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Current IssueSpecial IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Full Research Article

Sustainable Development Potential of Pasundan Cattle in Agrabinta, South Cianjur Coastal Area

Y
Y.H.N. Azizah1
M
Mansyur2,*
N
N.P. Indriani2
1Post Graduate Animal Husbandry Universitas Padjadjaran.
2Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, Jawa Barat 45363.

ABSTRACT

Background: Pasundan cattle are a local breed of West Java with high adaptability to tropical environments, including disease resistance, efficient feed utilization and a short reproductive cycle. This study analyzes the potential for developing Pasundan cattle based on the ecological carrying capacity of Agrabinta Subdistrict, South Cianjur.

Methods: During 2025, the researchers conducted surveys, field observations, questionnaires and interviews with 30 farmers selected through purposive sampling. The analysis focuses on the suitability of human resources, environmental conditions and technological adoption to support sustainable cattle development.

Result: The results show that farmers fall within the productive age range of 31-60 years, although most completed only elementary education (73.33%). Farmers maintain small herds (≤4 head) and Pasundan cattle account for 76% of the total population. Ecologically, 11.50 ha of forage land and 14.99 ha of productive rice fields provide adequate feed resources. Farmers apply grazing and colony-mating systems that align with local ecosystem characteristics, but they adopt technologies especially artificial inseminationonly minimally. Farmers successfully maintain herd health, as indicated by the absence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the high recovery rate of lumpy skin disease (LSD).

INTRODUCTION

Pasundan cattle are a local Indonesian breed with several unique advantages. They are resistant to tropical diseases, especially parasites, can tolerate thirst, are able to utilize limited feed resources, withstand sudden weather changes and have a short reproductive cycle. The potential for developing Pasundan cattle is considered high in the southern coastal areas of West Java (Arifin and Sulasmi, 2019). Pasundan cattle have been intentionally bred as a genetic resource (germplasm) in buffer zone areas across the northern Priangan region and the southern coastal regions of West Java, including Sukabumi, Cianjur, Garut, Tasikmalaya and Pangandaran (Tanjung et al., 2019). For local farmers, Pasundan cattle play an important role not only as a source of income, but also as a symbol of social status and a form of savings or assets (Habibie et al., 2020).
       
Coastal ecosystems are increasingly threatened by flooding, salinity, pollution and other impacts of human activities, they continue to offer significant potential for the sustainable development of natural resources and farming systems (Meena et al., 2024). The southern region consists mainly of lowland areas with extensive dry land, making it highly suitable for raising beef cattle and buffalo (Darsono et al., 2017). Coastal areas offer very favorable environmental conditions for agricultural production, including food crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries. These areas are generally formed by alluvial deposits that are fertile, rich in minerals and organic matter and have abundant water supply from both surface and underground sources (FAO, 1998; Nguyen et al., 2019).
       
Sustainability in local cattle production involves balancing environmental, social and economic components related to livestock management (Azis et al., 2024). Livestock grazing can be considered part of the solution for maintaining current land conditions. According to Peringer et al., (2017), low-intensity grazing is a widely used management strategy to preserve habitat diversity in grassland and mountain forest ecosystems, particularly for nature conservation efforts. Therefore, this study aims to explore the development potential of Pasundan cattle and the involvement of farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sampling and Research Participants
 
This study was conducted in April-August 2025 in the southern coastal region of West Java, covering Sukabumi, Cianjur, Tasikmalaya, Garut and Pangandaran Regencies. The research was carried out in collaboration with the local government livestock agencies, namely the Livestock Service of Sukabumi Regency, the Livestock, Animal Health and Fisheries Service of Cianjur Regency, the Fisheries and Livestock Service of Tasikmalaya Regency, the Agriculture, Food Security and Fisheries Service of Garut Regency and the Agriculture Service of Pangandaran Regency. A total of 30 beef cattle farmers were selected as respondents using purposive sampling based on their experience and active involvement in cattle farming. The selected farmers served as key informants who provided primary data regarding the Pasundan cattle ecosystem. Primary data were collected through interviews, field observations, structured questionnaires and documentation. In addition, secondary data were obtained from the respective livestock agencies and village offices to support the analysis.
 
