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Full Research Article

Effect of Sesbania aculeata and Crotalaria juncea Hay Incorporated Total Mixed Rations on Post-weaning Growth and Carcass Traits of Mecheri Lambs

D
D. Santhiya1
N
N. Bharathy2,*
D
D. Anandha Prakash Singh1
P
P. Vasanthakumar3
1Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal-637 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Salem-636 112, Tamil Nadu, India.
3Department of Animal Nutrition Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal-637 002, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: The availability and high cost of conventional concentrate feeds are major constraints to improving sheep fattening efficiency. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding total mixed ration (TMR) incorporating dried legume fodders, dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), on the production performance, carcass characteristics and economics of Mecheri lambs.

Methods: A 120 days feeding trial was conducted using 24 weaned lambs (3 to 4 months old), randomly allotted to four groups of six animals each (three males and three females). The control group (T1) received a TMR with 20% dried hedge lucerne, while T2, T3 and T4 were fed TMRs containing 20% dried dhaincha, 20% dried sunnhemp and a combination of 10% dried dhaincha + 10% dried sunnhemp, respectively. Iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were fed ad libitum, with fortnightly adjustments based on body weight.

Result: Growth performance and feed efficiency did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among treatments, although T2 recorded numerically higher body weight. Cumulative dry matter intake was highest (P<0.01) in T1, while all lambs maintained normal physiological and biochemical profiles. Carcass traits were comparable across treatments, with T2 showing the highest pre-slaughter and hot carcass weights and T4 exhibiting superior loin eye area and sensory attributes. Economic analysis indicated that incorporation of dhaincha and sunnhemp in TMRs improved profitability, with T2 yielding the highest net income per animal (Rs. 1,900.87), lowest feed cost per kg gain (Rs. 151.09) and a favourable benefit cost ratio (1.278). Overall, incorporating dried dhaincha and dried sunnhemp at 20 per cent in total mixed ration can be recommended as sustainable and cost effective alternatives to conventional leguminous forages for intensive lamb production systems.

INTRODUCTION

Sheep are one of the most important ruminant species for small and marginal farmers, as well as landless labourers, in India. Sheep contribute 10.51 per cent of India’s total meat production. However, despite the rising demand for sheep meat, the per capita availability remains at 7.39 kg, which is well below the recommended 11 kg per year (BAHS, 2024). Therefore, improving sheep production is crucial not only to meet the growing consumer demand for meat but also to enhance the rural livelihoods of sheep rearing farmers. Incorporation of non-conventional fodder resources into feeding systems can help overcome nutritional constraints. Sesbania aculeata (dhaincha) and Crotalaria juncea (sunnhemp) are fast growing tropical legumes capable of thriving under adverse agro-climatic conditions such as drought, water logging and salinity (Rathika et al., 2024). These legumes produce protein rich and highly digestible green biomass, can be cultivated on marginal lands with minimal inputs and improve soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation.
       
The total mixed ration (TMR) feeding system facilitates efficient utilization of such fodders by minimizing selective feeding and ensuring balanced nutrient intake. Inclusion of dhaincha and sunnhemp in TMRs enables partial replacement of costly concentrates without compromising dietary balance. However, limited information is available on the nutritive value of these fodders and their effects on growth performance and carcass traits of fattening lambs. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dhaincha and sunnhemp based TMs on production performance, carcass characteristics and cost effectiveness of Mecheri lambs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental location
 
The present experiment was carried out from March to July 2025 (4 months) in the Livestock Farm Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India (78°9’41.11’’E, 11°9’41’’N). The mean maximum temperature was observed from 36.81° to 34.89°C during the experiment period.
 
Experimental procedure
 
A total of 24 weaned lambs, (3 to 4 months of age) were allotted to four dietary treatments each consisting of six lambs (three males and three females) to evaluate the performance of Total Mixed Rations containing 20 per cent dried hedge lucerne (T1, control), 20 per cent dried dhaincha (T2), 20 per cent dried sunnhemp (T3) and a combination of 10 per cent dried dhaincha + 10 per cent dried sunnhemp (T4). The remaining ingredients (10 per cent sorghum and 10 per cent kolukattai hay) were adjusted to maintain iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets across all groups. Animals had ad libitum access to their respective TMRs, with feed quantities adjusted fortnightly according to individual body weights to ensure regular nutrient intake relative to growth. All four groups were reared under an intensive system for a period of four months (from 4 to 8 months of age) under uniform management conditions. Experimental feed was formulated with iso-caloric energy diets (Table 1 and 2) fed to the lambs belonging to four treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for all treatment groups during the experimental period. Standard management and health care practices were followed uniformly for all the four treatment groups.

