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Full Research Article

Impact of Feeding Moringa and Chaya Mixed Pellets on Haemato-biochemical and Health Indices of Barbari Kids

U
Ujjwal Aggarwal1
R
Rahul Singh Yadav1
S
S.S. Gaonkar2
T
Tejas Maheshbhai Trivedi3
B
Bhupender1
P
Prachi Chandrakar1
D
Deepesh Garg1
R
Ramesh Chandra1,*
1Division of Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.
2Division of Animal Reproduction Gynaecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.
3Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: Barbari goats are known for their high prolific value and low FCR compared to other breeds. Tree-based fodders like Moringa oleifera and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius are known for their high nutritional value and presence of beneficial bioactive compounds, which can support better health and productivity in livestock. Converting these feed resources into pellet form helps improving metabolic activity and overall physiological functioning in growing animals. Haemato-biochemical attributes are studied widely used to assess the health status of animals.

Methods: The trial was directed on 24 Barbari kids (aged 3-4 months weighing 7.48 kg on an average) from June to August 2025 to evaluate the effect on growth, haemato-biochemical and health indices of barbari kids which were fed mixed pellets of moringa and chaya in goat section, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana. Stems and leaves of Moringa and Chaya plants were obtained from farm , ICAR-NDRI, Karnal. Three different pellets were formed ie, pellet with zero supplementation (T0), chaya and moringa and enriched pellet supplementation at 8% inclusion level (T1) and chaya and moringa  enriched pellet supplementation at 12% inclusion level (T2).

Result: The study showed that dietary changes significantly (p<0.05) affected the consumption of dry matter, body wt gain as well as blood parameters like Hb, TEC, TLC and platelets between classes. The serum glucose was considerably (p<0.05) lower in T2 and T1 as from T0. Total protein and albumin was remarkable higher in T1 and T2. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced in supplemented classes. The serum cholesterol was more (p<0.05) in control than T1 and T2 treatments. Activities of SGOT, SGPT, Ca and i P levels were found to be noteworthy between treatments. Hence blending chaya and moringa in 8% and 12%  level in pellet feeding will enhance goat production and health maintenance of the animal.

INTRODUCTION

India ranks 1st in global goat milk production (7.59MT) which is 3.36% of the total milk production of the country and rank 2nd in global goat meat production (1.413MT) which is 14.47% of the total meat production in the country (BAHS, 2025). Goats from years had a significant impact on people’s socioeconomic lives, particularly in rural and underdeveloped areas of the world. By converting various low-quality natural resources, this livestock serves as a significant source of proteins in these areas (Dubeuf et al., 2004). Goats are used for meat, milk, skin, wool, hair and dung, among other products and they contribute roughly 9% of the livestock GDP (Singh et al., 2023). Goats ability to utilize non competing feed resources-such as shrubs, weeds and crop residues-makes them efficient converters of low-quality forage into valuable products (Misra and Singh, 2002). Harnessing tree leaves, shrubs and forbs represents a forward-thinking, cost-effective strategy for enhancing goat production. Because small ruminants naturally gravitate toward browsing, to combat rising costs, studies are increasingly focusing on affordable, nutrient-dense alternatives such as agricultural by-products and non-conventional plants species like Leucaena leucocephala, Flemingia macrophylla, Tithonia diversifolia and Moringa oleifera, Cnidoscolus aconitificius have become particularly popular because they are drought-resistant, available year-round and highly nutritious (Kholif, 2018). Feeding alone represents nearly 70% of the entire cost, making it the most critical economic constraint. Addressing the problem of restricted forage for goats might have a positive impact in resolution the preceding constraints (Patil et al., 2023). Moringa, also known as “drum stick tree” is especially suited to arid, resource poor environments due to its drought resistance, high biomass yield and nutritional value. Feeding of moringa leaves in ruminants have been found to exhibit beneficial effect on health and production (Saini et al., 2024; Rizwan et al., 2024). It has been reported that moringa leaves are more preferable compared to other tree leaves in ruminant diet due to its soft texture, better nutrient density and presence of certain bioactive compounds that is associated to stimulate voluntary intake (Selmi et al., 2020). Whereas Chaya, often referred to as the “spinach tree,” is a fast-growing, drought-tolerant shrub rich in protein, fibre and bioactive compounds. Moringa oleifera and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, including flavonoids, carotenoids, isothiocyanates, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolic glycosides. These compounds confer potent antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antifungal properties, while also enhancing feed palatability, thereby making both plants valuable functional feed resources for improving livestock health and productivity. By processing these plants into pellets, or leaf meal, farmers can effectively supplement or entirely replace traditional, more expensive forages without sacrificing animal health. The novelty of this  study lies in the use of combined Moringa and Chaya mixed pellets instead of Moringa supplementation alone, which has been the major focus of earlier livestock studies. The study evaluated graded inclusion levels of 4% + 4% and 6% + 6% Moringa and chaya, providing a unique combination of two nutrient and bioactive rich tree fodders. Unlike previous studies using fresh leaves or leaf meal, the present work employed pelletized supplementation, which improves feed uniformity, palatability, storage and reduces feed wastage. Moreover, the inclusion of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya), a comparatively underexplored fodder in goat nutrition, along with comprehensive evaluation of haemato-biochemical and health parameters, makes the study a novel contribution to sustainable small-ruminant feeding strategies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Site and period
 