Data analysis
 
The data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The variables analyzed included farmer characteristics, land ownership, livestock number and composition, age limits for maintaining breeding females, breeding practices, feeding systems and animal health management. The data were processed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing to identify patterns and interpret the conditions of Pasundan cattle farming. Through this approach, the influence of ecological, managerial and socio-economic factors on the sustainability of the Pasundan cattle ecosystem was described and interpreted.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

General overview of Agrabinta District, South Cianjur
 
Agrabinta District, located in South Cianjur Regency, West Java, is a coastal region with diverse topography ranging from lowlands to hilly areas. Its main economic potentials lie in agriculture, plantation and fisheries sectors. The richness of local natural resources offers great opportunities for sustainable development based on local wisdom.
       
This southern coastal area of West Java has a tropical climate with two seasons: dry and rainy. The ideal temperature for Pasundan cattle ranges between 21-26°C, with annual rainfall reaching approximately 2,288 mm. The normal body temperature for Pasundan cattle is between 38-39°C, while the ideal humidity level for raising them is around 80% (Husna et al., 2024).
       
Agrabinta, South Cianjur, is characterized by a humid tropical climate with a minimum temperature of approximately 18°C, typically occurring in March-April and a maximum temperature of up to 34°C during June-August, with relative humidity ranging between 72% and 80%. The geographical location of Agrabinta, South Cianjur, is presented in Fig 1. Rainfall in Cianjur Regency varies considerably, with an average annual precipitation ranging from 1,120.4 mm to 3,543 mm in the coastal areas. In contrast, rainfall in the Agrabinta-Sindangbarang subdistricts is generally higher, reaching 3,000-4,000 mm per year (Cianjur Regency Goverment, 2024).

Fig 1: Administrative map of Agrabinta, South Cianjur.


 
Farmers’ characteristics in Agrabinta, Southern Cianjur
 
Based on Table 1, most pasundan cattle farmers fall within the age range of 51-60 years, at 36.67%, followed by those aged 41-50 years, at 26.67%. Meanwhile, the proportion of farmers aged over 60 years remains relatively high, at 16.67%. In contrast, young farmers aged 21-30 years represent only 6.67% and those aged 31-40 years represent 13.33%. Elderly farmers currently dominate Pasundan cattle farming activities in the southern coastal region of Cianjur.

Table 1: Distribution of farmers by age group.


       
Amam (2021), smallholder livestock farming is predominantly carried out by elderly farmers. According to Brown et al., (2019), older farmers are generally more reluctant to change land use practices or adopt technological innovations in feed management. In contrast, younger farmers tend to be more receptive to change and more willing to adopt new technologies, as they are less risk-averse.
       
The productive age of farmers is typically assessed based on their physical capacity to perform fieldwork. Yulisdisantari et al., (2024) state that farmers aged 31-60 years, classified as being in their productive years, generally possess better physical condition compared to those over 60 years of age. Furthermore, older farmers face physical limitations that may hinder their full participation in livestock activities (Andarwati et al., 2025). Halim (2017) stated that farmers in their productive age tend to develop their livestock enterprises more effectively because they possess sufficient energy and experience to support the management of their farming activities.
       
Based on Table 2, Pasundan cattle farmers in Agrabinta District mostly completed education only up to the elementary school level, representing for 73.33%. About 10% of farmers attained junior high school education and 13.33% reached senior high school, while 3.33% had never attended formal education. None of the farmers had completed higher education (S1).

Table 2: Educational background of farmers.


       
Agricultural systems have undergone significant transformation over time as a result of technological progress and recent developments (Vyas and Singh, 2025). Education plays a crucial role in livestock development (Aisyah et al., 2022). It is positively correlated with a farmer’s willingness to take risks, where farmers with lower educational attainment tend to engage in livestock farming as a cultural tradition (Brown et al., 2019). Education level also influences a farmer’s ability to communicate effectively, broaden perspectives and accept technological innovations more readily (Elisia and Febri, 2022). Therefore, extension services are essential in improving farmers’ knowledge, skills and field practices. Farmers also tend to prefer half-day workshops as a practical approach to enhancing their understanding and insights (Gerdes et al., 2020).
       
The farming experience of Pasundan cattle farmers shows that 40% have been engaged in the business for 5-10 years, followed by 33.33% with 11-20 years of experience (Table 3), indicating that their level of experience is fairly good. This experience reflects that farmers have developed a solid understanding and local wisdom in managing Pasundan cattle farming.

Table 3: Cattle farming experience.