Table 1: Feed ingredients composition (%) of experimental diets.



Table 2: Nutritional composition (%) of experimental TMR feed.


 
Growth performance
 
All the lambs were tethered individually in the morning before feeding so that the daily feed consumption and leftover of each animal could be measured accurately. The individual body weight of lambs was recorded at the beginning of the experiment and subsequently at 15 day intervals in the morning hours before feeding and watering. Fortnightly feed intake was recorded and feed efficiency was also derived for each treatment group. Fortnightly body weight gain was plotted against the corresponding feed efficiency to arrive at the coordinates to identify the best economic traits.

Carcass characteristics
 
At the end of the growth trial four lambs (two males and two females) from each group were slaughtered at the Department of Livestock Products Technology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal. Slaughter of animals was done by ‘Halal’ method. Animals were not given feed for 12 h before the slaughter but had free access to water. Animals were weighed using electronic digital balance before slaughter. The carcass was hoisted on a moving overhead rail. Flaying was done and skin was weighed. At this point of time, carcass length (length in centimetres from point of the itch bone to the point of shoulder, when the carcass was in its normal hanging position) was measured and then evisceration was done. The carcass traits viz., hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, loin eye area, carcass length, the weight of edible and inedible offals and wholesale cuts were recorded. The carcasses were split into different wholesale cuts viz., neck, shoulders and fore shank, ribs and rack, loin and legs using meat and bone cutting instrument. The respective portions were weighed. The loin eye area was measured as per the procedure of Das and Rajkumar (2010). Weight of all edible organs (liver, heart, testicles, kidney and spleen) and inedible offals (blood, skin, head, feet, stomach and intestine full, stomach and intestine empty, lungs and trachea) were recorded.
 
Sensory characteristics
 
The Longissimus dorsi muscle was cut into cubes of 1.0 cm in required numbers and cooked at 15 lbs pressure for 15 minutes time. Once after the meat was cooked properly, the meat samples were served to faculty of Livestock Products Technology (Meat science), Namakkal with a score card of nine point descending scale to assess the flavour, juiciness and tenderness. Finally, the overall acceptability was assessed by calculating the average of the flavour, juiciness and tenderness given by the taste panel members.
 
Data analysis
 
Data collected from various parameters were subjected to analysis of variance procedures appropriate for a completely randomized design using the SPSS software (version 27.0). The data collected were analysed statistically (One way ANOVA) as per Snedecor and Cochran (1996).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth performance of mecheri lambs
 
During the initial period (0-15 days), the body weight gain ranged from 0.95±0.04 kg in T4 to 1.12±0.13 kg in T1 (control), with no significant differences observed among the treatment groups. The overall weight gain during the 120 days experimental period was higher in T1 (11.82 kg) followed by T2 (11.43 kg), T3 (11.17 kg) and T4 (11.10 kg) experimental groups (Table 3). Statistical analysis revealed no significant (P>0.05) differences among the groups.

Table 3: Growth performance and cost effectiveness of Mecheri lambs fed with dhaincha and sunnhemp incorporated TMR (per animal basis).


       
Cumulative dry matter intake (DMI) over 120 days showed significant (P<0.01) treatment effects, with T1 recording the highest intake (103.07±1.22 kg) compared to T2 (95.58±1.08 kg), T3 (96.24±1.06 kg) and T4 (95.08± 1.07 kg).
       
The overall feed efficiency during the 120th day experimental period averaged 9.22±0.42, 9.11±0.45, 9.18 ±0.38 and 9.14±0.38 for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively (Table 3). There was no significant (P>0.05) difference observed among the treatment groups from 0-120 days of trial period. Thus, incorporation of dhaincha and sunnhemp in TMR diets had no adverse impact on the feed efficiency of Mecheri lambs when compared with the control.
 
Economic coordinates
 
Feeding Mecheri lambs with dhaincha and sunnhemp incorporated TMRs was economically efficient without affecting performance. Total expenditure peer animal ranged from Rs. 6767.24 (T4) to Rs. 6936.90 (T1) and total receipts per animal from Rs. 8614.15 (T4) to Rs. 8728.02 (T2). The highest net income per animal was recorded in T2 (Rs. 1,900.87), a 7.8 per cent increase over control (T1; Rs. 1,763.38). Feed cost per kg gain was lowest in T2 (Rs. 151.09) and all treatments showed favourable BCR values (1.254-1.278), confirming improved profitability and feed utilization efficiency (Table 3).
 
