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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 52 issue 10 (october 2018) : 1452-1456,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3383

Effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on faecal microbial count and cell-mediated immunity in crossbred calves

A
Aashaq Hussain Dar
S
S.K. Singh
B
B.C. Mondal
J
Jyoti Palod
A
Anil Kumar
V
Vidyasagar Singh
R
R.K. Sharma
B
B.S. Khadda
1Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar– 263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
Cite article:- Dar Hussain Aashaq, Singh S.K., Mondal B.C., Palod Jyoti, Kumar Anil, Singh Vidyasagar, Sharma R.K., Khadda B.S. (2017). Effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on faecal microbial count and cell-mediated immunity in crossbred calves. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(10): 1452-1456. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3383.

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to evaluate the impact of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic as feed additives on faecal counts of coliform and E. coli along with cell mediated immune response in crossbred calves.  For this purpose fifteen days old, 24 crossbred calves were divided into 4 groups of 6 calves each. The calves were assigned to different dietary treatments viz T0(control group) -basal diet, T1 (probiotic group) - basal diet + Lactobacillus acidophilus @ 1 g/calf/day (2 x 1010 cfu/ g), T2 (prebiotic group)- basal diet + Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) @ 4 g per calf/day and T3 (synbiotic group) basal diet +Lactobacillus acidophilus @ 0.5 gm (2 x 1010 cfu/ g) + 2 g MOS per calf/day respectively for a period of 90 days. Faecal samples for coliform and E. coli count were taken at 15 days interval. Blood samples were taken at 15 days interval for lymphocyte count. Blood samples were taken at 45th and 90th-day for lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) in EDTA coated vials. Skin fold test was done on 90th day of experimental study. The results of study showed that there was a significant reduction in faecal shedding of coliform and E. coli in T1, T2 and T3 groups indicating lesser proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the gut. The treatment groups T2 and T3 showed a significant increase in lymphocyte count whereas all the treated groups had significantly higher values of the lymphocytic index on 45th and 90th day post supplementation indicating improved cell mediated immunity. Increased skin fold thickness was observed post 48 hours of phytohaemagglutinin injection in T2 and T3 groups. It may, therefore, be concluded that supplementation of prebiotic and synbiotic is advantageous in attaining gut conditioning and enhanced immunity which may be helpful in preventing calf scours in crossbred calves.