       
The longer farmers are involved in Pasundan cattle farming, the more persistent they tend to be in maintaining their businesses, including in recovering from past losses, which ultimately supports better farm development (Aisyah et al., 2022). Extensive farming experience also reflects the growth of knowledge and skills, particularly in animal husbandry and livestock management (Efu and Simamora, 2020). The findings of this study are consistent with those reported by Hardy et al., (2025), who found that coastal communities in Burguey, Cagayan, Philippines, were predominantly composed of male, married, adult household heads with elementary-level education and an average household size of four members.
       
The absence of farmers with 31-40 years of experience may also reflect challenges in the sustainability of Pasundan cattle farming. According to Yunasaf et al. (2024), farmers face challenges related to uncertainties in meeting the production requirements of beef cattle farming. Furthermore, Lahnamäki-Kivelä and Kuhmonen (2022) emphasize that some farmers more or less disregard global megatrends (urbanization, digitalization, globalization, climate change), while others adapt to or benefit from these trends.
 
Land area
 
Based on Table 4 that farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur, have access to both rice fields (14.99 ha) and forage land (11.50 ha). The rice fields are productive, with an average yield of 4.0 tons per year, while the forage land is dominated by natural grasses, which are commonly used as feed for ruminants in traditional grazing systems.

Table 4: Land ownership and utilization for agriculture and forage.


       
During the rainy season, the production of fresh biomass from these natural pastures is relatively high (Hawolambani et al., 2015), making them a reliable feed source (Aulia et al., 2024). The availability of land for both food crops and forage presents a favorable condition for the development of Pasundan cattle. The relatively low annual land rent (Rp. 1.196.316 for rice fields and Rp. 463.158 for forage land) makes land use economically accessible for smallholder farmers. Grazing systems also provide an opportunity for farmers with limited land to utilize available communal or underused land resources (Quaicoe et al., 2024).
 
Cattle ownership profile
 
The average age of cattle owned by farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur is 5.25 years, farmers are maintaining cattle for extended periods, possibly for reproductive purposes. The sex ratio of 17 males to 58 females shows a female-dominated herd structure, which aligns with smallholder breeding strategies aimed at sustaining calving and herd replacement. Farmers raise a mix of breeds including Pasundan, PO, Simmental, Brahman, Limousin and Ongole. This diversity suggests efforts to improve productivity or adaptability, while the dominance of Pasundan cattle reflects their suitability to local conditions and traditional management systems.
       
Pasundan cattle dominate the population, representing for 76% of the total 150 recorded cattle. This indicates a strong preference for or local adaptation to the Pasundan breed. Other breeds identified in smaller proportions include Simmental (11.33%), Ongole (4%), Brahman (4%), Limousin (3.33%) and PO (1.33%), based on Table 5.

Table 5: Cattle ownership characteristics.


       
The dominance of Pasundan cattle also highlights their potential as a local genetic resource that aligns well with the region’s ecological conditions. According to farmer perceptions, Pasundan cattle offer several advantages, such as high reproductive performance, resistance to tropical diseases, relatively low maintenance costs and the ability to maintain good production performance even when fed with low-quality, inexpensive and locally available feed (Arifin and Sulasmi, 2019). Pasundan cattle are considered suitable for development as a local genetic resource in West Java due to their ability to adapt well to both physical and social environments (Elsadina et al., 2021).
       
According to Suherman et al., (2021), the small scale of livestock farming among local farmers is driven by limited financial resources, a shortage of labor and traditional management practices. Similarly, Sirappa et al., (2017) state that owning 1-4 cattle under the category of small-scale farming, with income generated being just enough to meet daily needs. This reflects the farmers’ constraints in production factors, management skills and the simplicity of their livestock care systems.
       
Most Pasundan cattle farmers in the Agrabinta region of South Cianjur own a relatively small number of livestock. As presented in Table 6, the majority of farmers (53.33%) raise ≤4 cattle, followed by 30% who own 5-7 cattle and only 16.67% who keep 8-10 cattle. This indicates that Pasundan cattle farming in this area is still on a small or household scale, likely due to limited capital, land and feed availability.

Table 6: Number of cattle owned each farmer.


