Indian Journal of Animal Research

  • Chief EditorM. R. Saseendranath

  • Print ISSN 0367-6722

  • Online ISSN 0976-0555

  • NAAS Rating 6.40

  • SJR 0.263

  • Impact Factor 0.4 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
Science Citation Index Expanded, BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Scopus, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Influence of Fatty Acid Profile of Moringa peregrina Seeds Oil on Blood Plasma Lipids and Blood Glucose on Rats

Shaheed Mohammed Alshaikhsaleh1,*, Saeed Amer Asiri1
1Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.

ABSTRACT

Background: Residents of Saudi Arabia believe that Moringa peregrina seeds oil has a positive health effect on blood cholesterol and blood glucose. In this study, Moringa peregrina seeds oil (MPO) was compared with corn oil on plasma lipids, blood glucose and adipose tissues to study their influence on plasma parameters and obesity.

Methods: Fifteen male albino rats were divided into three groups, each group containing five rats. The control group consumed a normal diet, the MPO group consumed a normal diet and 20% Moringa oil and the CO group consumed a normal diet and 20% corn oil for 8 weeks. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with (p<0.05).

Result: According to results, no significant differences between MPO and CO on the plasma lipids. While there are no significant differences in blood glucose levels between the control group 75.36±8.05 mg/dl and the MPO group 90.62±0.88 mg/dl and there is a significant increase in the CO group 107.28±3.90 mg/dl. No significant differences between all groups in BMI and final weight. While, the highest total percentage of adipose tissues was in the MPO group compared to CO, which was 1.72±0.13 in the MPO group and 1.36±0.12 in the CO group. Moringa peregrina seed oil does not lower blood glucose levels as it is a popular belief but does reduce the blood glucose spikes compared to corn oil. Additionally, substituting it for corn oil does not alter plasma lipid levels and it increases obesity factors (adipose tissues).

INTRODUCTION

Moringa peregrina seeds oil has a cultural and religious connection with the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula in terms of the medicinal effects of moringa, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, anti-inflammatories and lowering blood lipids (Senthilkumar et al., 2018). Additionally, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, some believe that moringa peregrina oil has a medicinal effect on blood sugar and lipids (triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels). Moringa Peregrina seeds contain 2.4% moisture, 53.5% fat, 24.1% protein and 2.6% ash. The seeds oil contains 83.5% unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid as a mean fatty acid 74.8%, palmitic acid 8.9%, stearic acid 3.1% and behenic acid 2.6% (Al-Dabbas  et al., 2010).
       
In an experimental study, they found that Moringa peregrina seeds extract has a potential anti-obesity effect in rats as a supplement in a high-fat diet (Elarabany et al., 2022). A study showed that the Albino rats who consumed 500 mg/kg of dry seed of Moringa peregrina had a significant decrease in blood glucose compared with rats who consumed 0, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of dry M. peregrina seed (EL-Hak  et al., 2018). However, a review study concluded that there are no enough evidences on moringa that is strong enough to recommend it as a treatment for diabetes (Owens et al., 2020). A study assessed the impact of Moringa peregrina seed oil on obesity in rats fed a high-fat diet. The consumption of this oil notably improved body weight gain and counteracted the diet-induced increases in cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C, while also reducing HDL-C levels. Additionally, Moringa peregrina seed oil demonstrated strong free radical-scavenging activity (Elarabany et al., 2022). In a study, the effect of Moringa peregrina on lowering blood lipids in rats with hyperlipidemia was investigated. The study concluded that Moringa extract had a better effect than hyperlipidemia medications (Aborhyem et al., 2016). The effect of Moringa peregrina on blood lipids was studied in healthy individuals for 14 days and the study concluded that there was no statistically significant effect on blood lipids or significant reduction in blood pressure or body mass index when consuming Moringa as a dietary supplement compared to those who did not consume it (Seriki et al., 2015).
       
Corn oil, rich in unsaturated fatty acids, has been shown in numerous studies to positively affect plasma lipid levels compared to other oils and fats (Kevin Maki et al., 2018;  Maki et al., 2017). A comparison study of the effects of corn oil and extra virgin olive oil on blood lipids recommended that corn oil positively affects low-density lipoproteins and lipids associated with atherosclerosis (Kevin Maki et al., 2015). Corn oil and coconut oil have the same effect in lowering blood glucose in Wistar rats injected with alloxane (Firdausi et al., 2017). Rats fed corn oil showed lower levels of blood glucose, triglycerides and LDL-C than rats fed beef tallow or different types of palm oil and the corn oil group had the highest levels of HDL-C (Utama et al., 2024).
       
