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Research Article

volume 54 issue 8 (august 2020) : 973-980,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3852

Influence of Dietary Vanadium Supplementation on Nutrient Utilisation, Growth Performance and Blood Biochemical Parameters in Sahiwal Calves

D
Digvijay Singh
C
Chander Datt
A
Akash Mishra
S
Swati Shivani
R
Ritika Gupta
V
Veena Mani
1Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 Haryana, India.
Cite article:- Singh Digvijay, Datt Chander, Mishra Akash, Shivani Swati, Gupta Ritika, Mani Veena (2019). Influence of Dietary Vanadium Supplementation on Nutrient Utilisation, Growth Performance and Blood Biochemical Parameters in Sahiwal Calves. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(8): 973-980. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3852.

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of dietary vanadium supplementation on feed intake, efficiency of nutrient utilization, growth performance, blood biochemical constituents and endocrine status in male Sahiwal calves. The vanadium concentration in some common feed ingredients was also estimated. Twenty male Sahiwal calves were randomly selected and divided on body weight (71±8.06 kg) and age (6±0.82 months) equalization into 4 different groups (n = 5). The treatments were given with 0, 2, 4 and 8 ppm of vanadium in GP-I, GP-II, GP-III and GP-IV, respectively for a duration of hundred and twenty days and subjected to analysis of variance in completely randomized design (CRD). Green fodder and deoiled seed cakes were found rich in vanadium content than grains and by-products. The dietary supplementation of vanadium did not affect the feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, average daily gain and feed efficiency. Plasma glucose level was increased (p <0.05) in GP-III and GP-1V without (p>0.05) affecting insulin level .The total protein, AST and ALT were unaffected by V supplementation. GP-IV showed higher (p <0.05) IGF-1 levels, whereas GP-III and GP-1V recorded higher (p < 0.05) ALP activity in comparison to GP-I (control) and GP-II. The level of triglycerides decreased in a dose dependent way, however, the cholesterol concentration showed a declining (p < 0.05) trend with the increasing vanadium concentration in the diet. It may be concluded that the dietary vanadium supplementation elicits the metabolic profile specially glucose and lipid metabolism of growing calves which in turn may have implications on further growth performance. 

REFERENCES

  1. Ali, W.S. (2012). Antihyperglycemic effect of chicory leaves and vanadium consumption on diabetic experimental rats. World Journal of Dairy & Food Science. 7: 167–173.
  2. Almedeida, M., Filipe, S., Hunianes, M., Mala, M, F., Melo, R., Severino, N., Silva, J, A., Frueesto, da Silva, J, J. and Wever, R. (2001). Vanadium haloperoxidases from brown algae of the Laminariaceae family. Phytochemistry Review. 57: 633–642.
  3. Anke, M. (2004). Vanadium - An element both essential and toxic to plants, animals and humans, Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia Journal. 70: 961–999.
  4. Anke, M., Groppel, B., Gruhn, K., Kosla, T. and Szilagyi, M. (1986). New research on vanadium deficiency in ruminants In: Proceedings 5th Spurenelement Symposium, Jena, Publ. University Jena, Germany, 1266–1275.
  5. Anke, M., Groppel, B., Kronemann, H. and Fuhrer, E. (1983). Influence of vanadium deficiency on growth, reproduction and life expectancy of goats. Mengen- und Spurenelemente. 3: 135–141.
  6. Anke, M., Illing-guether, H., Gurtler, H., Holzinger, S., Jaritz, M., Anke, S. and Schaffer, U. (2000). Vanadium- An Essential Element for Animals and Humans Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston. 10: 221–225.
  7. Anke, M., Illing-Günther, H. and Schäfer, U. (2005). Recent progress on essentiality of the ultratrace element vanadium in the nutrition of animal and man, Biomedical Ressearch Trace Elements. 16: 208–214.
  8. AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis (18th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washinton, D.C., USA.