Carcass characteristics
 
At eight months of age, four lambs per treatment were slaughtered to assess carcass traits. Feeding dhaincha and sunnhemp incorporated TMRs had minimal effect on carcass yield but improved certain meat quality parameters (Table 4). The highest pre-slaughter and hot carcass weights were recorded in T2 (30.70±0.10 and 16.60±0.20 kg), with dressing percentage ranging from 53.24 to 54.07 per cent. Loin eye area was highest in T4 (23.48±1.28 cm2). The edible offals, liver (P<0.05) and spleen (P<0.01) percentages varied significantly, with T4 showing the greatest liver yield (1.83±0.07 per cent) and T2 the highest omental fat (1.67±0.14 per cent). Sensory evaluation revealed significantly higher (P<0.05) overall acceptability in T4 (7.75±0.02), indicating superior palatability (Table 4).

Table 4: Carcass characteristics of Mecheri lambs fed with dhaincha and sunnhemp incorporated TMR.


       
The growth performance of post-weaned Mecheri lambs fed total mixed rations (TMR) containing dhaincha, sunnhemp and hedge lucerne over a 120 days period showed a steady increase in body weight across all treatment groups, with no significant differences among them. Initial body weights were comparable (14.53-14.80 kg) and total gains were highest in T1 (11.82 kg), followed by T2 (11.43 kg), T3 (11.17 kg) and T4 (11.10 kg), indicating that dhaincha and sunnhemp based diets supported growth comparable to hedge lucerne. These findings agree with earlier reports: Hashmat  (1985) observed 7.98 kg gain in Teddy goats; Fernandes (2004) reported 6.74 kg in Osmanabadi goats; and Salem et al., (2022) recorded 25.50 kg in sheep fed dhaincha. Sunnhemp responses varied Chandrasekharaiah et al., (1996) reported 10.3 kg gain in Nellore lambs, Rachel et al., (2017) found reduced gains (-3.17 kg) in Tellicherry kids. Hedge lucerne and lucerne generally produced superior growth, as shown by Malisetty et al., (2013) in Nellore lambs (10.15 kg) and Aoetpah et al., (2024) in Boer kids (9.6 kg). Overall, dhaincha and sunnhemp effectively supported growth throughout the experimental phases, with dhaincha showing consistent performance and sunnhemp compensating in later stages. Their combined inclusion yielded results comparable to individual legumes. Thus, inclusion of dhaincha and sunnhemp at 20% of TMR can sustain productive growth in Mecheri lambs, serving as cost-effective, locally available and nutritionally adequate alternatives to hedge lucerne under tropical conditions.
       
The study evaluated dhaincha and sunnhemp as alternative protein-rich forages to hedge lucerne in the TMR of Mecheri lambs. From 30 days onward, the hedge lucerne group (T1) showed higher intake (17.18 kg) compared to dhaincha (T2: 15.93 kg), sunnhemp (T3: 16.04 kg) and the dhaincha + sunnhemp mix (T4: 15.85 kg). The 7-8% higher DMI in T1 may be attributed to improved palatability, optimal fibre level and reduced anti-nutritional factors. Similar trends were reported by Sonawane et al., (2019) and Malisetty et al., (2013), who observed higher intake for hedge lucerne and Lucerne fed animals. Dhaincha based diets typically show slightly reduced intake due to secondary metabolites like tannins, saponins and phenolic compounds. (Worku et al., 2015; Tekliye et al., 2018; Farghaly et al., 2022). The DMI of dhaincha fed lambs (796 g/day) in this study confirms acceptable voluntary intake when included in a balanced TMR. Sunnhemp fed lambs (T3) showed a cumulative DMI of 16.04 kg (802 g/day), comparable to dhaincha fed groups and consistent with reports by Reddy et al., (2011) and Rachel et al., (2017), who recorded 3.9-4.1% of body weight intake in small ruminants. Earlier studies by Mohan et al., (1984) reported variable intake (592.91 g and 64.6 g, respectively), reflecting differences in forage maturity and inclusion levels. The slightly lower early DMI (7-8% below hedge lucerne) likely reflects slower adaptation rather than poor palatability. Overall, dhaincha and sunnhemp effectively replaced hedge lucerne with < 8% difference in DMI, confirming acceptable intake (Mohamed et al., 2022; Salem et al., 2022).
       
