., 75: 755-770.
  42. Underwood, E.J. (1981). Mineral nutrition of livestock. Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau, UK.
  43. Underwood, E.J. and N.F. Suttle, (1999). The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. third ed., Midlothian, UK, pp. 283-392.
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    volume 35 issue 4 (december 2012) : 294 - 302

    DYNAMICS OF MAGNESIUM, COPPER AND ZINC IN SOIL AND FORAGES GROWN IN SEMIARID AREAS OF SARGODHA, PAKISTAN

    K
    Kafeel Ahmad
    Z
    Zafar Iqbal Khan
    M
    Muneeba Shaheen
    A
    Alireza Seidavi
    1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Ahmad Kafeel, Khan Iqbal Zafar, Shaheen Muneeba, Seidavi Alireza (2025). DYNAMICS OF MAGNESIUM, COPPER AND ZINC IN SOIL AND FORAGES GROWN IN SEMIARID AREAS OF SARGODHA, PAKISTAN. Legume Research. 35(4): 294 - 302. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    This investigation results the concentration of certain essential elements (Zn, Mg and Cu) in soil and animal forages from industrial and non-industrial sites in the Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan during two consecutive seasons of the year. The purpose of this study was to check the concentration of essential elements (Zn, Mg and Cu) in soil and forages from industrial and non-industrial sites in the Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan during two consecutive seasons of the year. Mean soil and forage values decreased from summer to winter at both sites. Mean Mg concentration ranged from 7.95-45.7 mg/kg and 0.17-3.79 mg/kg of Cu while 0.29-18.5 mg/kg of Zn in forages. Cu and Zn concentrations in soil were found to be similar to critical level but Mg was higher than 30 mg/kg critical level. However, Cu, Zn and Mg concentrations in forages were below the significant level. Therefore, ruminants feeding on those forage species need continual supplementation to avoid diseases caused by deficiency of mineral elements.