The current trial was completed at LRC, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal in Haryana, India from June to August, 2025 for 3 months. Observational kids were treated in accordance with the rules recommended by the Institute (CPSEA), India. The trial was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of the Indian Council and Agriculture (ICAR) - National Dairy Research Institute constituted as per article 13 of the CPCSEA rules laid down by the government of India (Reg. No. 1705/GO/RE/SL/13/CCSEA Dated: 24.8.2023).
 
Animals, diets, feeding schedule and observations
 
In a fully randomized design, twenty-four Barbari kids aged three to four months with a mean BW of 7.48±0.53 kg were grouped into T0, T1 and T2 classes in which every class contain 8 kids. Kids were vaccinated and dewormed in accordance with usual protocol before the experiment began. According to BIS (2007) guidelines, space requirements were fulfilled. According to ICAR (2013), the experimental Barbari kids received a weighed amount of mixed pellets every day at 9:00 AM to meet their nutritional needs for development and maintenance (50 gd-1). Three experimental diets were created: Moringa and Chaya enriched pellet with 8% supplementation (T1), 12% supplementation (T2) and control pellet without supplementation (T0). Composition of pellets given to different groups is given in Table 1. Kids had unlimited access to clean water and were fed fresh maize fodder. The mean of two consecutive morning weighings prior to feeding and watering was used to record body weights every two weeks during the trial. An electronic scale was used to determine the Kid’s body weight. DMI (g/day) was calculated by subtracting morning denial from the considered amounts of pellets and green feed provided.

Table 1: Composition of pellets given to different groups.


 
Pellet formulation
 
The dried biomass, containing 15-18% moisture, was thoroughly mixed with other feed ingredients. After mixing, the mixture was passed into the flat die pellet machine (KL-150/ZLSP-150 ) which has 3-4 kW (4-5 HP). This was followed by the conditioning chamber, where an optimal temperature of about 190°F was maintained for pellet production. The speed control device ensured that the pelleting device operated at a desirable speed, which ranged from 125 to 500 RPM and production capacity of approximately 80-100 kg h-1. The pelleting device had an 8 mm die to produce pellets of the desired diameter and length (6-8 mm). The resulting pellets had a temperature of around 90°F and moisture content between 17-18%. For proper storage and handling, it is essential to decrease the moisture content of the pellets to 10-12% and their temperature to approximately 15°F above atmospheric temperature. 
 
Proximate analysis of the feed
 
The feedstuff, residues and faecal sample were dried to a consistent weight at 100°C for 24 hours in a hot air oven. After determining the moisture level, the samples were pulverized and chemically analyzed for EE, crude fiber, AIA and CP (AOAC, 2016). Van Soest et al. (1991) devised a method for estimating the fibre fraction, namely ADF and  NDF. Table 2 signifies the nutritional makeup of the diets and feed additives.

Table 2: Chemical composition of the feed and feed ingredients (%DM basis).


 
Collection of blood samples
 
All kids were gathered to collect blood samples from their jugular veins  in the morning (before feeding) to get at the start (0 days) and then every 30 days after that. For 15 to 20 minutes collected blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm, the serum was separated and kept in plastic Eppendorf vials in a refrigerated (-20°C) for the study of different serum constituents. For the haematological analysis, With 1 mg ml-1 range  EDTA was added in a 2 ml vial.
 
Blood-biochemical constituents
 
Automatic blood analyser was used to quantify the Hb, TEC, TLC and haematocrit values  after blood collection . Diagnostic kits were used for Haemo-biochemical parameters estimation with  Recombigen Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Serum glucose was determined by reagent kit based on the Glucose-oxidase method (Trinder, 1969). Total protein was done by a total protein liquid reagent kit, which is based on the Biuret method (Gornall et al., 1949). Albumin was estimated by total albumin liquid reagent kit, depending on the BCG (Bromocresol-green) method described by Doumas et al. (1971). For total cholesterol in serum CHOD-POD method was used. GPO-POD method for total triglyceride estimation in samples. Reagent kit based on IFCC method used for serum SGOT and SGPT estimation. OCPC method and phosphomolybdate UV method respectively were done for analyses of the serum minerals viz. calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P).
 