Feed efficiency (FE) remained comparable across treatments, indicating no adverse effects of dhaincha or sunnhemp inclusion. Final values of FE were 9.22, 9.11, 9.18 and 9.14 for T1 to T4, respectively. These results align with Sivaramakrishna et al., (2021) and Malisetty et al., (2013) for Lucerne fed lambs. Dhaincha based diets showed FE (9.11) comparable to findings by Ibrahim et al., (2012) and Salem et al., (2022), while sunnhemp diets (9.18) matched earlier ranges (Chandrasekharaiah et al., 1996; Rachel et al., 2017). Overall, dhaincha and sunnhemp based TMRs supported feed efficiency and intake similar to hedge lucerne, demonstrating their suitability as cost effective, protein-rich alternatives for Mecheri lambs under tropical conditions.
       
Feed cost per kg gain was lowest in T2 (Rs. 151.09) compared to control (Rs. 165.44). Net income per animal was highest in T2 (Rs. 1,900.87), indicating better cost efficiency. These findings align with Fernandes (2004), Rachel et al., (2017) and Salem et al., (2022), who reported reduced feed costs and improved returns with legume forages.
       
Mecheri lambs fed TMR containing dhaincha and sunnhemp showed comparable pre-slaughter weights, with T2 (dhaincha) recording the highest (30.70 kg) followed by T1 (control; 30.05 kg), T3 (28.90 kg) and T4 (28.95 kg). Although non-significant, dhaincha fed lambs demonstrated better growth and nutrient utilization. Similar positive effects of dhaincha on live weight were reported by Fernandes (2004), Worku et al., (2015) and Tekliye et al., (2018). Hot carcass weight followed a similar trend (T2: 16.60 kg > T1: 16.25 kg > T3: 15.75 kg > T4: 15.50 kg), indicating efficient protein utilization in dhaincha diets. Dressing percentage ranged from 53.24 (T1) to 54.07 (T2), with dhaincha showing a slight advantage. Carcass length ranged 69.50-73.50 cm, highest in T1, while loin eye area was greater in sunnhemp fed groups (T3: 22.83; T4: 23.48 cm2), suggesting improved muscle development. These results align with findings by Fernandes (2004), Farghaly et al., (2022) and Shaikh et al., (2023).
       
Proportions of wholesale cuts (legs > shoulder > breast > loin > neck) were uniform across treatments, confirming consistent carcass partitioning. Dhainch fed lambs showed marginally higher leg yield, reflecting improved hindquarter muscle deposition. Edible offals showed significant differences in liver, spleen and omental fat, with higher liver weight (1.83%) in T4 and omental fat (1.67%) in T2, indicating efficient protein metabolism. Inedible offals, including blood, skin and remained unaffected, showing that dhaincha and sunnhemp inclusion did not alter non carcass components.

Sensory evaluation revealed favourable scores across groups for appearance, flavour, juiciness and tenderness (7.55-7.78), with highest overall acceptability in T4 (7.75). Legume inclusion slightly enhanced flavour and juiciness consistent with Fernandes (2004) and Wood et al., (2008).

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that dried dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) can be incorporated at 20 per cent level in total mixed rations for post weaned Mecheri lambs without adversely affecting growth performance, feed efficiency or carcass characteristics. Economic evaluation revealed that dhaincha based TMR yielded the lowest feed cost per kg gain and highest net income. Overall, dried dhaincha and sunnhemp can be recommended as cost-effective, sustainable and locally available alternatives to conventional leguminous fodders for intensive lamb production systems under tropical conditions. Future studies may focus on optimizing inclusion levels, long-term reproductive performance, methane mitigation potential and large-scale field validation to strengthen adoption under diverse production systems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The present study was supported by Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
 
Author’s contribution
 
SD: Investigation, data generation and preparation of the original draft; NB: Conception and design, the acquisition of data and critically revising the manuscript; VP: Contribution to data analysis and Critically revising the manuscript; APS: Critically revising the manuscript.
 
Disclaimers
 
The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.
 