    REFERENCES

    1. Ahmad, K., Ejaz, A., Azam, M., Khan, Z. I., Ashraf, M., Al-Qurainy, F., Fardous, A., Gondal, S., Bayat, A. R. and Valeem, E. E. (2011). Lead, cadmium and chromium contents of canola irrigated with sewage water. Pak. J. Bot., 43(2): 1403-1410.
    2. Ahmad, K., M. Ashraf, Z.I. Khan and E.E. Valeem. (2008). Evaluation of macro-mineral concentrations of forages in relation to ruminants requirements: A case study in Soone Valley, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Botany, 40 : 295-299.
    3. Anonymous, (1996). Nutrient Requirements of Beef cattle (Seventh Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
    4. Anonymous. (1980). Analytical Methods for Atomic-Absorption Spectrophotometry. Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk Connecticut.
    5. Anonymous. (2006). Economic Survey of Pakistan 2004-2005. Government of Pakistan, Finance Division, Economic Advisory Wing, Islamabad.
    6. Ben-Shahar, B. and M.J. Coe. (1992). The relationships between soil factors, grass nutrients, and the foraging behavior of wildebeest and zebra. Oecologia, 90: 422-428.
    7. DabkowshnaNaskret, H, H. Jaworshia, A Barthio wiak., Sz, Rozanskai, (2004). M:Pr Komie, NaukRol, biology BTN, 52:3140.
    8. Espinoza J.E., L.R. McDowell, N.S. Wilkinson, J.H. Conrad and F.G. Martin. (1991). Monthly variation of forage and soil minerals in Central Florida. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 22: 1137-1149.
    9. Fujihara, T., Matsui, T., Hayashi, S., Robles, A.Y., Serra, A. B., Cruz, L. C. and Shimizu, H. (1992). Mineral Status of Grazing Philippines goats. II The Nutrition of selenium, copper and zinc of goats in Luzon Island. Asian- Aust. J. Anim Sci., 5: 389-395.
    10. Grace, N.D., J.R. Rounce and J. Lee. (1996). Effect of soil ingestion on the storage of Se, vitamin B12, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the liver of sheep fed Lucerne pellets. New Zealand J. Agric. Res., 39:325-331.
    11. Hanlon, E. A., Kidder, G. and McNeal, B. L. (1990). Soil, Container Media and Water Testing: Interpretations and IFAS Standardized Fertilization Recommendations. Circular 817. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
    12. Jerez, I., Rodriquez, V. and Rivero, J.L. (1984). Milk Production from Three Tropical Pastures: Coast Cross Bermuda Grass No.1 (Cynodon dactylon), Improved Star Grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and Pangola Grass (Digitaria decumbens) During the Rainy Season. Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 18: 253-260.
    13. Khan, Z.I. (2003). Effect of seasonal variation on the availability of macro-and micro, nutrients to animals (sheep and goats) through forage from soil. Ph.D Thesis Univ. Agric, Faisalabad, Pakistan. pp. 286.
    14. Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf and L.R. McDowell. (2006). Mineral Status of Soils and forages in southwestern Punjab-Pakistan: Micro-minerals. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 19: 1139- 1147.
    15. Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf, E.E. Valeem and I. Javed. (2005a). Evaluation of variation of soil and forage minerals in pasture in a semiarid region of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 37: 921- 931.
    16. Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf, L.R. McDowell, 2008. A study on seasonal variability of trace elemental status of forages for ruminants in Pakistan. J. Plant Nutr., 31: 1345-1354.
    17. Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf, M.Y. Ashraf, E.E. Valeem and M.S. Ahmad. (2004). Soil and forage (Trace elements) status of a grazing pasture in the semiarid region of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 36: 851-856.
    18. Khan, Z.I., Ahmed, K., Ashraf, M., Valeem, E. E. and Javed, I. (2008). A comparative study on mineral status of blood plasma of small ruminants and Pastures in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 41: 67-72.
    19. Khan, Z.I., Ahmed, K., Ashraf, M., Valeem, E. E. and McDowell, L. R. (2009). Mineral status of forage and its relationship with that of plasma of farm animals in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 41: 67-72.
    20. Khan, Z.I., M. Ashraf and A. Hussain. (2007). Evaluation of manganese status of grazing sheep in a semi-arid region of Pakistan. Trace Elem. Electrolytes, 24: 55-60.
    21. Khan, Z.I., M. Ashraf and A. Hussain. (2007b). Evaluation of macro mineral contents of forages: Influence of pasture and seasonal variation. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 6: 908- 913.
    22. Khan, Z.I., M. Ashraf, A. Hussain, H.W. Koyro and B. Huchzermeyer. (2005b). Seasonal variation in the status of selenium in goats grazing native and improved pastures in a semiarid region of Pakistan. Deutsche Tierarztliche Worchenschrift, 112: 460-465.
    23. Littledike, E.T. and J. Goff. (1987). Interactions of Ca, P, Mg, and Vitamin D, that influences their status in domestic meat animals. J. Anim. Sci., 65: 1727-1743.
    24. McDowell, L. R., Conrad, J. H. and Ellis, G. L. (1984). Mineral deficiencies and imbalances and their diagnosis. In: Symposium on Herbivore Nutrition in Subtropics and Tropics (Ed.): F.M.C. Gilchrist and R.I. Mackie University of Pretoria, South Africa. pp. 67-88.
    25. McDowell, L.R and Arthington, J.D. (2005). Minerals for Grazing Ruminants in Tropical Regions, 5th Ed. 86pp. University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl.
    26. McDowell, L.R. (2003). Minerals in animals and human nutrition. 2nd ed. 144 p. Elsevier Science BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    27. McGrath, S. P., Shen, Z. G. and Zhao, F. J. (1997). Heavy metals uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi ochroleucum grown in contaminated soils. Plant Soil, 188: 153-160. 
    28. Merkel, R. C., McDowell, L. R., Popenoe, H. L. and Wilkinson, N. S. (1990). Mineral status comparisons between water buffalo and Charolais cattle in Florida. Buffalo J., 1: 33.
    29. Minson, D.J., T.H. Stobbs, M.P. Hegarty and M.J. Playne. (1976). Measuring the nutritive value of pasture plants. In: Tropical Research Principle and Method, (Eds.): N.H. Show and W.W. Bryan. C. A. B. Publications Bulletin, p.51.
    30. Norton, B.W. and D.P. P oppi, (1995). Composition and nutritional attributes of pasture legumes. In tropical legumes in animal nutrition. CAB International, Farham Royal, UK.
    31. NRC. (1996). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (7th ed.) National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Kabata-Pendias, a., Pendias, H.: Trace elements in Soil and Plants. CRC Press Inc.,Boca Raton, FL.
    32. Prabowo, A., McDowell, L. R., Wilkinson, N. S., Wilcox, C. J., Cornad, J. H. (1990). Mineral Status of Grazzinmg cattle in South Sulawesi, Indonesia; I. Macrominerals. Am. J. Anim. Sci., 4:111-120.
    33. Prabowo, A., McDowell, L. R., Wilkinson, N. S., Wilcox, C. J., Cornad, J. H. (1990). Mineral Status of Grazzinmg cattle in South Sulawesi, Indonesia; I. Macrominerals. Am. J. Anim. Sci., 4:111-120.
    34. Reid, R. L. and Horvath, D. J. (1980). Soil chemistry and mineral problems in farm livestock: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 5:95-167.
    35. Rhue, R. D. and Kidder, G. (1983). Analytical procedures used by the IFAS extension soil laboratory and the interpretation of results. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
    36. Rojas, L. X., McDowell, L. R., Wilkinson, N. S. and Martin, F. G. (1993). Mineral status of soils, forages, and beef cattle in South East Venezuela. I. Macro-minerals and forage organic constituents. International. J. Anim Sci. 8: 183-188.
    37. Sanchez, P.A. (1976). Properties and Management of Soils in Tropics, John Wiley and Sons, NY. 97-101.
    38. Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1986). Principles and procedures of statistics, 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York. pp. 336-354.
    39. Tiffany, M.E., L.R. McDowell, G.A.O. Connor, H. Nguyen, F.G. Martin, N.S. Wilkinson and N.A. Katzowitz. (2001). Effects of residual and re-applied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. Microminerals. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 32: 2211-2226.
    40. Tiffany, M.E., L.R. McDowell, G.A.O. Connor, H. Nguyen, F.G. Martin, N.S. Wilkinson and N.A. Katzowitz. (2001). Effects of residual and re-applied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. Microminerals. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 32: 2211-2226.
    41. Tolsma, D.J., W.H.O. Ernst, R.A. Verweij and R. Vooijs. (1987). Seasonal variation of nutrient concentrations in a semi-arid sevanna ecosystem in Botswana. J. Eco., 75: 755-770.
    42. Underwood, E.J. (1981). Mineral nutrition of livestock. Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau, UK.
    43. Underwood, E.J. and N.F. Suttle, (1999). The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. third ed., Midlothian, UK, pp. 283-392.
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