REFERENCES

  1. Abdel-Raheem;Mohamed, Sherief; Sherief,MS; Abd-Allah. and Khaled Hassanein,. M.A. (2012). The effects of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on intestinal microbialology and histomorphology of broiler chickens.Int J Agro Vet Med Sci 6: 277-289.
  2. Agazzi, A; Tirloni, E; Stella, S; Maroccolo, S; Ripamonti, B; Bersani, C. and Savoini, G.(2014). Effects of species-specific probiotic addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance during the first month of life. Annal. Anim. Sci.14(1): 101-115.
  3. Eckburg, P.B; Bik, E. M; Bernstein, C. N; Purdom, E; Dethlefsen, L; Sargent, M; and Relman, D. A. (2005). Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Sci.308(5728): 1635-1638.
  4. Emmanuel, D. G. V., Jafari, A., Beauchemin, K. A., Leedle, J. A. Z. and Ametaj, B. N. (2007). Feeding live cultures of and induces an inflammatory response in feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science, 85(1): 233-239.6.
  5. Ewaschuk, J. B., Naylor, J. M., Chirino-Trejo, M., andZello, G. A. (2004). Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain CG is a potential probiotic for calves. Canad. J. Vet. Res.68(4): 249.
  6. Fleige, S., Preissnger, W., Meyer, H. H. D. and Pfaffl, M. W. (2007). Lactulose: effect on apoptotic-and immunological-markers in the gastro-intestinal tract of pre-ruminant calves. Veterinarni Medicina-Praha.52(10): 437.
  7. Frizzo, L. S., Zbrun, M. V., Soto, L. P. and Signorini, M. L. (2011). Effects of probiotics on growth performance in young calves: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 169 (3): 147-156.
  8. Hedges, A. J. and Linton, A. H. (1988). Olaquindox resistance in the coliform flora of pigs and their environment: an ecological study. J. Appl. Bacterial. 64(5): 429-443.
  9. Heinrichs, A. J., Jones, C. M., and Heinrichs, B. S. (2003). Effects of mannan oligosaccharide or antibiotics in neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci.86 (12): 4064-4069.
  10. Kim, M. K., Lee, H. G., Park, J. A., Kang, S. K. and Choi, Y. J. (2011). Effect of feeding direct-fed microbial as an alternative to antibiotics for the prophylaxis of calf diarrhea in Holstein calves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 24(5): 643-649.
  11. Konstantinov, S. R., Favier, C. F., Zhu, W. Y., Williams, B. A., Klub, J., Souffrant, W. B. and Smidt, H. (2004). Microbial diversity studies of the porcine gastrointestinal ecosystem during weaning transition. Anim. Res. 53: 317-324.
  12. Lucas, A. S., Swecker, W. S., Lindsay, D. S., Scaglia, G., Elvinger, F. C. and Zajac, A. M. (2007). The effect of weaning method on coccidial infections in beef calves. Vet. Parasitol. 145(3): 228-233.
  13. Magalhães, V. J. A., Susca, F., Lima, F. S., Branco, A. F., Yoon, I. and Santos, J. E. P. (2008). Effect of feeding yeast culture on performance, health, and immunocompetence of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci.91(4): 1497-1509.
  14. Masanetz, S. (2011). Impact of prebiotic substances on gut health of livestock animals: inulin, lactulose and Pinus massoniana pollen (Doctoral dissertation, München, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2011).
  15. Masucci, F., De Rosa, G., Grasso, F., Napolitano, F., Esposito, G. and Di Francia, A. (2011). Performance and immune response of buffalo calves supplemented with probiotic. Livestock Science, 137(1): 24-30.
  16. Mc Donald P, Edeards R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D. and Morgan, C.A. (2002). Animal Nutrition 6th edn. Pearson Educ Singapore, pp. 616-621.
  17. Mohamadi P., and Dabiri N. (2011). Effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on performance and humoral immune response of female suckling calves. In : In Proceeding of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production; Stavanger, Norway. 29 August to 2 September, 2011: p. 204
  18. Morrison, S. J., Dawson, S., and Carson, A. F. (2010). The effects of mannan oligosaccharide and Streptococcus faecium addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance. Livest. Sci. 131 (2): 292-296.
  19. Ouwehand, A., Isolauri, E. and Salminen, S. (2002). The role of the intestinal microflora for the development of the immune system in early childhood. Eur.J.Nutri.41(1): 32-37.
  20. Pawar, M. M., Pattanaik, A. K., Kore, K. B., Sharma, K. and Sinha, D. K. (2008, February). Evaluation of mannanoligosachharides as a functional food in Spitz pups fed on homemade diet: Influence on nutrient metabolism, gut health and immune response. In Proceedings of SAARC Congress on Canine Practice and 5th Convention of Indian Society for Advancement of Canine Practice (pp. 7-9).
  21. Rai- el, Balhaa, G., Pellerin, J. L., Bodin, G. and Abdulla, A. (1985). Lymphoblastic transformation assay of sheep peripheral blood lymphocytes: a new rapid and easy to read technique. Comp. Immuno. Microbial. Infes. Dis. 8: 311-318.
  22. Roller, M., Rechkemmer, G., and Watzl, B. (2004). Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 
  23. 134(1), 153-156.
  24. Roodposhti, P. M. and Dabiri, N. (2012). Effects of probiotic and prebiotic on average daily gain, fecal shedding of Escherichia coli, and immune system status in newborn female calves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 25(9): 1255.
  25. Salminen, S., Isolauri, E. and Salminen, E. (1996). Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 70 (2-4): 347-358.
  26. Salzman, N. H., Ghosh, D., Huttner, K. M., Paterson, Y. and Bevins, C. L. (2003). Protection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin. Nature. 422(6931): 522-526.
  27. Schumann, C. (2002). Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose. An update. Euro. J. Nutri.41(1): 17-25.
  28. Shim, S.B. (2005). Effects of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics in the diet of young pigs. Ph.D. Thesis, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
  29. Shimizu, T. and H. Nagatoma. (1978). Current status of calf diseases in Japan. Bull. Fac. Agri. Miyazaki Univ., 34: 329-336.
  30. Shu, Q., Qu, F., and Gill, H. S. (2001). Probiotic treatment using Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 reduces weanling diarrhea associated with rotavirus and Escherichia coli infection in a piglet model. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 33(2),171-177
  31. Signorini, M. L., Soto, L. P., Zbrun, M. V., Sequeira, G. J., Rosmini, M. R. and Rizzo, L. S. (2012). Impact of probiotic administration on the health and fecal microbiota of young calves: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of lactic acid bacteria. Res.Vet. Sci. 93(1): 250-258.
  32. Snodgrass, D. R., Terzolo, H. R., Sherwood, D., Campbell, I., Menzies, J. D., and Synge, B. A. (1986). Aetiology of diarrhoea in young calves. The Veterinary Record, 119(2): 31-34.
  33. Vesely, R., Negri, R., Bianchi Salvadori, B. B., Lavezzari, D. and De Simone, C. (1985) Influence of a diet additioned with yogurt on the immune system. EOS Journal of Immunology and Immunopharmacology 1: 30—35. 
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 10 (october 2018) : 1452-1456,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3383

    Effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on faecal microbial count and cell-mediated immunity in crossbred calves

    A
    Aashaq Hussain Dar
    S
    S.K. Singh
    B
    B.C. Mondal
    J
    Jyoti Palod
    A
    Anil Kumar
    V
    Vidyasagar Singh
    R
    R.K. Sharma
    B
    B.S. Khadda
    1Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar– 263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
    Cite article:- Dar Hussain Aashaq, Singh S.K., Mondal B.C., Palod Jyoti, Kumar Anil, Singh Vidyasagar, Sharma R.K., Khadda B.S. (2017). Effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on faecal microbial count and cell-mediated immunity in crossbred calves. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(10): 1452-1456. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3383.

    ABSTRACT

    A study was conducted to evaluate the impact of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic as feed additives on faecal counts of coliform and E. coli along with cell mediated immune response in crossbred calves.  For this purpose fifteen days old, 24 crossbred calves were divided into 4 groups of 6 calves each. The calves were assigned to different dietary treatments viz T0(control group) -basal diet, T1 (probiotic group) - basal diet + Lactobacillus acidophilus @ 1 g/calf/day (2 x 1010 cfu/ g), T2 (prebiotic group)- basal diet + Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) @ 4 g per calf/day and T3 (synbiotic group) basal diet +Lactobacillus acidophilus @ 0.5 gm (2 x 1010 cfu/ g) + 2 g MOS per calf/day respectively for a period of 90 days. Faecal samples for coliform and E. coli count were taken at 15 days interval. Blood samples were taken at 15 days interval for lymphocyte count. Blood samples were taken at 45th and 90th-day for lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) in EDTA coated vials. Skin fold test was done on 90th day of experimental study. The results of study showed that there was a significant reduction in faecal shedding of coliform and E. coli in T1, T2 and T3 groups indicating lesser proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the gut. The treatment groups T2 and T3 showed a significant increase in lymphocyte count whereas all the treated groups had significantly higher values of the lymphocytic index on 45th and 90th day post supplementation indicating improved cell mediated immunity. Increased skin fold thickness was observed post 48 hours of phytohaemagglutinin injection in T2 and T3 groups. It may, therefore, be concluded that supplementation of prebiotic and synbiotic is advantageous in attaining gut conditioning and enhanced immunity which may be helpful in preventing calf scours in crossbred calves.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abdel-Raheem;Mohamed, Sherief; Sherief,MS; Abd-Allah. and Khaled Hassanein,. M.A. (2012). The effects of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on intestinal microbialology and histomorphology of broiler chickens.Int J Agro Vet Med Sci 6: 277-289.
    2. Agazzi, A; Tirloni, E; Stella, S; Maroccolo, S; Ripamonti, B; Bersani, C. and Savoini, G.(2014). Effects of species-specific probiotic addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance during the first month of life. Annal. Anim. Sci.14(1): 101-115.
    3. Eckburg, P.B; Bik, E. M; Bernstein, C. N; Purdom, E; Dethlefsen, L; Sargent, M; and Relman, D. A. (2005). Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Sci.308(5728): 1635-1638.
    4. Emmanuel, D. G. V., Jafari, A., Beauchemin, K. A., Leedle, J. A. Z. and Ametaj, B. N. (2007). Feeding live cultures of and induces an inflammatory response in feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science, 85(1): 233-239.6.
    5. Ewaschuk, J. B., Naylor, J. M., Chirino-Trejo, M., andZello, G. A. (2004). Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain CG is a potential probiotic for calves. Canad. J. Vet. Res.68(4): 249.
    6. Fleige, S., Preissnger, W., Meyer, H. H. D. and Pfaffl, M. W. (2007). Lactulose: effect on apoptotic-and immunological-markers in the gastro-intestinal tract of pre-ruminant calves. Veterinarni Medicina-Praha.52(10): 437.
    7. Frizzo, L. S., Zbrun, M. V., Soto, L. P. and Signorini, M. L. (2011). Effects of probiotics on growth performance in young calves: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 169 (3): 147-156.
    8. Hedges, A. J. and Linton, A. H. (1988). Olaquindox resistance in the coliform flora of pigs and their environment: an ecological study. J. Appl. Bacterial. 64(5): 429-443.
    9. Heinrichs, A. J., Jones, C. M., and Heinrichs, B. S. (2003). Effects of mannan oligosaccharide or antibiotics in neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci.86 (12): 4064-4069.
    10. Kim, M. K., Lee, H. G., Park, J. A., Kang, S. K. and Choi, Y. J. (2011). Effect of feeding direct-fed microbial as an alternative to antibiotics for the prophylaxis of calf diarrhea in Holstein calves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 24(5): 643-649.