Informed consent
 
The procedures in this study were approved (No: 11/VCR-NKL/2025) by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, TANUVAS, Tamil Nadu.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

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    Full Research Article

    Effect of Sesbania aculeata and Crotalaria juncea Hay Incorporated Total Mixed Rations on Post-weaning Growth and Carcass Traits of Mecheri Lambs

    D
    D. Santhiya1
    N
    N. Bharathy2,*
    D
    D. Anandha Prakash Singh1
    P
    P. Vasanthakumar3
    1Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal-637 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
    2Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Salem-636 112, Tamil Nadu, India.
    3Department of Animal Nutrition Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal-637 002, Tamil Nadu, India.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: The availability and high cost of conventional concentrate feeds are major constraints to improving sheep fattening efficiency. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding total mixed ration (TMR) incorporating dried legume fodders, dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), on the production performance, carcass characteristics and economics of Mecheri lambs.

    Methods: A 120 days feeding trial was conducted using 24 weaned lambs (3 to 4 months old), randomly allotted to four groups of six animals each (three males and three females). The control group (T1) received a TMR with 20% dried hedge lucerne, while T2, T3 and T4 were fed TMRs containing 20% dried dhaincha, 20% dried sunnhemp and a combination of 10% dried dhaincha + 10% dried sunnhemp, respectively. Iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were fed ad libitum, with fortnightly adjustments based on body weight.

    Result: Growth performance and feed efficiency did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among treatments, although T2 recorded numerically higher body weight. Cumulative dry matter intake was highest (P<0.01) in T1, while all lambs maintained normal physiological and biochemical profiles. Carcass traits were comparable across treatments, with T2 showing the highest pre-slaughter and hot carcass weights and T4 exhibiting superior loin eye area and sensory attributes. Economic analysis indicated that incorporation of dhaincha and sunnhemp in TMRs improved profitability, with T2 yielding the highest net income per animal (Rs. 1,900.87), lowest feed cost per kg gain (Rs. 151.09) and a favourable benefit cost ratio (1.278). Overall, incorporating dried dhaincha and dried sunnhemp at 20 per cent in total mixed ration can be recommended as sustainable and cost effective alternatives to conventional leguminous forages for intensive lamb production systems.

    INTRODUCTION

    Sheep are one of the most important ruminant species for small and marginal farmers, as well as landless labourers, in India. Sheep contribute 10.51 per cent of India’s total meat production. However, despite the rising demand for sheep meat, the per capita availability remains at 7.39 kg, which is well below the recommended 11 kg per year (BAHS, 2024). Therefore, improving sheep production is crucial not only to meet the growing consumer demand for meat but also to enhance the rural livelihoods of sheep rearing farmers. Incorporation of non-conventional fodder resources into feeding systems can help overcome nutritional constraints. Sesbania aculeata (dhaincha) and Crotalaria juncea (sunnhemp) are fast growing tropical legumes capable of thriving under adverse agro-climatic conditions such as drought, water logging and salinity (Rathika et al., 2024). These legumes produce protein rich and highly digestible green biomass, can be cultivated on marginal lands with minimal inputs and improve soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation.
           
    The total mixed ration (TMR) feeding system facilitates efficient utilization of such fodders by minimizing selective feeding and ensuring balanced nutrient intake. Inclusion of dhaincha and sunnhemp in TMRs enables partial replacement of costly concentrates without compromising dietary balance. However, limited information is available on the nutritive value of these fodders and their effects on growth performance and carcass traits of fattening lambs. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dhaincha and sunnhemp based TMs on production performance, carcass characteristics and cost effectiveness of Mecheri lambs.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Experimental location
     
    The present experiment was carried out from March to July 2025 (4 months) in the Livestock Farm Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India (78°9’41.11’’E, 11°9’41’’N). The mean maximum temperature was observed from 36.81° to 34.89°C during the experiment period.
     
    Experimental procedure
     
    A total of 24 weaned lambs, (3 to 4 months of age) were allotted to four dietary treatments each consisting of six lambs (three males and three females) to evaluate the performance of Total Mixed Rations containing 20 per cent dried hedge lucerne (T1, control), 20 per cent dried dhaincha (T2), 20 per cent dried sunnhemp (T3) and a combination of 10 per cent dried dhaincha + 10 per cent dried sunnhemp (T4). The remaining ingredients (10 per cent sorghum and 10 per cent kolukattai hay) were adjusted to maintain iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets across all groups. Animals had ad libitum access to their respective TMRs, with feed quantities adjusted fortnightly according to individual body weights to ensure regular nutrient intake relative to growth. All four groups were reared under an intensive system for a period of four months (from 4 to 8 months of age) under uniform management conditions. Experimental feed was formulated with iso-caloric energy diets (Table 1 and 2) fed to the lambs belonging to four treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for all treatment groups during the experimental period. Standard management and health care practices were followed uniformly for all the four treatment groups.