Faecal consistency score
 
This score was given by Pedersen and Toft (2011) in which scores ranged from soft but formed faeces to slightly loose faeces, with lower values indicating firmer and more stable faecal consistency.
 
Morbidity and mortality instances
 
Throughout the duration of the experiment, occurrences of diseases, disorders, or mortality within specific experimental groups were documented. If any animals fell ill, they were segregated from the healthy ones and received treatment at the veterinary unit of LRC, ICAR-NDRI.
 
Statistical analysis
 
Statistical analyses were done using SPSS v27 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), with p≤0.05 considered significant (Salcedo and McCormick, 2020). Duncan’s multiple range test used for  group means ranking.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nutrient composition of the feed and feedstuff
 
Chemical analysis of the feed and feed components is shown in Table 2. The pellets’ dry matter content slightly increased as more moringa and chaya were added, but the organic matter content was the same for all treatments. T2 pellets had a greater ether extract concentration. As is frequently noted for diets based on tree leaves, the structural part from chaya and moringa leaves may have contributed to the somewhat greater ADF and NDF concentrations seen in enrichedpellets (Van Soest et al., 1991).
       
Dry matter intake showing in Table 3. which grew gradually over the course of the trial and was greatly impacted by dietary interventions. Kids who were given mixed pellets of moringa and chaya had greater (P<0.05) DMI than the control group. T2 had the greatest intake (458.18±8.98 g/day), followed by T1 (426.52±8.14) and T0 (409.09±6.5). Better palatability and improved nutrient balance of the chaya and moringa mixed pellet diets may have improved DMI in T1 and T2 groups  which enhance rumen fermentation efficiency and rate of digesta passage (Totakul et al., 2021). Aregheore (2002) and Moyo et al., (2011) showed high Dry Matter Intake in goats fed moringa-based diets, reason being the effect of improved palatability and better nutrient composition. Similar results were reported by Asaolu et al., (2012), while Tona et al., (2014) noted increased total DMI with higher inclusion of moringa leaf meal. No change in DMI seen by Damor et al., (2017)  when moringa replaced concentrate mixture, this study suggests that combining chaya and moringa produced a more balanced and digestible nutrient profile, increasing acceptability and intake.

Table 3: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on the dry matter intake (g/day/kid).


       
Table 4 depicts the fortnightly body weight gain of Barbari kids. It showed remarkable differences (P<0.05). Barbari Kid’s fortnightly body weight gain revealed considerable differences (P<0.05) between treatments, with T2 having the highest overall average body weight (10.01 kg), than T1 (9.35 kg) and T0 (9.25 kg), suggesting a favourable reaction to supplementation with mixed pellets of moringa and chaya. Aregheore (2002) showed differences in live body weight gains in goats receiving a 20% moringa diet, this study also coroborate with other results showing the beneficial effects of moringa supplementation on growth in goat kids as, while differential  growth when moringa replaced sunflower seed cake at divergent inclusion levels observed by (Sarwatt et al., 2002). Moyo et al., (2011); Tona et al., (2014); Babiker et al., (2017); Damor et al., (2017) got similar developments. Furthermore, Ali (2018) and Ahmed and Shaarawy (2019) demonstrated that little replacement of usual protein sources with moringa meal either sustained or increased growth in goats. Replacing 75% of concentrate with chaya meal showed no detrimental effect on dry matter intake (Kumar et al., 2010), while Singh et al., (2013) observed that substituting 50% of crude protein with chaya kept up normal weight gain, though higher replacement levels showed reduced performance. The mutual benefits of the variable components of chaya and moringa responsible for the increased growth seen in the T2 class. These substances probably improved fibre decomposition, increased rumen microbial activity and promoted more effective nutrient absorption.

Table 4: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on the body weight (Kg) of barbari kids.


 
Haematological and biochemical parameters
 
Hb, TEC, TLC and platelet counts were drastically affected (p<0.05) across groups (Table 5). The higher Hb levels observed in T1 and T2 might be due to the rich iron, essential amino acids, provitamin A and antioxidant content of Moringa and Chaya leaves, which promote red blood cell formation. This is in line with Meel et al., (2018), who also reported more Hb in Moringa-supplemented Sirohi kids. Similarly, the gradual rise in TEC, particularly in T2, could be attributed to the presence of iron, folates, β-carotene, vitamins and antioxidants that enhance erythropoiesis and protect red blood cells from oxidative damage. Zaher et al. (2020) reported comparable increases in RBC and Hb with moderate Moringa inclusion, supporting the present findings. The TLC values remained within normal limits, consistent with Meel et al., (2018) and Damor et al., (2017), indicating no adverse immune response. The increase in PCV in supplemented groups further supports improved erythropoietic activity, likely due to the nutrient-rich and antioxidant properties of the leaves. Similar findings were reported by Meel et al., (2018).