  9. Balos, M.Z., Ljubojevic, D., Jaksic, S., Mihaljev, Z., PeliC, M., Petrovic, T. and Sefer, D. (2017). Vanadium in poultry nutrition.
  10. Barceloux DG. (1999). Vanadium, Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology. 37: 265–278.
  11. Bilèíková, J., Fialková, V., Kováèiková, E., Miškeje, M., Tombarkiewicz, B. and Kòažická, Z. (2018). Influence of transition metals on animal and human health: A Review. Contemporary Agriculture. 67(3-4): 187-195.
  12. Bonomi, A., Bonomi, B.M., Mazzotti, A., Vonghia, G. and Caputi Jambrenghi, A. (2003). Vanadium in light lamb feeding. Rivista di Scienza dell’Alimentazione, Italy. compounds, Diabetic Medicine. 22: 2–13.
  13. Brockman, R. P. and Laarveld, B. (1986). Hormonal regulation of metabolism in ruminants; a review. Livestock Production Science. 14(4): 313-334.
  14. Cortizo, A.M., Salice, V.C. and Etcheverry, S.B. (1994). Vanadium compounds: their action on alkaline phosphatase activity. Biological Trace Element Research. 41: 331–339.
  15. EFSA. (2010). Technical report on selected trace and ultratrace elements: Biological role, content in feed and requirements in animal nutrition-Elements for risk assessment.
  16. Frank, A., Madej, A., Galgan, V. and Petersson, L.R. (1996). Vanadium poisoning of cattle with basic slag. Concentrations in tissues from poisoned animals and from a reference, slaughter house material. Science Total Environment., 181: 73-92.
  17. Gurtler, H., Anke, M., Gleie, M., Illing-Guether, H. and Anke, S. (1999). Influence of vanadium deficiency on performance, health as well as blood and tissue parameters in goats In: PAIS J, ed. New Perspectives in the Research of Hardly Known Trace Elements, PAIS J, ed. Univ. Horticulture and Food Sci. Budapest, Hungary. pp. 84–91.
  18. Heidari, S.R., Ganjkhanlou, M., Zali, A., Ghorbani, G.R., Dehghan-Banadaky, M. and Hayirli, A. (2016). Effects of vanadium supplementation on performance and metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 216: 138–145.
  19. Henry, P.R., and Miles, R.D. (2001). Heavy metals - Vanadium in poultry. Ciência Animal Brasileira. 11: 11–26.
  20. Humbel, R.E. (1990). Insulin-like growth factors I and II. European Journal of Biochemistry. 190: 445–462.
  21. ICAR (2013). Nutrient Requirements of Cattle and Buffaloes. 3rd edn. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.
  22. Irons, R., Carlson, B. A., Hatfield, D. L. and Davis, C. D. (2006). Both selenoproteins and low molecular weight selenocompounds reduce colon cancer risk in mice with genetically impaired selenoprotein expression. The Journal of nutrition. 136(5): 1311-1317.
  23. Jeyapalan, A. S., Orellana, R. A., Suryawan, A., O’connor, P. M., Nguyen, H. V., Escobar, J. and Davis, T. A. (2007). Glucose stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs through an AMPK-and mTOR-independent process. American journal of physiology-Endocrinology and metabolism. 293(2): E595-E603.
  24. Kumar, M., Kaur, H., Tyagi, A., Mani, V., Deka, R.S., Chandra, G. and Sharma, V,K. (2013). Assessment of chromium content of feedstuffs, their estimated requirement and effects of dietary chromium supplementation on nutrient utilization, growth performance and mineral balance in summer-exposed buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Biological Trace Element Research. 155: 29–37.
  25. Kumar, R., Kewlaramani, N., Pal, R.P. and Mani, V. (2017). Vanadium supplementation vis-à-vis growth and nutrient utilization in Karan Fries calves. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 34: 169–172.