Blood glucose, triglycerides, ALT and AST were not affected by consuming 125 ml or 250 ml of sunflower oil for 90 days, but sunflower oil intake led to a significant increase in blood cholesterol compared to the control group (Ahuja et al., 2023). Rats fed black seed oil and beef tallow had significantly lower weight gain, lower levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-C and higher levels of HDL-C compared to rats fed beef tallow alone (Miah et al., 2023). Feeding heifers on palm oil, soybean oil or linseed oil did not affect blood glucose, triglycerides and LDL-C while total cholesterol and HDL-C were higher in the soybean oil group or linseed oil group compared to the palm oil group (Kumar et al., 2022).
       
Many studies studied Moringa Peregrina seeds oil effect as a nutritional or therapeutic supplement. In this study, the effect of Moringa Peregrina seeds oil on blood lipids, blood glucose and obesity will be identified compared to another type of oil, which is corn oil, in a high-fat diet. The differences in these indicators mentioned between the two types of oil will be identified to determine which of them has the best positive effect on blood glucose, blood lipids and obesity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Moringa Peregrina seeds oil was purchased from a local farm in the north region of Saudi Arabia. Corn oil was obtained from a local market. Animal feed suitable for rats was purchased from a local market (Tunai brand). Plasma kits for blood glucose level, total cholesterol level, HDL-C level and total triglyceride level were obtained from QCA, Spain.
 
Composition of fatty acids profile
 
Gas chromatography (GC) was used for the composition of Fatty acids profile by the AOAC-996.01 method (Satchithanandam et al., 2001). By using GC-2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Japan) with split injection mode and the carrier gas was Helium gas and column Fused silica 100 m* 0.25*0.2 µm and the detector was flam ionization. The separation temperature was 100oC and the separation time was 71 min.
 
The biological experiment
 
The Research Ethics Committee in the Deanship of Scientific Research-King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, approved the experiment with reference number KFU-REC-2021-NOV-EA000164. The experiment was done in the Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. The experiment was conducted in December 2023 for a period of four months.
       
Fifteen male Albino rats were purchased from the animal house weighing between 80 to 100 grams and their age was about four weeks. They were divided into three groups and kept in the normal temperature and humidity (25oC, 40%), with 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark for the period of the experiment. After one week of accumulation, the rats started to feed on the experimental diet, which was three different diets. The first group received a normal diet (control), the second group received a high-fat diet consisting of the normal diet plus 20% corn oil (CO) and the third group was given a high-fat diet made up of the normal diet plus 20% Moringa peregrina seed oil (MPO) Table (1). Rats were coded in their tail for continuous follow-up. All groups were fed on their diets for eight weeks with an open quantity of food and water. The food intake was recorded for the groups. Body weight from the zero time and week four and at the end of the experiment was taken for all rats to determine the percentage of body weight gain (%BWG) and body mass index (BMI). From the zero time (before starting feeding on the different diets), blood was collected from all rats and at the end of week eight. After the eighth week, all rats were dissected to obtain and weigh some organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, spleen and white adipose tissue. The liver was kept in a 0.9% saline solution to perform an analysis of cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver.

Table 1: Diet composition (g/100 g).


 
Blood plasma collection
 
Blood samples were collected from the eye vein according to (Abd El Malik, 2019). Sodium heparinized capillary tubes were used to collect 1.5 ml of blood from each rat in an Eppendorf tube containing EDTA. Then, the tubes were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 18 min. The plasma from each tube was transferred to a new Eppendorf tube to obtain the blood glucose, total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C).
 
Plasma lipids and blood glucose
 
Blood glucose level, total triglycerides level, total cholesterol level and HDL-C level were analyzed as described in the kit manufacturer’s instructions using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis. LDL-C and VLDL-C were calculated as ²LDL and VLDL-C = TC – HDL-C² as described by (Reis et al., 2021).
 
Liver TG and TC
 
Liver TG and TC were determined as (Montano et al., 1998) described. The liver from each rat was mashed gently, then weighed 0.1 g in a stoppered test tube, then adding 10 ml from a mixture of chloroform and methanol 2:1, then shaking the test tube very well, then filtering the test tube content. 10 microliters from the filtered solution were taken in a clean test tube, adding 1 ml of TG or TC reagent and incubating the solution at room temperature (20-25 C) for 10 min, then the absorbance was at 546 nm. A standard sample was taken in the same procedure.
 