Table 5: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on haematology of barbari kids.


       
All serum biochemical parameters are presented in Table 6. Serum glucose was increasingly (p < 0.05) less in T1 and T2 than T0. This decline with increasing Moringa-Chaya supplementation may be due to the presence of hypoglycemic phytochemicals (flavonoids, phenolics and isothiocyanates), along with improved glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. Similar trends were showed by Meel et al., (2018) and Zaher et al., (2020). Total protein showed a consistent increase with higher supplementation levels, likely reflecting the high-quality protein, better digestibility and enhanced metabolic efficiency of Moringa and Chaya, which support liver protein synthesis. This agrees with findings of Babeker et al., (2015); Meel et al., (2018); Damor et al., (2017); Kholif et al., (2017). Albumin levels also high in T1 and T2, further indicating improved protein metabolism, consistent with earlier reports. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced in supplemented groups. Similar reductions have been done by Babeker et al., (2015) and Kholif et al., (2017). SGOT and SGPT levels did not show vast differences (p>0.05) among groups, suggesting no adverse effect on liver function, in line with Srivastava et al. (2018). Serum calcium and phosphorus levels showed significant improvement with supplementation, supporting better mineral status. These findings matches with Damor et al., (2017) for calcium and Zaher et al., (2020) for phosphorus.

Table 6: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on biochemical parameters of barbari kids.


       
Overall, all haematological parameters remained within normal physiological ranges (Barakat et al., 1967), suggesting that supplementation had beneficial effects without causing any health stress.
 
Faecal consistency score
 
The fortnightly faecal consistency scores of kids fed diets supplemented with Moringa and chaya pellets are shown in Table 7. A clear improvement in faecal consistency was observed with more levels of Moringa and Chaya supplementation. There was remarkable decrease in the FCS in T2 and T1 than T0.

Table 7: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on faecal consistency score of barbari kids.


       
The considerably (P<0.05) lower scores in T1 and T2 indicate that supplementation improved faecal firmness. The similarity between T1 and T2 suggests that even moderate inclusion of Moringa and chaya mixture positively affects stool consistency (Gao et al., 2023).
 
Mortality and morbidity
 
Morbidity and mortality indices of Barbari kids are presented in Table 8. The control group showed 3 affections of diarrhoea, while the two in T1 and one in T2 group. Two mortality were documented within the control group, whereas no instances of mortality were observed in the treatment groups. It is plausible that reduced mortality may be linked to improved immune responsiveness, antioxidant defence mechanisms and possibly a direct anthelmintic effect of M. oleifera phytochemicals, which have been reported to reduce parasite fecundity and establishment (Hoste et al., 2006) also the beneficial properties of chaya contributed to enhanced health in these groups by boosting their immune systems. Consequently, the overall morbidity rates were 37.5% in the T0 group, 25% in the T1 group and 12.5% in T2 groups. Similarly, the mortality rate was more pronounced in the control group (25%) in comparison to the treatment groups, which experienced no instances of mortality.

Table 8: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on morbidity and mortality of barbari kids.

CONCLUSION

After conduction of experiment it was infered that when moringa and chaya mixed pellets were added to Barbari Kid’s diet at 8% and 12%, their body parameters, haemo-biochemical and health indices all improved. Consequently, it is determined that adding moringa and chaya to pellet feed at 8% and 12% inclusion levels will boost goat productivity and maintain the animals’ health.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

The current experiment was endorsed by NDRI, Karnal.
 
Disclaimers
 
The opinions and inferences presented in this research are those of the authors and do not connote the ideas or policies of their affiliated institutions. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information, the authors assume no responsibility or liability for any direct or indirect consequences arising from the use or interpretation of the content.
 
Informed consent
 
The University of Animal Care Committee authorized all Animal Care and Handling methods and the Committee of Experimental Animal Care approved all animal procedures for experiments.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors confirm that they have no conflicts of interest related to this publication. The work was carried out without any financial support or sponsorship and no external funding influenced the study design, data collection, data analysis, manuscript preparation, or the decision to publish.