 
Mating system
 
Farmers in the southern region of Cianjur still predominantly rely on colony mating as the primary breeding method for Pasundan cattle. This method is perceived as more practical and economically feasible by farmers, especially when compared to artificial insemination (AI), which costs approximately IDR 250,000 per service. Based on interviews with farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur, 23 out of 30 respondents reported not utilizing AI technology. In addition to economic considerations, the long distance between farmers and inseminators (20-30 km) was also cited as a major constraint, discouraging the adoption of AI as the main breeding strategy. Farmers prefer to use natural mating techniques for breeding management in their cattle (Warman et al., 2024).
       
According to questionnaire results from the same area, the average age of sexual maturity in female cattle was 25±2.08 months (Table 7). This finding is consistent with Nurcholis and Salamony (2019), who reported the average age at first mating in female cattle to be 24.50± 0.008 months (Table 7). Similarly, Mahasanti et al., (2021) found the average age of puberty in female cattle to be 22.09±6.01 months.

Table 7: Mating system of cattle farming in Agrabinta, Cianjur.


       
The average culling age of female cattle at Agrabinta farms is 12.7±1.47 years (Table 7). Culling decisions are based on factors such as age, health and reproductive performance. According to Sessim et al., (2020), cattle culled at the age of 13 years demonstrate good economic efficiency for farmers. Clasen et al., (2023) state that the most common and primary reasons for culling female cattle are declining fertility and low productivity.
 
Feed management
 
The data of Table 8, indicate that the predominant feeding method used by farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur is grazing, with animals feeding ad libitum, meaning they are allowed to graze freely without strict rationing. Feed processing is not practiced and the drinking frequency ranges from once to twice each day.

Table 8: Feed management system for pasundan cattle in Agrabinta, Cianjur.


       
Sulasmi et al., (2017) reported that Pasundan cattle in the southern coastal region of West Java are grazed from morning until evening in coastal sand dune areas. This is consistent with the findings of Saputra et al., (2021), who noted that cattle in coastal areas are typically grazed during the day and then sheltered in pens in the evening, where additional feed is provided at night.
 
Cattle health
 
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a viral disease caused by a virus belonging to the Aphthovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. FMD poses a significant threat to both local and national economies, often leading to reduced livestock productivity (Rahman et al., 2025). Based on the data, there were no reported cases of FMD in cattle within the southern coastal region of Cianjur. This indicates a relatively strong level of biosecurity, suggesting that the area remains well protected from FMD viral exposure.
       
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) a viral disease affecting cattle and buffalo was present, with 44 cases recorded (Table 9). LSD causes nodular skin lesions and can affect other body systems, leading to decreased milk production, weight loss, fertility problems and reduced livestock export potential (Haider et al., 2024). Despite these risks, the recovery rate among affected cattle was relatively high, with an average recovery score of 2.86±0.35 (on a scale of 1 to 3) (Table 9), indicating effective disease management.

Table 9: Cattle health status.


       
Preventive measures have been actively implemented by farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur, including routine administration of vaccines, vitamins and deworming agents. This reflects a commendable level of awareness and commitment to livestock health management by both farmers and local authorities. Animal health officers in Agrabinta routinely carry out FMD vaccination programs, along with the provision of Vitvac vitamin, Vitamin B12 and Wormzole Bolus dewormers.

CONCLUSION

The quality of human resources in Agrabinta remains a limiting factor in the development of Pasundan cattle farming. Most farmers have low levels of formal education and a significant proportion are of older age, both of which pose challenges for the adoption of innovation and improvement of livestock management practices.
       
The environmental potential in Agrabinta Subdistrict is favorable for the development of Pasundan cattle. The area possesses forage land dominated by natural grasses and Imperata cylindrica, which can be utilized as a feed source through traditional grazing systems. In addition, the presence of productive rice fields provides further potential for the production of alternative feed resources.
       
The application of livestock-related technologies in Agrabinta is still limited. Feed processing techniques are not yet practiced and the adoption of artificial insemination remains relatively low, indicating the need for increased extension services and farmer training to enhance livestock productivity and sustainability.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Agrabinta Beef Cattle Breeding Center for the valuable support and cooperation provided during the research. Their assistance in facilitating access to field data and resources was essential to the completion of this study. The present study was supported by internal funding from the author as part of a master’s thesis research.
 
Disclaimers
 
The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.
 
Informed consent
 
All animal procedures for experiments were approved by the committee of experimental animal care and handling techniques were approved by the University of Animal Care Committee.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial, personal, or other relationships with other people or organizations related to the material discussed in the manuscript.

