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Research Article

volume 41 issue 6 (december 2018) : 879-884,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-388

Effect of mycorrhization and soluble phosphate on growth and phosphorus supply of Voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.]

N
N.C. Temegne
T
T.D. Nkou Foh
V
V.D. Taffouo
G
G.-A. Wakem
E
E. Youmbi
1Department of Plant Biology, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812 Yaounde, Cameroon.

  • Submitted22-09-2017|

  • Accepted05-12-2017|

  • First Online 16-03-2018|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-388

Cite article:- Temegne N.C., Foh Nkou T.D., Taffouo V.D., Wakem G.-A., Youmbi E. (2018). Effect of mycorrhization and soluble phosphate on growth and phosphorus supply of Voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.]. Legume Research. 41(6): 879-884. doi: 10.18805/LR-388.

ABSTRACT

Increasing yields in agriculture and management of soil fertility are becoming a major issue in view of the malnutrition problems. Tropical ferralitic soils are phosphorus (P)-deficient. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) must form symbiotic associations with plants to enhance their hydro-mineral nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mycorhization on growth of Vigna subterranea. Seedlings of two landraces were inoculated withAMF composite (Gigaspora margarita and Acaulospora tuberculata). P was administered by Hoagland solution (0 and 1000 mMPi). Two months after sowing, plants were harvested. The results show that,with or without phosphate, the number of nodules was three times (p<0.001) higher in mycorrhized plants compared to controls.Phosphate increased (p<0.001) the leaf P-content by 21 and 54% for the control and mycorrhized plants, respectively. Soluble phosphate did not affect the frequency and intensity of mycorhization. Soluble phosphate and mycorhizationsignificantly improve growth and leaf P-content.