 

 
Body mass index (BMI) and % body weight gain (%BWG)
 
BMI and %BWG were calculated as (Abd El-Gawad  et al., 2005) describe:
 
 
 
 
Statistical analysis
 
The statistical analysis was done by using SAS09 software. All the results were presented as mean ± STD and means values were tested using least significant differences (LSD) with a significant level (p<0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table (2) promotes the fatty acids composition in Moringa peregrina seeds oil and corn oil. The predominant fatty acids type in both oils are unsaturated fatty acid by 81.58% in MPO and 85.98% in corn oil. MPO has a large amount of MUFA compared to CO and on the other hand, CO has a high proportion of PUFA (57.24%) and MPO has (1.1%). In addition, the saturated fatty acids in MPO and CO were 18.42% and 14.02% respectively. The trans fatty acids are undetected in corn oil, but there are a small amount in MPO (0.09%). However, the predominant fatty acids in MPO were oleic acid 76.93%, palmitic acid 9.64% and stearic acid 4.02%. While the main fatty acids in corn oil were linoleic 57.18%, oleic acid 28.63% and palmitic acid 11.57%. These results agreed with other studies results, the predominant fatty acid in Moringa peregrina oil seeds is oleic acid 70.52% and palmitic acid 8.90% (Tsaknis, 1998). Instead, corn oil contains 59% PUFA primarily linoleic acid and 24% monounsaturated fatty acids (Dupont et al., 1990).

Table 2: Fatty acids composition of moringa peregrina seeds oil and corn oil.


       
Fig 1 illustrate the food consumption in different groups at week 1 and week8. No significant differences between groups in the quantity of food intake at the first week and the eighth week.

Fig 1: Food intake for different groups in week1 and week 8.


       
Table (3) demonstrates the plasma lipids and blood glucose in rats at the beginning time and after eight weeks of feeding on different diets. According to Harini and Astirin total cholesterol level of the plasma in white rats is between 10 and 54 mg/dl (HARINI et al., 1970). However, all groups in this study were in the normal range. The highest TC levels were found in the MPO group with no significant differences compared to the corn oil group, while the lowest TC level was found in control group.

​

Table 3: Effect of fed on different types of oil on plasma parameters.


       
HDL-C levels between 21-54 mg/dl are classified as normal levels in white rats reported by (Abd El Malik, 2019). However, all treatments are within the range of normal HDL-C levels. In our study, the MPO group recorded the highest HDL-C with no significant differences compared to the corn oil group and the lowest levels of HDL-C were found in the control rats.
       
The LDL-C and VLDL-C levels in all groups start from 4.01 to 11.88 mg/dl. The lowest LDL-C and VLDL-C levels were found in the normal diet group (control) and this may be due to their balanced diet in nutrient components. However, no significant differences were observed between the corn oil group and the MPO group on LDL-C and VLDL-C levels.
       
The normal range of triglyceride levels in the rat plasma is between 26 and 145 mg/dl (Mahdi et al., 2020). According to our results, the TG levels in all groups were from 32.31 to 39.20 mg/dl. The control group had the lowest TG levels, showing no significant difference with the MPO group but a significant difference compared to the corn oil group. However, there is no significant effect on TG when rats consume Moringa Peregrina seeds oil compared to rats consuming corn oil for 8 weeks. A study investigated the impact of corn oil, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, on blood lipids and compared it to an oil high in monounsaturated fatty acids (olive oil). The study concluded that corn oil had a more favorable impact on plasma lipids compared to olive oil (Wagner et al., 2001).
       
In this study, we found that rats consuming a diet containing more oil could affect their blood glucose levels. According to the results illustrated in Table (3), the lowest blood glucose levels were found in the control group with significant differences compared to other groups. However, all blood glucose levels of rats were in the range of normal blood glucose in white rats, which is from 50 to 135 mg/dl (Hidayaturrahmah et al., 2020). Blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the corn oil group compared to both the MPO and the control groups. Moringa peregrina seeds oil did not lower blood glucose levels directly, it has been observed reduce the glucose spikes. Compared to corn oil, Moringa peregrina oil may offer a more stable blood glucose level. Moringa peregrina seeds oil had a slight increase in blood glucose level compared to the control group and this may be due to this oil having more monounsaturated fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids could affect glucose levels by reducing insulin resistance. Low-density lipoprotein oxidation may have an effect on increasing insulin sensitivity. Oxidized LDL has been associated with impairment in vascular reactivity (Ryan et al., 2000). Consuming a diet rich in oleic acid reduces the level of low-density lipoproteins (Karacor et al., 2015). This effect of MPO can be beneficial in managing blood glucose levels, especially in individuals at risk of diabetes or those with glucose metabolism disorders.
       