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    Full Research Article

    Sustainable Development Potential of Pasundan Cattle in Agrabinta, South Cianjur Coastal Area

    Y
    Y.H.N. Azizah1
    M
    Mansyur2,*
    N
    N.P. Indriani2
    1Post Graduate Animal Husbandry Universitas Padjadjaran.
    2Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, Jawa Barat 45363.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Pasundan cattle are a local breed of West Java with high adaptability to tropical environments, including disease resistance, efficient feed utilization and a short reproductive cycle. This study analyzes the potential for developing Pasundan cattle based on the ecological carrying capacity of Agrabinta Subdistrict, South Cianjur.

    Methods: During 2025, the researchers conducted surveys, field observations, questionnaires and interviews with 30 farmers selected through purposive sampling. The analysis focuses on the suitability of human resources, environmental conditions and technological adoption to support sustainable cattle development.

    Result: The results show that farmers fall within the productive age range of 31-60 years, although most completed only elementary education (73.33%). Farmers maintain small herds (≤4 head) and Pasundan cattle account for 76% of the total population. Ecologically, 11.50 ha of forage land and 14.99 ha of productive rice fields provide adequate feed resources. Farmers apply grazing and colony-mating systems that align with local ecosystem characteristics, but they adopt technologies especially artificial inseminationonly minimally. Farmers successfully maintain herd health, as indicated by the absence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and the high recovery rate of lumpy skin disease (LSD).

    INTRODUCTION

    Pasundan cattle are a local Indonesian breed with several unique advantages. They are resistant to tropical diseases, especially parasites, can tolerate thirst, are able to utilize limited feed resources, withstand sudden weather changes and have a short reproductive cycle. The potential for developing Pasundan cattle is considered high in the southern coastal areas of West Java (Arifin and Sulasmi, 2019). Pasundan cattle have been intentionally bred as a genetic resource (germplasm) in buffer zone areas across the northern Priangan region and the southern coastal regions of West Java, including Sukabumi, Cianjur, Garut, Tasikmalaya and Pangandaran (Tanjung et al., 2019). For local farmers, Pasundan cattle play an important role not only as a source of income, but also as a symbol of social status and a form of savings or assets (Habibie et al., 2020).
           
    Coastal ecosystems are increasingly threatened by flooding, salinity, pollution and other impacts of human activities, they continue to offer significant potential for the sustainable development of natural resources and farming systems (Meena et al., 2024). The southern region consists mainly of lowland areas with extensive dry land, making it highly suitable for raising beef cattle and buffalo (Darsono et al., 2017). Coastal areas offer very favorable environmental conditions for agricultural production, including food crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries. These areas are generally formed by alluvial deposits that are fertile, rich in minerals and organic matter and have abundant water supply from both surface and underground sources (FAO, 1998; Nguyen et al., 2019).
           
    Sustainability in local cattle production involves balancing environmental, social and economic components related to livestock management (Azis et al., 2024). Livestock grazing can be considered part of the solution for maintaining current land conditions. According to Peringer et al., (2017), low-intensity grazing is a widely used management strategy to preserve habitat diversity in grassland and mountain forest ecosystems, particularly for nature conservation efforts. Therefore, this study aims to explore the development potential of Pasundan cattle and the involvement of farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Sampling and Research Participants
     
    This study was conducted in April-August 2025 in the southern coastal region of West Java, covering Sukabumi, Cianjur, Tasikmalaya, Garut and Pangandaran Regencies. The research was carried out in collaboration with the local government livestock agencies, namely the Livestock Service of Sukabumi Regency, the Livestock, Animal Health and Fisheries Service of Cianjur Regency, the Fisheries and Livestock Service of Tasikmalaya Regency, the Agriculture, Food Security and Fisheries Service of Garut Regency and the Agriculture Service of Pangandaran Regency. A total of 30 beef cattle farmers were selected as respondents using purposive sampling based on their experience and active involvement in cattle farming. The selected farmers served as key informants who provided primary data regarding the Pasundan cattle ecosystem. Primary data were collected through interviews, field observations, structured questionnaires and documentation. In addition, secondary data were obtained from the respective livestock agencies and village offices to support the analysis.
     