    Table 1: Feed ingredients composition (%) of experimental diets.



    Table 2: Nutritional composition (%) of experimental TMR feed.


     
    Growth performance
     
    All the lambs were tethered individually in the morning before feeding so that the daily feed consumption and leftover of each animal could be measured accurately. The individual body weight of lambs was recorded at the beginning of the experiment and subsequently at 15 day intervals in the morning hours before feeding and watering. Fortnightly feed intake was recorded and feed efficiency was also derived for each treatment group. Fortnightly body weight gain was plotted against the corresponding feed efficiency to arrive at the coordinates to identify the best economic traits.

    Carcass characteristics
     
    At the end of the growth trial four lambs (two males and two females) from each group were slaughtered at the Department of Livestock Products Technology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal. Slaughter of animals was done by ‘Halal’ method. Animals were not given feed for 12 h before the slaughter but had free access to water. Animals were weighed using electronic digital balance before slaughter. The carcass was hoisted on a moving overhead rail. Flaying was done and skin was weighed. At this point of time, carcass length (length in centimetres from point of the itch bone to the point of shoulder, when the carcass was in its normal hanging position) was measured and then evisceration was done. The carcass traits viz., hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, loin eye area, carcass length, the weight of edible and inedible offals and wholesale cuts were recorded. The carcasses were split into different wholesale cuts viz., neck, shoulders and fore shank, ribs and rack, loin and legs using meat and bone cutting instrument. The respective portions were weighed. The loin eye area was measured as per the procedure of Das and Rajkumar (2010). Weight of all edible organs (liver, heart, testicles, kidney and spleen) and inedible offals (blood, skin, head, feet, stomach and intestine full, stomach and intestine empty, lungs and trachea) were recorded.
     
    Sensory characteristics
     
    The Longissimus dorsi muscle was cut into cubes of 1.0 cm in required numbers and cooked at 15 lbs pressure for 15 minutes time. Once after the meat was cooked properly, the meat samples were served to faculty of Livestock Products Technology (Meat science), Namakkal with a score card of nine point descending scale to assess the flavour, juiciness and tenderness. Finally, the overall acceptability was assessed by calculating the average of the flavour, juiciness and tenderness given by the taste panel members.
     
    Data analysis
     
    Data collected from various parameters were subjected to analysis of variance procedures appropriate for a completely randomized design using the SPSS software (version 27.0). The data collected were analysed statistically (One way ANOVA) as per Snedecor and Cochran (1996).

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Growth performance of mecheri lambs
     
    During the initial period (0-15 days), the body weight gain ranged from 0.95±0.04 kg in T4 to 1.12±0.13 kg in T1 (control), with no significant differences observed among the treatment groups. The overall weight gain during the 120 days experimental period was higher in T1 (11.82 kg) followed by T2 (11.43 kg), T3 (11.17 kg) and T4 (11.10 kg) experimental groups (Table 3). Statistical analysis revealed no significant (P>0.05) differences among the groups.

    Table 3: Growth performance and cost effectiveness of Mecheri lambs fed with dhaincha and sunnhemp incorporated TMR (per animal basis).


           
    Cumulative dry matter intake (DMI) over 120 days showed significant (P<0.01) treatment effects, with T1 recording the highest intake (103.07±1.22 kg) compared to T2 (95.58±1.08 kg), T3 (96.24±1.06 kg) and T4 (95.08± 1.07 kg).
           
    The overall feed efficiency during the 120th day experimental period averaged 9.22±0.42, 9.11±0.45, 9.18 ±0.38 and 9.14±0.38 for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively (Table 3). There was no significant (P>0.05) difference observed among the treatment groups from 0-120 days of trial period. Thus, incorporation of dhaincha and sunnhemp in TMR diets had no adverse impact on the feed efficiency of Mecheri lambs when compared with the control.
     
    Economic coordinates
     
    Feeding Mecheri lambs with dhaincha and sunnhemp incorporated TMRs was economically efficient without affecting performance. Total expenditure peer animal ranged from Rs. 6767.24 (T4) to Rs. 6936.90 (T1) and total receipts per animal from Rs. 8614.15 (T4) to Rs. 8728.02 (T2). The highest net income per animal was recorded in T2 (Rs. 1,900.87), a 7.8 per cent increase over control (T1; Rs. 1,763.38). Feed cost per kg gain was lowest in T2 (Rs. 151.09) and all treatments showed favourable BCR values (1.254-1.278), confirming improved profitability and feed utilization efficiency (Table 3).
     