    11. Konstantinov, S. R., Favier, C. F., Zhu, W. Y., Williams, B. A., Klub, J., Souffrant, W. B. and Smidt, H. (2004). Microbial diversity studies of the porcine gastrointestinal ecosystem during weaning transition. Anim. Res. 53: 317-324.
    12. Lucas, A. S., Swecker, W. S., Lindsay, D. S., Scaglia, G., Elvinger, F. C. and Zajac, A. M. (2007). The effect of weaning method on coccidial infections in beef calves. Vet. Parasitol. 145(3): 228-233.
    13. Magalhães, V. J. A., Susca, F., Lima, F. S., Branco, A. F., Yoon, I. and Santos, J. E. P. (2008). Effect of feeding yeast culture on performance, health, and immunocompetence of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci.91(4): 1497-1509.
    14. Masanetz, S. (2011). Impact of prebiotic substances on gut health of livestock animals: inulin, lactulose and Pinus massoniana pollen (Doctoral dissertation, München, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2011).
    15. Masucci, F., De Rosa, G., Grasso, F., Napolitano, F., Esposito, G. and Di Francia, A. (2011). Performance and immune response of buffalo calves supplemented with probiotic. Livestock Science, 137(1): 24-30.
    16. Mc Donald P, Edeards R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D. and Morgan, C.A. (2002). Animal Nutrition 6th edn. Pearson Educ Singapore, pp. 616-621.
    17. Mohamadi P., and Dabiri N. (2011). Effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on performance and humoral immune response of female suckling calves. In : In Proceeding of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production; Stavanger, Norway. 29 August to 2 September, 2011: p. 204
    18. Morrison, S. J., Dawson, S., and Carson, A. F. (2010). The effects of mannan oligosaccharide and Streptococcus faecium addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance. Livest. Sci. 131 (2): 292-296.
    19. Ouwehand, A., Isolauri, E. and Salminen, S. (2002). The role of the intestinal microflora for the development of the immune system in early childhood. Eur.J.Nutri.41(1): 32-37.
    20. Pawar, M. M., Pattanaik, A. K., Kore, K. B., Sharma, K. and Sinha, D. K. (2008, February). Evaluation of mannanoligosachharides as a functional food in Spitz pups fed on homemade diet: Influence on nutrient metabolism, gut health and immune response. In Proceedings of SAARC Congress on Canine Practice and 5th Convention of Indian Society for Advancement of Canine Practice (pp. 7-9).
    21. Rai- el, Balhaa, G., Pellerin, J. L., Bodin, G. and Abdulla, A. (1985). Lymphoblastic transformation assay of sheep peripheral blood lymphocytes: a new rapid and easy to read technique. Comp. Immuno. Microbial. Infes. Dis. 8: 311-318.
    22. Roller, M., Rechkemmer, G., and Watzl, B. (2004). Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 
    23. 134(1), 153-156.
    24. Roodposhti, P. M. and Dabiri, N. (2012). Effects of probiotic and prebiotic on average daily gain, fecal shedding of Escherichia coli, and immune system status in newborn female calves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 25(9): 1255.
    25. Salminen, S., Isolauri, E. and Salminen, E. (1996). Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 70 (2-4): 347-358.
    26. Salzman, N. H., Ghosh, D., Huttner, K. M., Paterson, Y. and Bevins, C. L. (2003). Protection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin. Nature. 422(6931): 522-526.
    27. Schumann, C. (2002). Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose. An update. Euro. J. Nutri.41(1): 17-25.
    28. Shim, S.B. (2005). Effects of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics in the diet of young pigs. Ph.D. Thesis, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
    29. Shimizu, T. and H. Nagatoma. (1978). Current status of calf diseases in Japan. Bull. Fac. Agri. Miyazaki Univ., 34: 329-336.
    30. Shu, Q., Qu, F., and Gill, H. S. (2001). Probiotic treatment using Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 reduces weanling diarrhea associated with rotavirus and Escherichia coli infection in a piglet model. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 33(2),171-177
    31. Signorini, M. L., Soto, L. P., Zbrun, M. V., Sequeira, G. J., Rosmini, M. R. and Rizzo, L. S. (2012). Impact of probiotic administration on the health and fecal microbiota of young calves: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of lactic acid bacteria. Res.Vet. Sci. 93(1): 250-258.
    32. Snodgrass, D. R., Terzolo, H. R., Sherwood, D., Campbell, I., Menzies, J. D., and Synge, B. A. (1986). Aetiology of diarrhoea in young calves. The Veterinary Record, 119(2): 31-34.
    33. Vesely, R., Negri, R., Bianchi Salvadori, B. B., Lavezzari, D. and De Simone, C. (1985) Influence of a diet additioned with yogurt on the immune system. EOS Journal of Immunology and Immunopharmacology 1: 30—35. 
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