Table 4 promotes %BWG, origins weight, adipose tissues and liver lipids. According to table (IV), there are no significant differences in liver TG between all groups, but liver TC was lower in the control group compared to other groups. No significant differences in liver TC were found between corn oil and MPO groups.

​

Table 4: Effect of fed on different types of oil on body weight, BMI, %BWG, origins weight, adipose tissues and liver lipids.


       
Liver TG level in the MPO group is 23.48 mg/g and 26.71 mg/g in the CO group. And these differences agreed with a study studying different types of oil and fat on liver TG. They found olive oil which rich in oleic acid lower in TG lever compared to corn oil (Gao et al., 2019). A diet high in oleic acid lowers the hepatic levels of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), while simultaneously increasing the expression of the genes responsible for Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases (Picklo et al., 2016).
       
The normal range for BMI in Wistar rats is from 0.45 to 0.68 g/cm2  (Novelliet_al2007). No significant differences were found in BMI between groups. However, the body mass index (BMI) is inaccurate and poor as obesity index in some cases in some human populations or animals and the percentage of body fat is an accurate index for obesity (Rodríguez-Correa  et al., 2020). The lowest %BWG was in control rats with no significant differences compared to MPO and a significant difference with the corn oil group.
       
Table (IV) demonstrates different adipose tissues were collected from rats as a percentage. The highest proportion of total adipose tissues, epididymal, mesenteric and retroperitoneal was in the MPO group with significant differences compared to other groups and the lowest proportions were in control rats. The percentage of perirenal in the corn oil group was more than the MPO group and it is significant.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that Moringa peregrina seeds oil reduces the spikes of blood glucose levels. Compared to corn oil, Moringa peregrina oil may offer a more stable blood glucose level. The fatty acids composition of MPO may influence the blood glucose as it is high of monounsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, there are no substantive changes in plasma lipids when consuming corn oil or M. peregrina seeds oil. Consuming a high-fat diet may cause an increase in liver cholesterol, while this diet did not significantly affect liver triglycerides. Moringa pergrina seeds oil could also reduce the ratio of body weight gain in a high fat diet compared to corn oil. Corn oil may have a positive effect on white adipose tissues, which are an accurate indicator for diagnosing obesity in humans or animals. Conduct more studies on Moringa pergrina seeds oil and the unsaponifiable matters in the oil and link their health effects to various health indicators, which are under this study. In addition, conduct studies on the oils used in this study needed to reach a suitable mixture between Moringa pergrina seeds oil and corn oil to achieve balance in the health indicators under this study.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors would like to grateful to Mr. Muntadhar Mohammed Alshaikhsaleh for his valuable help. Also, gratitude to the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia, for the scientific and enriching advice.
 
Funding source
 
We would also like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research in King Faisal University for supporting this project No. (KFU241447).
 
Authors’ contribution
 
Shaheed M Alshaikhsaleh in lab analysis included the biological experiment and blood samples analysis, literature review and editing the article. Saeed A Asiri in lab analysis including chemical analysis and reviewing the article.
 
Data availability
 
Data will be available on request to the corresponding author.
 
Ethics approval statement
 
The experiment was approved by the Research Ethics Committee in the Deanship of Scientific Research – King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, KFU-REC-2021-NOV-EA000164.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES


  1. Abd El-Gawad, I.A., El-Sayed, E.M., Hafez, S.A., El-Zeini, H.M. and Saleh, F.A. (2005). The hypocholesterolaemic effect of milk yoghurt and soy-yoghurt containing bifidobacteria in rats fed on a cholesterol-enriched diet. International Dairy Journal. 15(1): 37-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2004. 06.001.

  2. Abd El Malik, A. (2019). Changes in lipid profile and heart tissues of wistar rats induces by using monosodium glutamate as food additive. International Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology. 4(1). doi: 10.23880/ijbp-16000147.