    Carcass characteristics
     
    At eight months of age, four lambs per treatment were slaughtered to assess carcass traits. Feeding dhaincha and sunnhemp incorporated TMRs had minimal effect on carcass yield but improved certain meat quality parameters (Table 4). The highest pre-slaughter and hot carcass weights were recorded in T2 (30.70±0.10 and 16.60±0.20 kg), with dressing percentage ranging from 53.24 to 54.07 per cent. Loin eye area was highest in T4 (23.48±1.28 cm2). The edible offals, liver (P<0.05) and spleen (P<0.01) percentages varied significantly, with T4 showing the greatest liver yield (1.83±0.07 per cent) and T2 the highest omental fat (1.67±0.14 per cent). Sensory evaluation revealed significantly higher (P<0.05) overall acceptability in T4 (7.75±0.02), indicating superior palatability (Table 4).

    Table 4: Carcass characteristics of Mecheri lambs fed with dhaincha and sunnhemp incorporated TMR.


           
    The growth performance of post-weaned Mecheri lambs fed total mixed rations (TMR) containing dhaincha, sunnhemp and hedge lucerne over a 120 days period showed a steady increase in body weight across all treatment groups, with no significant differences among them. Initial body weights were comparable (14.53-14.80 kg) and total gains were highest in T1 (11.82 kg), followed by T2 (11.43 kg), T3 (11.17 kg) and T4 (11.10 kg), indicating that dhaincha and sunnhemp based diets supported growth comparable to hedge lucerne. These findings agree with earlier reports: Hashmat  (1985) observed 7.98 kg gain in Teddy goats; Fernandes (2004) reported 6.74 kg in Osmanabadi goats; and Salem et al., (2022) recorded 25.50 kg in sheep fed dhaincha. Sunnhemp responses varied Chandrasekharaiah et al., (1996) reported 10.3 kg gain in Nellore lambs, Rachel et al., (2017) found reduced gains (-3.17 kg) in Tellicherry kids. Hedge lucerne and lucerne generally produced superior growth, as shown by Malisetty et al., (2013) in Nellore lambs (10.15 kg) and Aoetpah et al., (2024) in Boer kids (9.6 kg). Overall, dhaincha and sunnhemp effectively supported growth throughout the experimental phases, with dhaincha showing consistent performance and sunnhemp compensating in later stages. Their combined inclusion yielded results comparable to individual legumes. Thus, inclusion of dhaincha and sunnhemp at 20% of TMR can sustain productive growth in Mecheri lambs, serving as cost-effective, locally available and nutritionally adequate alternatives to hedge lucerne under tropical conditions.
           
    The study evaluated dhaincha and sunnhemp as alternative protein-rich forages to hedge lucerne in the TMR of Mecheri lambs. From 30 days onward, the hedge lucerne group (T1) showed higher intake (17.18 kg) compared to dhaincha (T2: 15.93 kg), sunnhemp (T3: 16.04 kg) and the dhaincha + sunnhemp mix (T4: 15.85 kg). The 7-8% higher DMI in T1 may be attributed to improved palatability, optimal fibre level and reduced anti-nutritional factors. Similar trends were reported by Sonawane et al., (2019) and Malisetty et al., (2013), who observed higher intake for hedge lucerne and Lucerne fed animals. Dhaincha based diets typically show slightly reduced intake due to secondary metabolites like tannins, saponins and phenolic compounds. (Worku et al., 2015; Tekliye et al., 2018; Farghaly et al., 2022). The DMI of dhaincha fed lambs (796 g/day) in this study confirms acceptable voluntary intake when included in a balanced TMR. Sunnhemp fed lambs (T3) showed a cumulative DMI of 16.04 kg (802 g/day), comparable to dhaincha fed groups and consistent with reports by Reddy et al., (2011) and Rachel et al., (2017), who recorded 3.9-4.1% of body weight intake in small ruminants. Earlier studies by Mohan et al., (1984) reported variable intake (592.91 g and 64.6 g, respectively), reflecting differences in forage maturity and inclusion levels. The slightly lower early DMI (7-8% below hedge lucerne) likely reflects slower adaptation rather than poor palatability. Overall, dhaincha and sunnhemp effectively replaced hedge lucerne with < 8% difference in DMI, confirming acceptable intake (Mohamed et al., 2022; Salem et al., 2022).
           