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    Full Research Article

    Impact of Feeding Moringa and Chaya Mixed Pellets on Haemato-biochemical and Health Indices of Barbari Kids

    U
    Ujjwal Aggarwal1
    R
    Rahul Singh Yadav1
    S
    S.S. Gaonkar2
    T
    Tejas Maheshbhai Trivedi3
    B
    Bhupender1
    P
    Prachi Chandrakar1
    D
    Deepesh Garg1
    R
    Ramesh Chandra1,*
    1Division of Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.
    2Division of Animal Reproduction Gynaecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.
    3Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Barbari goats are known for their high prolific value and low FCR compared to other breeds. Tree-based fodders like Moringa oleifera and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius are known for their high nutritional value and presence of beneficial bioactive compounds, which can support better health and productivity in livestock. Converting these feed resources into pellet form helps improving metabolic activity and overall physiological functioning in growing animals. Haemato-biochemical attributes are studied widely used to assess the health status of animals.

    Methods: The trial was directed on 24 Barbari kids (aged 3-4 months weighing 7.48 kg on an average) from June to August 2025 to evaluate the effect on growth, haemato-biochemical and health indices of barbari kids which were fed mixed pellets of moringa and chaya in goat section, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana. Stems and leaves of Moringa and Chaya plants were obtained from farm , ICAR-NDRI, Karnal. Three different pellets were formed ie, pellet with zero supplementation (T0), chaya and moringa and enriched pellet supplementation at 8% inclusion level (T1) and chaya and moringa  enriched pellet supplementation at 12% inclusion level (T2).

    Result: The study showed that dietary changes significantly (p<0.05) affected the consumption of dry matter, body wt gain as well as blood parameters like Hb, TEC, TLC and platelets between classes. The serum glucose was considerably (p<0.05) lower in T2 and T1 as from T0. Total protein and albumin was remarkable higher in T1 and T2. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced in supplemented classes. The serum cholesterol was more (p<0.05) in control than T1 and T2 treatments. Activities of SGOT, SGPT, Ca and i P levels were found to be noteworthy between treatments. Hence blending chaya and moringa in 8% and 12%  level in pellet feeding will enhance goat production and health maintenance of the animal.

    INTRODUCTION

    India ranks 1st in global goat milk production (7.59MT) which is 3.36% of the total milk production of the country and rank 2nd in global goat meat production (1.413MT) which is 14.47% of the total meat production in the country (BAHS, 2025). Goats from years had a significant impact on people’s socioeconomic lives, particularly in rural and underdeveloped areas of the world. By converting various low-quality natural resources, this livestock serves as a significant source of proteins in these areas (Dubeuf et al., 2004). Goats are used for meat, milk, skin, wool, hair and dung, among other products and they contribute roughly 9% of the livestock GDP (Singh et al., 2023). Goats ability to utilize non competing feed resources-such as shrubs, weeds and crop residues-makes them efficient converters of low-quality forage into valuable products (Misra and Singh, 2002). Harnessing tree leaves, shrubs and forbs represents a forward-thinking, cost-effective strategy for enhancing goat production. Because small ruminants naturally gravitate toward browsing, to combat rising costs, studies are increasingly focusing on affordable, nutrient-dense alternatives such as agricultural by-products and non-conventional plants species like Leucaena leucocephala, Flemingia macrophylla, Tithonia diversifolia and Moringa oleifera, Cnidoscolus aconitificius have become particularly popular because they are drought-resistant, available year-round and highly nutritious (Kholif, 2018). Feeding alone represents nearly 70% of the entire cost, making it the most critical economic constraint. Addressing the problem of restricted forage for goats might have a positive impact in resolution the preceding constraints (Patil et al., 2023). Moringa, also known as “drum stick tree” is especially suited to arid, resource poor environments due to its drought resistance, high biomass yield and nutritional value. Feeding of moringa leaves in ruminants have been found to exhibit beneficial effect on health and production (Saini et al., 2024; Rizwan et al., 2024). It has been reported that moringa leaves are more preferable compared to other tree leaves in ruminant diet due to its soft texture, better nutrient density and presence of certain bioactive compounds that is associated to stimulate voluntary intake (Selmi et al., 2020). Whereas Chaya, often referred to as the “spinach tree,” is a fast-growing, drought-tolerant shrub rich in protein, fibre and bioactive compounds. Moringa oleifera and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, including flavonoids, carotenoids, isothiocyanates, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolic glycosides. These compounds confer potent antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antifungal properties, while also enhancing feed palatability, thereby making both plants valuable functional feed resources for improving livestock health and productivity. By processing these plants into pellets, or leaf meal, farmers can effectively supplement or entirely replace traditional, more expensive forages without sacrificing animal health. The novelty of this  study lies in the use of combined Moringa and Chaya mixed pellets instead of Moringa supplementation alone, which has been the major focus of earlier livestock studies. The study evaluated graded inclusion levels of 4% + 4% and 6% + 6% Moringa and chaya, providing a unique combination of two nutrient and bioactive rich tree fodders. Unlike previous studies using fresh leaves or leaf meal, the present work employed pelletized supplementation, which improves feed uniformity, palatability, storage and reduces feed wastage. Moreover, the inclusion of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya), a comparatively underexplored fodder in goat nutrition, along with comprehensive evaluation of haemato-biochemical and health parameters, makes the study a novel contribution to sustainable small-ruminant feeding strategies.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Site and period
     