  3. Aborhyem, S., Ismail, H., Agamy, N. and Tayel, D. (2016). Effect of moringa oleifera on lipid profile in rats. Journal of High Institute of Public Health. 46(1): 8-14. doi: 10.21608/jhiph. 2016.20201.

  4. Ahuja, L.C., Pawar, M.M., Patil, S.S., Rathod, B.S., Modi, C.P. and Patel, J.R. (2023). Effect of sunflower oil supplementation on milk production, fatty acid profile and nutrient digestibility in kankrej cows. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 40(3): 251-257. doi: 10.5958/2231-6744.2023.00031.2.

  5. Al-Dabbas, M.M., Ahmad, R., Ajo, R.Y., Abulaila, K., Akash, M. and Al- ismail, K. (2010). Chemical composition and oil components  in seeds os Moringa peregrina (Forssk) Fiori. Crop Res. 40(1): 161-167. Retrieved from. https://www. researchgate. net/publication/281280616.

  6. Dupont, J., White, P.J., Carpenter, M.P., Schaefer, E.J., Meydani, S.N., Elson, C.E., Woods, M. and Gorbach, S.L. (1990). Food uses and health effects of corn oil. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 9(5): 438-470. doi: 10.1080/07315724. 1990.10720403.

  7. EL-Hak, H.N.G., Moustafa, A.R.A. and Mansour, S.R. (2018). Toxic effect of Moringa peregrina seeds on histological and biochemical analyses of adult male Albino rats. Toxicology Reports.5(November 2017): 38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep. 2017.12.012.

  8. Elarabany, N., Hamad, A. and AlSobeai, S.M. (2022). Evaluating anti- obesity potential, active components and antioxidant mechanisms of Moringa peregrina seeds extract on high- fat diet-induced obesity. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 46(10): e14265. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14265.

  9. Firdausi, K.N. Al, Sugiyanta and Wulandari, P. (2017). Perbandingan efektivitas minyak jagung (Zea mays) dengan minyak kelapa murni (Cocos nucifera L.) terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah tikus wistar yang diinjeksi Alloxane. Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences. 3(3): 50-54.

  10. Gao, Y., Li, X., Gao, Q., Fan, L., Jin, H. and Guo, Y. (2019). Differential effects of olive oil, soybean oil, corn oil and lard oil on carbon  tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Bioscience Reports. 39(10). doi: 10.1042/BSR20191913.

  11. Harini, M. and Astirin, O.P. (1970). Blood cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemic rat (Rattus norvegicus) after VCO treatment. Nusantara Bioscience. 1(2): 53-58. doi: 10. 13057/nusbiosci/n010201.

  12. Hidayaturrahmah, Budi, S.H., Aulia, R.R. and Kartikasari, D. (2020).  Blood glucose level of white rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) after giving catfish biscuit (Pangasius hypothalmus). BIO Web of Conferences. 20: 04005. doi: 10.1051/bioconf/ 20202004005.

  13. Karacor, K. and Cam, M. (2015). Effects of oleic acid. medical science and discovery. 2(1): 125. doi: 10.17546/msd.25609.

  14. Kumar, S., Sihag, S., Sihag, Z.S., Patil, C.S., Dhaka, S.S. and Pandey, A.K. (2022). Effect of dietary enrichment with omega 3 and 6 fatty acids on blood metabolites, hormone concentration and ovarian function in sahiwal heifers. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 56(9): 1084-1089. doi: 10.18805/ IJAR.B-3939.

  15. Mahdi, C., Citrawati, P. and Hendrawan, V.F. (2020). The effect of rice bran on triglyceride levels and histopatologic aorta in rat (Rattus norvegicus) of high cholesterol dietary model. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.  833(1). doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/833/1/012022.

  16. Maki, K.C., Lawless, A.L., Kelley, K.M., Kaden, V.N., Geiger, C.J., Palacios, O.M. and Dicklin, M. R. (2017). Corn oil intake favorably impacts lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein and lipoprotein particle levels compared with extra-virgin olive oil. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71(1): 33-38. doi: 10.1038/ejcn. 2016. 169.

  17. Maki, Kevin C., Hasse, W., Dicklin, M.R., Bell, M., Buggia, M.A., Cassens, M.E. and Eren, F. (2018). Corn oil lowers plasma cholesterol compared with coconut oil in adults with above-desirable levels of cholesterol in a randomized crossover Trial. Journal of Nutrition. 148(10): 1556-1563. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy156.