  26. Limma, F.R., Mendonça, Jr. C.X., Alvarez, J.C., Ratti, G., Lenhardo, S.L.R., Kahn, H. and Garzillo, J, M, F. (1995). Chemical and physical evalutions of commercial dicalcium phosphates as sources of phosphorus in animal nutrition. Poultry Science. 74: 1659–70. 
  27. Liu, Y., Xu, J., Guo, Y., Xue, Y., Wang, J. and Xue, C. (2015). Ameliorative effect of vanadyl (IV)-ascorbate complex on high-fat high-    sucrose diet-induced hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and oxidative stress in mice. Journal Trace Elements in Medical Biology. 32: 155–161.
  28. Maylor, E. A., Simpson, E. E., Secker, D. L., Meunier, N., Andriollo-Sanchez, M., Polito, A. and Coudray, C. (2006). Effects of zinc supplementation on cognitive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults: the ZENITH study. British Journal of Nutrition. 96(4): 752-760.
  29. McDowell, L. R. (2003). Minerals in animal and human nutrition (No. Ed. 2). Elsevier Science BV.
  30. Menon, A.S., Rau, M., Ramasarma, T. and Cranes, F.L. (1980). Vanadate inhibits mevalonate synthesis and activates NADH oxidation in microsomes. FEBS Letter. 114: 139–141.
  31. Nielsen, F. H. (2004). Dietary fat composition modifies the effect of boron on bone characteristics and plasma lipids in rats. Biofactors. 20(3): 161-171.
  32. Nielson, F.H., Uhrich, K.E., Shuler, T.R., Uthus, E.O. (1983). Influence of vanadium deprivation on hematopoiesis and other biochemical parameters in iron deprived and adequate rats. In 4: Spurenelement-Symposium. Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, East Germany. pp 127–134.
  33. Nordberg, G. F., Fowler, B. A. and Nordberg, M. (2015). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Academic press.
  34. Pal, R.P., Mani, V., Tripathi, D., Kumar, R. and Kewalramani, N.J. (2017). Influence of feeding inorganic vanadium on growth performance, endocrine variables and biomarkers of bone health in crossbred calves. Biological Trace Element Research. 22: 1–9.
  35. Pederson, R. A., Ramanadham, S., Buchan, A. M., and McNeill, J. H. (1989). Long-term effects of vanadyl treatment on streptozocin-    induced diabetes in rats. Diabetes. 38(11): 1390-1395.
  36. Plantanow, N. and Abbey, H.K. (1968). Toxicity of vanadium in calves. Veterinary Research. 82: 292-293.
  37. Puls, R. (1990). Mineral levels in animal health. Diagnostic data. Published by Sherpa International, Clearbrook, British Columbia, Canada, 
  38. Rayman, M. P. (2005). Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 64(4): 527-542.
  39. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical Methods. The Iowa State University Press, Iowa, USA.
  40. Spears, J.W. (2003). Trace mineral bioavailability in ruminants. Journal of Nutrition. 133: 1506S–1509S.
  41. Srivastava, A.K. and Mehdi, M.Z. (2004). Insulino mimetic and anti diabetic effects of vanadium compounds. Diabetes medicine. 22: 2–13. 
  42. Sullivan, T.W., Douglas, J.H. and Gonzalez, N.J. (1994). Levels of various elements of concern in feed phosphates of domestic and foreign origin. Poultry Science. 73: 520–28.
  43. Suttle, N.F. (2010). Occasionally Beneficial Elements. Mineral Nutrition of Livestock (4th edn). CABI International, Oxfordshire, UK, pp. 479–480.
  44. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74: 3583–3597.
  45. Zarqami, A., Ganjkhanlou, M., Zali, A., Rezayazdi, K. and Jolazadeh, A. R. (2018). Effects of vanadium supplementation on performance, some plasma metabolites and glucose metabolism in Mahabadi goat kids. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition.    102(2): e972-e977. 