    The current trial was completed at LRC, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal in Haryana, India from June to August, 2025 for 3 months. Observational kids were treated in accordance with the rules recommended by the Institute (CPSEA), India. The trial was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of the Indian Council and Agriculture (ICAR) - National Dairy Research Institute constituted as per article 13 of the CPCSEA rules laid down by the government of India (Reg. No. 1705/GO/RE/SL/13/CCSEA Dated: 24.8.2023).
     
    Animals, diets, feeding schedule and observations
     
    In a fully randomized design, twenty-four Barbari kids aged three to four months with a mean BW of 7.48±0.53 kg were grouped into T0, T1 and T2 classes in which every class contain 8 kids. Kids were vaccinated and dewormed in accordance with usual protocol before the experiment began. According to BIS (2007) guidelines, space requirements were fulfilled. According to ICAR (2013), the experimental Barbari kids received a weighed amount of mixed pellets every day at 9:00 AM to meet their nutritional needs for development and maintenance (50 gd-1). Three experimental diets were created: Moringa and Chaya enriched pellet with 8% supplementation (T1), 12% supplementation (T2) and control pellet without supplementation (T0). Composition of pellets given to different groups is given in Table 1. Kids had unlimited access to clean water and were fed fresh maize fodder. The mean of two consecutive morning weighings prior to feeding and watering was used to record body weights every two weeks during the trial. An electronic scale was used to determine the Kid’s body weight. DMI (g/day) was calculated by subtracting morning denial from the considered amounts of pellets and green feed provided.

    Table 1: Composition of pellets given to different groups.


     
    Pellet formulation
     
    The dried biomass, containing 15-18% moisture, was thoroughly mixed with other feed ingredients. After mixing, the mixture was passed into the flat die pellet machine (KL-150/ZLSP-150 ) which has 3-4 kW (4-5 HP). This was followed by the conditioning chamber, where an optimal temperature of about 190°F was maintained for pellet production. The speed control device ensured that the pelleting device operated at a desirable speed, which ranged from 125 to 500 RPM and production capacity of approximately 80-100 kg h-1. The pelleting device had an 8 mm die to produce pellets of the desired diameter and length (6-8 mm). The resulting pellets had a temperature of around 90°F and moisture content between 17-18%. For proper storage and handling, it is essential to decrease the moisture content of the pellets to 10-12% and their temperature to approximately 15°F above atmospheric temperature. 
     
    Proximate analysis of the feed
     
    The feedstuff, residues and faecal sample were dried to a consistent weight at 100°C for 24 hours in a hot air oven. After determining the moisture level, the samples were pulverized and chemically analyzed for EE, crude fiber, AIA and CP (AOAC, 2016). Van Soest et al. (1991) devised a method for estimating the fibre fraction, namely ADF and  NDF. Table 2 signifies the nutritional makeup of the diets and feed additives.

    Table 2: Chemical composition of the feed and feed ingredients (%DM basis).


     
    Collection of blood samples
     
    All kids were gathered to collect blood samples from their jugular veins  in the morning (before feeding) to get at the start (0 days) and then every 30 days after that. For 15 to 20 minutes collected blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm, the serum was separated and kept in plastic Eppendorf vials in a refrigerated (-20°C) for the study of different serum constituents. For the haematological analysis, With 1 mg ml-1 range  EDTA was added in a 2 ml vial.
     
    Blood-biochemical constituents
     
    Automatic blood analyser was used to quantify the Hb, TEC, TLC and haematocrit values  after blood collection . Diagnostic kits were used for Haemo-biochemical parameters estimation with  Recombigen Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Serum glucose was determined by reagent kit based on the Glucose-oxidase method (Trinder, 1969). Total protein was done by a total protein liquid reagent kit, which is based on the Biuret method (Gornall et al., 1949). Albumin was estimated by total albumin liquid reagent kit, depending on the BCG (Bromocresol-green) method described by Doumas et al. (1971). For total cholesterol in serum CHOD-POD method was used. GPO-POD method for total triglyceride estimation in samples. Reagent kit based on IFCC method used for serum SGOT and SGPT estimation. OCPC method and phosphomolybdate UV method respectively were done for analyses of the serum minerals viz. calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P).
     