    Data analysis
     
    The data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The variables analyzed included farmer characteristics, land ownership, livestock number and composition, age limits for maintaining breeding females, breeding practices, feeding systems and animal health management. The data were processed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing to identify patterns and interpret the conditions of Pasundan cattle farming. Through this approach, the influence of ecological, managerial and socio-economic factors on the sustainability of the Pasundan cattle ecosystem was described and interpreted.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    General overview of Agrabinta District, South Cianjur
     
    Agrabinta District, located in South Cianjur Regency, West Java, is a coastal region with diverse topography ranging from lowlands to hilly areas. Its main economic potentials lie in agriculture, plantation and fisheries sectors. The richness of local natural resources offers great opportunities for sustainable development based on local wisdom.
           
    This southern coastal area of West Java has a tropical climate with two seasons: dry and rainy. The ideal temperature for Pasundan cattle ranges between 21-26°C, with annual rainfall reaching approximately 2,288 mm. The normal body temperature for Pasundan cattle is between 38-39°C, while the ideal humidity level for raising them is around 80% (Husna et al., 2024).
           
    Agrabinta, South Cianjur, is characterized by a humid tropical climate with a minimum temperature of approximately 18°C, typically occurring in March-April and a maximum temperature of up to 34°C during June-August, with relative humidity ranging between 72% and 80%. The geographical location of Agrabinta, South Cianjur, is presented in Fig 1. Rainfall in Cianjur Regency varies considerably, with an average annual precipitation ranging from 1,120.4 mm to 3,543 mm in the coastal areas. In contrast, rainfall in the Agrabinta-Sindangbarang subdistricts is generally higher, reaching 3,000-4,000 mm per year (Cianjur Regency Goverment, 2024).

    Fig 1: Administrative map of Agrabinta, South Cianjur.


     
    Farmers’ characteristics in Agrabinta, Southern Cianjur
     
    Based on Table 1, most pasundan cattle farmers fall within the age range of 51-60 years, at 36.67%, followed by those aged 41-50 years, at 26.67%. Meanwhile, the proportion of farmers aged over 60 years remains relatively high, at 16.67%. In contrast, young farmers aged 21-30 years represent only 6.67% and those aged 31-40 years represent 13.33%. Elderly farmers currently dominate Pasundan cattle farming activities in the southern coastal region of Cianjur.

    Table 1: Distribution of farmers by age group.


           
    Amam (2021), smallholder livestock farming is predominantly carried out by elderly farmers. According to Brown et al., (2019), older farmers are generally more reluctant to change land use practices or adopt technological innovations in feed management. In contrast, younger farmers tend to be more receptive to change and more willing to adopt new technologies, as they are less risk-averse.
           
    The productive age of farmers is typically assessed based on their physical capacity to perform fieldwork. Yulisdisantari et al., (2024) state that farmers aged 31-60 years, classified as being in their productive years, generally possess better physical condition compared to those over 60 years of age. Furthermore, older farmers face physical limitations that may hinder their full participation in livestock activities (Andarwati et al., 2025). Halim (2017) stated that farmers in their productive age tend to develop their livestock enterprises more effectively because they possess sufficient energy and experience to support the management of their farming activities.
           
    Based on Table 2, Pasundan cattle farmers in Agrabinta District mostly completed education only up to the elementary school level, representing for 73.33%. About 10% of farmers attained junior high school education and 13.33% reached senior high school, while 3.33% had never attended formal education. None of the farmers had completed higher education (S1).

    Table 2: Educational background of farmers.


           
    Agricultural systems have undergone significant transformation over time as a result of technological progress and recent developments (Vyas and Singh, 2025). Education plays a crucial role in livestock development (Aisyah et al., 2022). It is positively correlated with a farmer’s willingness to take risks, where farmers with lower educational attainment tend to engage in livestock farming as a cultural tradition (Brown et al., 2019). Education level also influences a farmer’s ability to communicate effectively, broaden perspectives and accept technological innovations more readily (Elisia and Febri, 2022). Therefore, extension services are essential in improving farmers’ knowledge, skills and field practices. Farmers also tend to prefer half-day workshops as a practical approach to enhancing their understanding and insights (Gerdes et al., 2020).
           
    The farming experience of Pasundan cattle farmers shows that 40% have been engaged in the business for 5-10 years, followed by 33.33% with 11-20 years of experience (Table 3), indicating that their level of experience is fairly good. This experience reflects that farmers have developed a solid understanding and local wisdom in managing Pasundan cattle farming.

    Table 3: Cattle farming experience.