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 8 (august 2020) : 973-980,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3852

    Influence of Dietary Vanadium Supplementation on Nutrient Utilisation, Growth Performance and Blood Biochemical Parameters in Sahiwal Calves

    D
    Digvijay Singh
    C
    Chander Datt
    A
    Akash Mishra
    S
    Swati Shivani
    R
    Ritika Gupta
    V
    Veena Mani
    1Animal Nutrition Division,&nbsp;ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 Haryana, India.
    Cite article:- Singh Digvijay, Datt Chander, Mishra Akash, Shivani Swati, Gupta Ritika, Mani Veena (2019). Influence of Dietary Vanadium Supplementation on Nutrient Utilisation, Growth Performance and Blood Biochemical Parameters in Sahiwal Calves. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(8): 973-980. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3852.

    ABSTRACT

    An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of dietary vanadium supplementation on feed intake, efficiency of nutrient utilization, growth performance, blood biochemical constituents and endocrine status in male Sahiwal calves. The vanadium concentration in some common feed ingredients was also estimated. Twenty male Sahiwal calves were randomly selected and divided on body weight (71±8.06 kg) and age (6±0.82 months) equalization into 4 different groups (n = 5). The treatments were given with 0, 2, 4 and 8 ppm of vanadium in GP-I, GP-II, GP-III and GP-IV, respectively for a duration of hundred and twenty days and subjected to analysis of variance in completely randomized design (CRD). Green fodder and deoiled seed cakes were found rich in vanadium content than grains and by-products. The dietary supplementation of vanadium did not affect the feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, average daily gain and feed efficiency. Plasma glucose level was increased (p <0.05) in GP-III and GP-1V without (p>0.05) affecting insulin level .The total protein, AST and ALT were unaffected by V supplementation. GP-IV showed higher (p <0.05) IGF-1 levels, whereas GP-III and GP-1V recorded higher (p < 0.05) ALP activity in comparison to GP-I (control) and GP-II. The level of triglycerides decreased in a dose dependent way, however, the cholesterol concentration showed a declining (p < 0.05) trend with the increasing vanadium concentration in the diet. It may be concluded that the dietary vanadium supplementation elicits the metabolic profile specially glucose and lipid metabolism of growing calves which in turn may have implications on further growth performance. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Ali, W.S. (2012). Antihyperglycemic effect of chicory leaves and vanadium consumption on diabetic experimental rats. World Journal of Dairy & Food Science. 7: 167–173.
    2. Almedeida, M., Filipe, S., Hunianes, M., Mala, M, F., Melo, R., Severino, N., Silva, J, A., Frueesto, da Silva, J, J. and Wever, R. (2001). Vanadium haloperoxidases from brown algae of the Laminariaceae family. Phytochemistry Review. 57: 633–642.
    3. Anke, M. (2004). Vanadium - An element both essential and toxic to plants, animals and humans, Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia Journal. 70: 961–999.
    4. Anke, M., Groppel, B., Gruhn, K., Kosla, T. and Szilagyi, M. (1986). New research on vanadium deficiency in ruminants In: Proceedings 5th Spurenelement Symposium, Jena, Publ. University Jena, Germany, 1266–1275.
    5. Anke, M., Groppel, B., Kronemann, H. and Fuhrer, E. (1983). Influence of vanadium deficiency on growth, reproduction and life expectancy of goats. Mengen- und Spurenelemente. 3: 135–141.
    6. Anke, M., Illing-guether, H., Gurtler, H., Holzinger, S., Jaritz, M., Anke, S. and Schaffer, U. (2000). Vanadium- An Essential Element for Animals and Humans Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston. 10: 221–225.
    7. Anke, M., Illing-Günther, H. and Schäfer, U. (2005). Recent progress on essentiality of the ultratrace element vanadium in the nutrition of animal and man, Biomedical Ressearch Trace Elements. 16: 208–214.
    8. AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis (18th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washinton, D.C., USA.