  18. Maki, Kevin C., Lawless, A.L., Kelley, K.M., Kaden, V.N., Geiger, C.J. and Dicklin, M.R. (2015). Corn oil improves the plasma lipoprotein lipid profile compared with extra-virgin olive oil consumption in men and women with elevated cholesterol: Results from a randomized controlled feeding trial. Journal of Clinical Lipidology. 9(1): 49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl. 2014. 10.006.

  19. Miah, M.A., Roy, D., Sujan, K.M., Khalil, K.K.I. and Mustari, A. (2023). Black seed oil improves beef fat-induced blood-biochemical abnormalities in swiss albino mice. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. 42(4): 570-574. doi: 10.18805/ajdfr. DRF-296.

  20. Montano, C.E., Fernandez, M.L. and McNamara, D.J. (1998). Regulation of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by vitamin C level and dietary fat saturation in guinea pigs. Metabolism. 47(7): 883-891. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495 (98)90131-7.

  21. Novelli, E.L.B., Diniz, Y.S., Galhardi, C.M., Ebaid, G.M.X., Rodrigues, H.G., Mani, F., Fernandes, A.A.H., Cicogna, A.C. and Novelli, F., J.L.V.B. (2007). Anthropometrical parameters and markers of obesity in rats. Laboratory Animals. 41(1): 111-119. doi: 10.1258/002367707779399518.

  22. Owens, F.S., Dada, O., Cyrus, J.W., Adedoyin, O.O. and Adunlin, G. (2020). The effects of Moringa oleifera on blood glucose levels: A scoping review of the literature. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 50: 102362. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102362.

  23. Picklo, M.J. and Murphy, E.J. (2016). A high-fat, high-oleic diet, but not a high-fat, saturated diet, reduces hepatic á-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid content in mice. Lipids. 51(5): 537–547. doi: 10.1007/s11745-015-4106-9.

  24. Reis, Í. G., Rocha-Gomes, A., da Silva, A.A., Lessa, M.R., Pinto, N.A.V.D. and Riul, T.R. (2021). Coconut oil promotes greater satiety and reduces blood cholesterol, but induces obesity, anxiety and impaired bone formation in adult wistar rats. Agricultural Science Digest. 41(4): 548-553. doi: 10. 18805/ag.D-302.

  25. Rodríguez-Correa, E., González-Pérez, I., Clavel-Pérez, P.I., Contreras- Vargas, Y. and Carvajal, K. (2020). Biochemical and nutritional overview of diet-induced metabolic syndrome models in rats: What is the best choice? Nutrition and Diabetes. 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41387-020-0127-4.

  26. Ryan, M., Mcinerney, D., Owens, D., Collins, P., Johnson, A. and Tomkin, G.H. (2000). Diabetes and the mediterranean diet: A beneficial effect of oleic acid on insulin sensitivity, adipocyte glucose transport and endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 93(2): 85-91. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/93.2.85

  27. Satchithanandam, S., Fritsche, J. and Rader, J.I. (2001). Extension of AOAC official method 996.01 to the analysis of standard reference material (SRM) 1846 and infant formulas. Journal of AOAC International. 84(3): 805-813. doi: 10. 1093/jaoac/84.3.805.

  28. Senthilkumar, A., Karuvantevida, N., Rastrelli, L., Kurup, S.S. and Cheruth, A.J. (2018). Traditional uses, pharmacological efficacy and phytochemistry of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9(MAY): 1-17. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00465.

  29. Seriki, S.A., Omolaso, B., Adegbite, O.A. and Audu, A.I. (2015). Effect of moringa oleifera on lipid profile, blood pressure and body mass index in human. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 2(7): 94-99.

  30. Tsaknis, J. (1998). Characterisation of Moringa peregrina Arabia seed oil. Grasas y Aceites, 49(2): 170-176. doi: 10.3989/ gya.1998.v49.i2.717.

  31. Utama, Z., Ningrum, A., Mayangsari, Y. and Raharjo, S. (2024). A comparison of palm oil, beef tallow and corn oil effect on serum glucose and lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet. AgriTECH. 44(2): 180. doi: 10.22146/agritech.84359.

  32. Wagner, K.H., Tomasch, R. and Elmadfa, I. (2001). Impact of diets containing corn oil or olive/sunflower oil mixture on the human plasma and lipoprotein lipid metabolism. European Journal of Nutrition. 40(4): 161-167. doi: 10.1007/s0039 40170004.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)