           
    The longer farmers are involved in Pasundan cattle farming, the more persistent they tend to be in maintaining their businesses, including in recovering from past losses, which ultimately supports better farm development (Aisyah et al., 2022). Extensive farming experience also reflects the growth of knowledge and skills, particularly in animal husbandry and livestock management (Efu and Simamora, 2020). The findings of this study are consistent with those reported by Hardy et al., (2025), who found that coastal communities in Burguey, Cagayan, Philippines, were predominantly composed of male, married, adult household heads with elementary-level education and an average household size of four members.
           
    The absence of farmers with 31-40 years of experience may also reflect challenges in the sustainability of Pasundan cattle farming. According to Yunasaf et al. (2024), farmers face challenges related to uncertainties in meeting the production requirements of beef cattle farming. Furthermore, Lahnamäki-Kivelä and Kuhmonen (2022) emphasize that some farmers more or less disregard global megatrends (urbanization, digitalization, globalization, climate change), while others adapt to or benefit from these trends.
     
    Land area
     
    Based on Table 4 that farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur, have access to both rice fields (14.99 ha) and forage land (11.50 ha). The rice fields are productive, with an average yield of 4.0 tons per year, while the forage land is dominated by natural grasses, which are commonly used as feed for ruminants in traditional grazing systems.

    Table 4: Land ownership and utilization for agriculture and forage.


           
    During the rainy season, the production of fresh biomass from these natural pastures is relatively high (Hawolambani et al., 2015), making them a reliable feed source (Aulia et al., 2024). The availability of land for both food crops and forage presents a favorable condition for the development of Pasundan cattle. The relatively low annual land rent (Rp. 1.196.316 for rice fields and Rp. 463.158 for forage land) makes land use economically accessible for smallholder farmers. Grazing systems also provide an opportunity for farmers with limited land to utilize available communal or underused land resources (Quaicoe et al., 2024).
     
    Cattle ownership profile
     
    The average age of cattle owned by farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur is 5.25 years, farmers are maintaining cattle for extended periods, possibly for reproductive purposes. The sex ratio of 17 males to 58 females shows a female-dominated herd structure, which aligns with smallholder breeding strategies aimed at sustaining calving and herd replacement. Farmers raise a mix of breeds including Pasundan, PO, Simmental, Brahman, Limousin and Ongole. This diversity suggests efforts to improve productivity or adaptability, while the dominance of Pasundan cattle reflects their suitability to local conditions and traditional management systems.
           
    Pasundan cattle dominate the population, representing for 76% of the total 150 recorded cattle. This indicates a strong preference for or local adaptation to the Pasundan breed. Other breeds identified in smaller proportions include Simmental (11.33%), Ongole (4%), Brahman (4%), Limousin (3.33%) and PO (1.33%), based on Table 5.

    Table 5: Cattle ownership characteristics.


           
    The dominance of Pasundan cattle also highlights their potential as a local genetic resource that aligns well with the region’s ecological conditions. According to farmer perceptions, Pasundan cattle offer several advantages, such as high reproductive performance, resistance to tropical diseases, relatively low maintenance costs and the ability to maintain good production performance even when fed with low-quality, inexpensive and locally available feed (Arifin and Sulasmi, 2019). Pasundan cattle are considered suitable for development as a local genetic resource in West Java due to their ability to adapt well to both physical and social environments (Elsadina et al., 2021).
           
    According to Suherman et al., (2021), the small scale of livestock farming among local farmers is driven by limited financial resources, a shortage of labor and traditional management practices. Similarly, Sirappa et al., (2017) state that owning 1-4 cattle under the category of small-scale farming, with income generated being just enough to meet daily needs. This reflects the farmers’ constraints in production factors, management skills and the simplicity of their livestock care systems.
           
    Most Pasundan cattle farmers in the Agrabinta region of South Cianjur own a relatively small number of livestock. As presented in Table 6, the majority of farmers (53.33%) raise ≤4 cattle, followed by 30% who own 5-7 cattle and only 16.67% who keep 8-10 cattle. This indicates that Pasundan cattle farming in this area is still on a small or household scale, likely due to limited capital, land and feed availability.

    Table 6: Number of cattle owned each farmer.