    9. Balos, M.Z., Ljubojevic, D., Jaksic, S., Mihaljev, Z., PeliC, M., Petrovic, T. and Sefer, D. (2017). Vanadium in poultry nutrition.
    10. Barceloux DG. (1999). Vanadium, Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology. 37: 265–278.
    11. Bilèíková, J., Fialková, V., Kováèiková, E., Miškeje, M., Tombarkiewicz, B. and Kòažická, Z. (2018). Influence of transition metals on animal and human health: A Review. Contemporary Agriculture. 67(3-4): 187-195.
    12. Bonomi, A., Bonomi, B.M., Mazzotti, A., Vonghia, G. and Caputi Jambrenghi, A. (2003). Vanadium in light lamb feeding. Rivista di Scienza dell’Alimentazione, Italy. compounds, Diabetic Medicine. 22: 2–13.
    13. Brockman, R. P. and Laarveld, B. (1986). Hormonal regulation of metabolism in ruminants; a review. Livestock Production Science. 14(4): 313-334.
    14. Cortizo, A.M., Salice, V.C. and Etcheverry, S.B. (1994). Vanadium compounds: their action on alkaline phosphatase activity. Biological Trace Element Research. 41: 331–339.
    15. EFSA. (2010). Technical report on selected trace and ultratrace elements: Biological role, content in feed and requirements in animal nutrition-Elements for risk assessment.
    16. Frank, A., Madej, A., Galgan, V. and Petersson, L.R. (1996). Vanadium poisoning of cattle with basic slag. Concentrations in tissues from poisoned animals and from a reference, slaughter house material. Science Total Environment., 181: 73-92.
    17. Gurtler, H., Anke, M., Gleie, M., Illing-Guether, H. and Anke, S. (1999). Influence of vanadium deficiency on performance, health as well as blood and tissue parameters in goats In: PAIS J, ed. New Perspectives in the Research of Hardly Known Trace Elements, PAIS J, ed. Univ. Horticulture and Food Sci. Budapest, Hungary. pp. 84–91.
    18. Heidari, S.R., Ganjkhanlou, M., Zali, A., Ghorbani, G.R., Dehghan-Banadaky, M. and Hayirli, A. (2016). Effects of vanadium supplementation on performance and metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 216: 138–145.
    19. Henry, P.R., and Miles, R.D. (2001). Heavy metals - Vanadium in poultry. Ciência Animal Brasileira. 11: 11–26.
    20. Humbel, R.E. (1990). Insulin-like growth factors I and II. European Journal of Biochemistry. 190: 445–462.
    21. ICAR (2013). Nutrient Requirements of Cattle and Buffaloes. 3rd edn. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.
    22. Irons, R., Carlson, B. A., Hatfield, D. L. and Davis, C. D. (2006). Both selenoproteins and low molecular weight selenocompounds reduce colon cancer risk in mice with genetically impaired selenoprotein expression. The Journal of nutrition. 136(5): 1311-1317.
    23. Jeyapalan, A. S., Orellana, R. A., Suryawan, A., O’connor, P. M., Nguyen, H. V., Escobar, J. and Davis, T. A. (2007). Glucose stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs through an AMPK-and mTOR-independent process. American journal of physiology-Endocrinology and metabolism. 293(2): E595-E603.
    24. Kumar, M., Kaur, H., Tyagi, A., Mani, V., Deka, R.S., Chandra, G. and Sharma, V,K. (2013). Assessment of chromium content of feedstuffs, their estimated requirement and effects of dietary chromium supplementation on nutrient utilization, growth performance and mineral balance in summer-exposed buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Biological Trace Element Research. 155: 29–37.
    25. Kumar, R., Kewlaramani, N., Pal, R.P. and Mani, V. (2017). Vanadium supplementation vis-à-vis growth and nutrient utilization in Karan Fries calves. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 34: 169–172.