    Feed efficiency (FE) remained comparable across treatments, indicating no adverse effects of dhaincha or sunnhemp inclusion. Final values of FE were 9.22, 9.11, 9.18 and 9.14 for T1 to T4, respectively. These results align with Sivaramakrishna et al., (2021) and Malisetty et al., (2013) for Lucerne fed lambs. Dhaincha based diets showed FE (9.11) comparable to findings by Ibrahim et al., (2012) and Salem et al., (2022), while sunnhemp diets (9.18) matched earlier ranges (Chandrasekharaiah et al., 1996; Rachel et al., 2017). Overall, dhaincha and sunnhemp based TMRs supported feed efficiency and intake similar to hedge lucerne, demonstrating their suitability as cost effective, protein-rich alternatives for Mecheri lambs under tropical conditions.
           
    Feed cost per kg gain was lowest in T2 (Rs. 151.09) compared to control (Rs. 165.44). Net income per animal was highest in T2 (Rs. 1,900.87), indicating better cost efficiency. These findings align with Fernandes (2004), Rachel et al., (2017) and Salem et al., (2022), who reported reduced feed costs and improved returns with legume forages.
           
    Mecheri lambs fed TMR containing dhaincha and sunnhemp showed comparable pre-slaughter weights, with T2 (dhaincha) recording the highest (30.70 kg) followed by T1 (control; 30.05 kg), T3 (28.90 kg) and T4 (28.95 kg). Although non-significant, dhaincha fed lambs demonstrated better growth and nutrient utilization. Similar positive effects of dhaincha on live weight were reported by Fernandes (2004), Worku et al., (2015) and Tekliye et al., (2018). Hot carcass weight followed a similar trend (T2: 16.60 kg > T1: 16.25 kg > T3: 15.75 kg > T4: 15.50 kg), indicating efficient protein utilization in dhaincha diets. Dressing percentage ranged from 53.24 (T1) to 54.07 (T2), with dhaincha showing a slight advantage. Carcass length ranged 69.50-73.50 cm, highest in T1, while loin eye area was greater in sunnhemp fed groups (T3: 22.83; T4: 23.48 cm2), suggesting improved muscle development. These results align with findings by Fernandes (2004), Farghaly et al., (2022) and Shaikh et al., (2023).
           
    Proportions of wholesale cuts (legs > shoulder > breast > loin > neck) were uniform across treatments, confirming consistent carcass partitioning. Dhainch fed lambs showed marginally higher leg yield, reflecting improved hindquarter muscle deposition. Edible offals showed significant differences in liver, spleen and omental fat, with higher liver weight (1.83%) in T4 and omental fat (1.67%) in T2, indicating efficient protein metabolism. Inedible offals, including blood, skin and remained unaffected, showing that dhaincha and sunnhemp inclusion did not alter non carcass components.

    Sensory evaluation revealed favourable scores across groups for appearance, flavour, juiciness and tenderness (7.55-7.78), with highest overall acceptability in T4 (7.75). Legume inclusion slightly enhanced flavour and juiciness consistent with Fernandes (2004) and Wood et al., (2008).

    CONCLUSION

    The present study demonstrated that dried dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) can be incorporated at 20 per cent level in total mixed rations for post weaned Mecheri lambs without adversely affecting growth performance, feed efficiency or carcass characteristics. Economic evaluation revealed that dhaincha based TMR yielded the lowest feed cost per kg gain and highest net income. Overall, dried dhaincha and sunnhemp can be recommended as cost-effective, sustainable and locally available alternatives to conventional leguminous fodders for intensive lamb production systems under tropical conditions. Future studies may focus on optimizing inclusion levels, long-term reproductive performance, methane mitigation potential and large-scale field validation to strengthen adoption under diverse production systems.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The present study was supported by Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
     
    Author’s contribution
     
    SD: Investigation, data generation and preparation of the original draft; NB: Conception and design, the acquisition of data and critically revising the manuscript; VP: Contribution to data analysis and Critically revising the manuscript; APS: Critically revising the manuscript.
     
    Disclaimers
     
    The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.
     
    Informed consent
     
    The procedures in this study were approved (No: 11/VCR-NKL/2025) by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, TANUVAS, Tamil Nadu.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

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