     
    Mating system
     
    Farmers in the southern region of Cianjur still predominantly rely on colony mating as the primary breeding method for Pasundan cattle. This method is perceived as more practical and economically feasible by farmers, especially when compared to artificial insemination (AI), which costs approximately IDR 250,000 per service. Based on interviews with farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur, 23 out of 30 respondents reported not utilizing AI technology. In addition to economic considerations, the long distance between farmers and inseminators (20-30 km) was also cited as a major constraint, discouraging the adoption of AI as the main breeding strategy. Farmers prefer to use natural mating techniques for breeding management in their cattle (Warman et al., 2024).
           
    According to questionnaire results from the same area, the average age of sexual maturity in female cattle was 25±2.08 months (Table 7). This finding is consistent with Nurcholis and Salamony (2019), who reported the average age at first mating in female cattle to be 24.50± 0.008 months (Table 7). Similarly, Mahasanti et al., (2021) found the average age of puberty in female cattle to be 22.09±6.01 months.

    Table 7: Mating system of cattle farming in Agrabinta, Cianjur.


           
    The average culling age of female cattle at Agrabinta farms is 12.7±1.47 years (Table 7). Culling decisions are based on factors such as age, health and reproductive performance. According to Sessim et al., (2020), cattle culled at the age of 13 years demonstrate good economic efficiency for farmers. Clasen et al., (2023) state that the most common and primary reasons for culling female cattle are declining fertility and low productivity.
     
    Feed management
     
    The data of Table 8, indicate that the predominant feeding method used by farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur is grazing, with animals feeding ad libitum, meaning they are allowed to graze freely without strict rationing. Feed processing is not practiced and the drinking frequency ranges from once to twice each day.

    Table 8: Feed management system for pasundan cattle in Agrabinta, Cianjur.


           
    Sulasmi et al., (2017) reported that Pasundan cattle in the southern coastal region of West Java are grazed from morning until evening in coastal sand dune areas. This is consistent with the findings of Saputra et al., (2021), who noted that cattle in coastal areas are typically grazed during the day and then sheltered in pens in the evening, where additional feed is provided at night.
     
    Cattle health
     
    Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a viral disease caused by a virus belonging to the Aphthovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. FMD poses a significant threat to both local and national economies, often leading to reduced livestock productivity (Rahman et al., 2025). Based on the data, there were no reported cases of FMD in cattle within the southern coastal region of Cianjur. This indicates a relatively strong level of biosecurity, suggesting that the area remains well protected from FMD viral exposure.
           
    Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) a viral disease affecting cattle and buffalo was present, with 44 cases recorded (Table 9). LSD causes nodular skin lesions and can affect other body systems, leading to decreased milk production, weight loss, fertility problems and reduced livestock export potential (Haider et al., 2024). Despite these risks, the recovery rate among affected cattle was relatively high, with an average recovery score of 2.86±0.35 (on a scale of 1 to 3) (Table 9), indicating effective disease management.

    Table 9: Cattle health status.


           
    Preventive measures have been actively implemented by farmers in Agrabinta, South Cianjur, including routine administration of vaccines, vitamins and deworming agents. This reflects a commendable level of awareness and commitment to livestock health management by both farmers and local authorities. Animal health officers in Agrabinta routinely carry out FMD vaccination programs, along with the provision of Vitvac vitamin, Vitamin B12 and Wormzole Bolus dewormers.

    CONCLUSION

    The quality of human resources in Agrabinta remains a limiting factor in the development of Pasundan cattle farming. Most farmers have low levels of formal education and a significant proportion are of older age, both of which pose challenges for the adoption of innovation and improvement of livestock management practices.
           
    The environmental potential in Agrabinta Subdistrict is favorable for the development of Pasundan cattle. The area possesses forage land dominated by natural grasses and Imperata cylindrica, which can be utilized as a feed source through traditional grazing systems. In addition, the presence of productive rice fields provides further potential for the production of alternative feed resources.
           
    The application of livestock-related technologies in Agrabinta is still limited. Feed processing techniques are not yet practiced and the adoption of artificial insemination remains relatively low, indicating the need for increased extension services and farmer training to enhance livestock productivity and sustainability.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Agrabinta Beef Cattle Breeding Center for the valuable support and cooperation provided during the research. Their assistance in facilitating access to field data and resources was essential to the completion of this study. The present study was supported by internal funding from the author as part of a master’s thesis research.
     
    Disclaimers
     
    The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.
     
    Informed consent
     
    All animal procedures for experiments were approved by the committee of experimental animal care and handling techniques were approved by the University of Animal Care Committee.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial, personal, or other relationships with other people or organizations related to the material discussed in the manuscript.

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