    26. Limma, F.R., Mendonça, Jr. C.X., Alvarez, J.C., Ratti, G., Lenhardo, S.L.R., Kahn, H. and Garzillo, J, M, F. (1995). Chemical and physical evalutions of commercial dicalcium phosphates as sources of phosphorus in animal nutrition. Poultry Science. 74: 1659–70. 
    27. Liu, Y., Xu, J., Guo, Y., Xue, Y., Wang, J. and Xue, C. (2015). Ameliorative effect of vanadyl (IV)-ascorbate complex on high-fat high-    sucrose diet-induced hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and oxidative stress in mice. Journal Trace Elements in Medical Biology. 32: 155–161.
    28. Maylor, E. A., Simpson, E. E., Secker, D. L., Meunier, N., Andriollo-Sanchez, M., Polito, A. and Coudray, C. (2006). Effects of zinc supplementation on cognitive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults: the ZENITH study. British Journal of Nutrition. 96(4): 752-760.
    29. McDowell, L. R. (2003). Minerals in animal and human nutrition (No. Ed. 2). Elsevier Science BV.
    30. Menon, A.S., Rau, M., Ramasarma, T. and Cranes, F.L. (1980). Vanadate inhibits mevalonate synthesis and activates NADH oxidation in microsomes. FEBS Letter. 114: 139–141.
    31. Nielsen, F. H. (2004). Dietary fat composition modifies the effect of boron on bone characteristics and plasma lipids in rats. Biofactors. 20(3): 161-171.
    32. Nielson, F.H., Uhrich, K.E., Shuler, T.R., Uthus, E.O. (1983). Influence of vanadium deprivation on hematopoiesis and other biochemical parameters in iron deprived and adequate rats. In 4: Spurenelement-Symposium. Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, East Germany. pp 127–134.
    33. Nordberg, G. F., Fowler, B. A. and Nordberg, M. (2015). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Academic press.
    34. Pal, R.P., Mani, V., Tripathi, D., Kumar, R. and Kewalramani, N.J. (2017). Influence of feeding inorganic vanadium on growth performance, endocrine variables and biomarkers of bone health in crossbred calves. Biological Trace Element Research. 22: 1–9.
    35. Pederson, R. A., Ramanadham, S., Buchan, A. M., and McNeill, J. H. (1989). Long-term effects of vanadyl treatment on streptozocin-    induced diabetes in rats. Diabetes. 38(11): 1390-1395.
    36. Plantanow, N. and Abbey, H.K. (1968). Toxicity of vanadium in calves. Veterinary Research. 82: 292-293.
    37. Puls, R. (1990). Mineral levels in animal health. Diagnostic data. Published by Sherpa International, Clearbrook, British Columbia, Canada, 
    38. Rayman, M. P. (2005). Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 64(4): 527-542.
    39. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical Methods. The Iowa State University Press, Iowa, USA.
    40. Spears, J.W. (2003). Trace mineral bioavailability in ruminants. Journal of Nutrition. 133: 1506S–1509S.
    41. Srivastava, A.K. and Mehdi, M.Z. (2004). Insulino mimetic and anti diabetic effects of vanadium compounds. Diabetes medicine. 22: 2–13. 
    42. Sullivan, T.W., Douglas, J.H. and Gonzalez, N.J. (1994). Levels of various elements of concern in feed phosphates of domestic and foreign origin. Poultry Science. 73: 520–28.
    43. Suttle, N.F. (2010). Occasionally Beneficial Elements. Mineral Nutrition of Livestock (4th edn). CABI International, Oxfordshire, UK, pp. 479–480.
    44. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74: 3583–3597.
    45. Zarqami, A., Ganjkhanlou, M., Zali, A., Rezayazdi, K. and Jolazadeh, A. R. (2018). Effects of vanadium supplementation on performance, some plasma metabolites and glucose metabolism in Mahabadi goat kids. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition.    102(2): e972-e977. 
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