    Faecal consistency score
     
    This score was given by Pedersen and Toft (2011) in which scores ranged from soft but formed faeces to slightly loose faeces, with lower values indicating firmer and more stable faecal consistency.
     
    Morbidity and mortality instances
     
    Throughout the duration of the experiment, occurrences of diseases, disorders, or mortality within specific experimental groups were documented. If any animals fell ill, they were segregated from the healthy ones and received treatment at the veterinary unit of LRC, ICAR-NDRI.
     
    Statistical analysis
     
    Statistical analyses were done using SPSS v27 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), with p≤0.05 considered significant (Salcedo and McCormick, 2020). Duncan’s multiple range test used for  group means ranking.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Nutrient composition of the feed and feedstuff
     
    Chemical analysis of the feed and feed components is shown in Table 2. The pellets’ dry matter content slightly increased as more moringa and chaya were added, but the organic matter content was the same for all treatments. T2 pellets had a greater ether extract concentration. As is frequently noted for diets based on tree leaves, the structural part from chaya and moringa leaves may have contributed to the somewhat greater ADF and NDF concentrations seen in enrichedpellets (Van Soest et al., 1991).
           
    Dry matter intake showing in Table 3. which grew gradually over the course of the trial and was greatly impacted by dietary interventions. Kids who were given mixed pellets of moringa and chaya had greater (P<0.05) DMI than the control group. T2 had the greatest intake (458.18±8.98 g/day), followed by T1 (426.52±8.14) and T0 (409.09±6.5). Better palatability and improved nutrient balance of the chaya and moringa mixed pellet diets may have improved DMI in T1 and T2 groups  which enhance rumen fermentation efficiency and rate of digesta passage (Totakul et al., 2021). Aregheore (2002) and Moyo et al., (2011) showed high Dry Matter Intake in goats fed moringa-based diets, reason being the effect of improved palatability and better nutrient composition. Similar results were reported by Asaolu et al., (2012), while Tona et al., (2014) noted increased total DMI with higher inclusion of moringa leaf meal. No change in DMI seen by Damor et al., (2017)  when moringa replaced concentrate mixture, this study suggests that combining chaya and moringa produced a more balanced and digestible nutrient profile, increasing acceptability and intake.

    Table 3: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on the dry matter intake (g/day/kid).


           
    Table 4 depicts the fortnightly body weight gain of Barbari kids. It showed remarkable differences (P<0.05). Barbari Kid’s fortnightly body weight gain revealed considerable differences (P<0.05) between treatments, with T2 having the highest overall average body weight (10.01 kg), than T1 (9.35 kg) and T0 (9.25 kg), suggesting a favourable reaction to supplementation with mixed pellets of moringa and chaya. Aregheore (2002) showed differences in live body weight gains in goats receiving a 20% moringa diet, this study also coroborate with other results showing the beneficial effects of moringa supplementation on growth in goat kids as, while differential  growth when moringa replaced sunflower seed cake at divergent inclusion levels observed by (Sarwatt et al., 2002). Moyo et al., (2011); Tona et al., (2014); Babiker et al., (2017); Damor et al., (2017) got similar developments. Furthermore, Ali (2018) and Ahmed and Shaarawy (2019) demonstrated that little replacement of usual protein sources with moringa meal either sustained or increased growth in goats. Replacing 75% of concentrate with chaya meal showed no detrimental effect on dry matter intake (Kumar et al., 2010), while Singh et al., (2013) observed that substituting 50% of crude protein with chaya kept up normal weight gain, though higher replacement levels showed reduced performance. The mutual benefits of the variable components of chaya and moringa responsible for the increased growth seen in the T2 class. These substances probably improved fibre decomposition, increased rumen microbial activity and promoted more effective nutrient absorption.

    Table 4: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on the body weight (Kg) of barbari kids.


     
    Haematological and biochemical parameters
     
    Hb, TEC, TLC and platelet counts were drastically affected (p<0.05) across groups (Table 5). The higher Hb levels observed in T1 and T2 might be due to the rich iron, essential amino acids, provitamin A and antioxidant content of Moringa and Chaya leaves, which promote red blood cell formation. This is in line with Meel et al., (2018), who also reported more Hb in Moringa-supplemented Sirohi kids. Similarly, the gradual rise in TEC, particularly in T2, could be attributed to the presence of iron, folates, β-carotene, vitamins and antioxidants that enhance erythropoiesis and protect red blood cells from oxidative damage. Zaher et al. (2020) reported comparable increases in RBC and Hb with moderate Moringa inclusion, supporting the present findings. The TLC values remained within normal limits, consistent with Meel et al., (2018) and Damor et al., (2017), indicating no adverse immune response. The increase in PCV in supplemented groups further supports improved erythropoietic activity, likely due to the nutrient-rich and antioxidant properties of the leaves. Similar findings were reported by Meel et al., (2018).

    Table 5: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on haematology of barbari kids.


           
    All serum biochemical parameters are presented in Table 6. Serum glucose was increasingly (p < 0.05) less in T1 and T2 than T0. This decline with increasing Moringa-Chaya supplementation may be due to the presence of hypoglycemic phytochemicals (flavonoids, phenolics and isothiocyanates), along with improved glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. Similar trends were showed by Meel et al., (2018) and Zaher et al., (2020). Total protein showed a consistent increase with higher supplementation levels, likely reflecting the high-quality protein, better digestibility and enhanced metabolic efficiency of Moringa and Chaya, which support liver protein synthesis. This agrees with findings of Babeker et al., (2015); Meel et al., (2018); Damor et al., (2017); Kholif et al., (2017). Albumin levels also high in T1 and T2, further indicating improved protein metabolism, consistent with earlier reports. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced in supplemented groups. Similar reductions have been done by Babeker et al., (2015) and Kholif et al., (2017). SGOT and SGPT levels did not show vast differences (p>0.05) among groups, suggesting no adverse effect on liver function, in line with Srivastava et al. (2018). Serum calcium and phosphorus levels showed significant improvement with supplementation, supporting better mineral status. These findings matches with Damor et al., (2017) for calcium and Zaher et al., (2020) for phosphorus.

    Table 6: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on biochemical parameters of barbari kids.


           
    Overall, all haematological parameters remained within normal physiological ranges (Barakat et al., 1967), suggesting that supplementation had beneficial effects without causing any health stress.
     
    Faecal consistency score
     
    The fortnightly faecal consistency scores of kids fed diets supplemented with Moringa and chaya pellets are shown in Table 7. A clear improvement in faecal consistency was observed with more levels of Moringa and Chaya supplementation. There was remarkable decrease in the FCS in T2 and T1 than T0.

    Table 7: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on faecal consistency score of barbari kids.


           
    The considerably (P<0.05) lower scores in T1 and T2 indicate that supplementation improved faecal firmness. The similarity between T1 and T2 suggests that even moderate inclusion of Moringa and chaya mixture positively affects stool consistency (Gao et al., 2023).
     
    Mortality and morbidity
     
    Morbidity and mortality indices of Barbari kids are presented in Table 8. The control group showed 3 affections of diarrhoea, while the two in T1 and one in T2 group. Two mortality were documented within the control group, whereas no instances of mortality were observed in the treatment groups. It is plausible that reduced mortality may be linked to improved immune responsiveness, antioxidant defence mechanisms and possibly a direct anthelmintic effect of M. oleifera phytochemicals, which have been reported to reduce parasite fecundity and establishment (Hoste et al., 2006) also the beneficial properties of chaya contributed to enhanced health in these groups by boosting their immune systems. Consequently, the overall morbidity rates were 37.5% in the T0 group, 25% in the T1 group and 12.5% in T2 groups. Similarly, the mortality rate was more pronounced in the control group (25%) in comparison to the treatment groups, which experienced no instances of mortality.

    Table 8: Effect of moringa and chaya mixed pellets on morbidity and mortality of barbari kids.

    CONCLUSION

    After conduction of experiment it was infered that when moringa and chaya mixed pellets were added to Barbari Kid’s diet at 8% and 12%, their body parameters, haemo-biochemical and health indices all improved. Consequently, it is determined that adding moringa and chaya to pellet feed at 8% and 12% inclusion levels will boost goat productivity and maintain the animals’ health.

    AKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The current experiment was endorsed by NDRI, Karnal.
     
    Disclaimers
     
    The opinions and inferences presented in this research are those of the authors and do not connote the ideas or policies of their affiliated institutions. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information, the authors assume no responsibility or liability for any direct or indirect consequences arising from the use or interpretation of the content.
     
    Informed consent
     
    The University of Animal Care Committee authorized all Animal Care and Handling methods and the Committee of Experimental Animal Care approved all animal procedures for experiments.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors confirm that they have no conflicts of interest related to this publication. The work was carried out without any financial support or sponsorship and no external funding influenced the study design, data collection, data analysis, manuscript preparation, or the decision to publish.

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