REFERENCES

  1. Aké, A.L. (1988). La diversité génétique des espèces végétales sous-exploitées d’Afrique. In:Crop Genetic Resources of Africa (Vol. 1).[Perrino, P. (Ed.)]IBPGR/IITA/UNEP, Nairobi (Kenya). pp. 53–88.
  2. Bamishaiye, O.M., Adegbola J.A. and Bamishaiye, E.I. (2011). Bambara groundnut: an under-utilized nut in Africa. Advanve in Agriculture and Biotechnology, 1:60-72.
  3. Benton, J. and Vernon, W., (1990). Sampling, handling and analyzing plant tissue sample. InSoil Testing and Plant Analysis. [Westerman, R.L. (ed)]. (3rded). SSA Madison (Wisconsin Book Service): 389-427.
  4. Bourou, S., Ndiaye, F., Diouf, M. and Van Damme, P. (2011). Effets de l’inoculation mycorhizienne sur le comportement agro-physiologique des écotypes du tamarinier (TamarindusindicaL.) au Sénégal. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 46:3093-3102. 
  5. Chaubey, A.K., Singh, H.P. and Shahi, U.P. (2015).Mycorrhizal strains efficacy in soybean.Agricultural Science Digest,35(3):183-    186.http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0547.2015.00041.5
  6. Courty, P.E., Labbé, J., Kohler, A., Marçais, B., Bastien, C., Churin, J.L., Garbaye, J. and Le Tacon, F. (2011). Effect of poplar genotypes on mycorrhizal infection and secreted enzyme activities in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots. Journal of Experimental Botany,62(1):249-260.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq274
  7. Game, B.C., Navale, A.M. and Pardeshi, S.R. (2009). Growth responses of custard apple seedlings to arbuscularmycorrhiza. Agricultural Science Digest, 29(1):72-74.
  8. Harley, J.L. and Smith S.E. (1983). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, London.
  9. Heller, R., (1974). Mineral nutrients uptake in plants. Masson and Cie, Paris.
  10. Hetrick, B.A.D., Wilson G.W.T. and Cox T.S. (1992). Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat varieties, landraces, and ancestors. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70:2032-2040.
  11. Hoagland, D.R. and Arnon, D.I. (1950). The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants WithoutSoil. California Agriculture Experiment Station Circular 347, revised.
  12. Ingleby, K., Fahmer, A., Wilson, J., Newton, A.C., Mason, P.A. and Smith, R.I. (2001). Interactions between mycorrhizalcolonisation, nodulation and growth of Calliandra calothyrsus seedlings supplied with different concentrations of phosphorus solution Symbiosis. Balaban, Philadelphia, Rehovot, 30:15-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9239-z
  13. Ingleby, K., Wilson, J., Munro, R.C. and Cavers C. (2007). Mycorrhizas in Agroforestry: spread and sharing of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi between trees and crops: complementary use of molecular and microscopic approaches. Plant Soil, 294:125-136.
  14. Jemo, M., Nolte, C., Tchienkoua, M. and Abaidoo, R.C. (2010). Biological nitrogen fixation potential by soybeans in two low-P soils of southern Cameroon. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 88:9-58.
  15. Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition in higher plants. Academic Press, London.
  16. Mbogne, J.T., Temegne, C.N., Hougnandan, P., Youmbi, E., Tonfack, L. and Ntsomboh-Ntsefong, G. (2015). Biodiversity of arbuscular my corrhizal fungi of pumpkins (Cucubita spp.) under the influence of fertilizers in ferralitic soils of Cameroon and Benin. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 5(3):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2015.3501
  17. Megueni, C., Awono, A.E. and Ndjouenkeu, R. (2011). Effet simultané de la dilution et de la combinaison du rhizobium et des mycorhizes sur la production foliaire et les propriétés physico-chimiques des jeunes feuilles de Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp. Journal of Applied Bioscience, 40:2668-2676.
  18. Morel, C., Le Clech, B., Linères, M. and Pellerin, S.(2006). Gare à la baisse de la biodisponibilité du phosphore. Agronomie, 79:21-23.
  19. Ngonkeu, M.E.L., (2003). Biodiversité et potentiel des mycorhizes à arbuscules de certaines zones agro-écologiques du Cameroun. Thèse de Doctorat 3e cycle, Université de Yaoundé I, 258 p.
  20. Oliveira, de J.R.G., e Silva, E.M., Teixeira-Rios, T., de Melo, N.F. and Yano-Melo, A.M. (2015). Response of an endangered tree species from Caatinga to mycorrhization and phosphorus fertilization. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 29(1):94-102.
  21. Onguene, N.A. and Kuyper, T.W. (2005). Growth response of three native timber species to soils with different arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculums potentials in South Cameroon indigenous inoculum and effect of addition of grass inoculums. Forest Ecology and Managment, 210:283–290.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.038
  22. Onguene, N.A., Ngonkeu, L.E.M. and Kuyper T.W. (2011). Growth response of Pterocarpus soyauxii and Lophira alata seedling to host soil mycorrhizal inocula in relation to land use types. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(17):2391-2398.http:/    /dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR10.061
  23. Plenchette, C., Fortin, J.A. and Furlan, V. (1983). Growth responses of several plant species to mycorrhizae in a soil of moderate P-    fertility. I. Mycorrhizal dependency under field conditions. Plant Soil, 70:99-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02374780
  24. Rilling, M.C., Wright, S.F., Allen, M.F. and Field, C.B. (1999). Rise in carbon dioxide changes soil structure. Nature, 400:628. https:/    /doi.org/10.1038/23168
  25. Shen, J., Li, C., Mi, G., Li, L., Yuan, L., Jiang, R. and Zhang, F. (2013). Maximizing root/rhizosphere efficiency to improve crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in intensive agriculture of China. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64:1181-1192. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers342
  26. Shi, Z.Y., Zhang, X.L., Xu, S.X., Lan, Z.J., Li, K., Wang, Y.M., Wang, F.Y. and Chen Y.L. (2017). Mycorrhizal relationship in lupines: a review. Legume Research,51:1-9http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/lr.v40i04.9013
  27. Silva, T.R.B., Bortoluzzi, T., Silva, C.A.T. and Arieira C.R. (2012). A comparison of poultry litter applied like organic fertilizer and that applied like chemical fertilizer in corn development. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(2):194-197.
  28. Taffouo, V.D., Ngwene, B., Akoa, A. and Franken, P. (2014). Influence of phosphorus application and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on growth, foliar nitrogen mobilization, and phosphorus partitioning in cowpea plants. Mycorrhiza,24(5):361–368. http://    dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-013-0544-5
  29. Taffouo, V.D., Wamba, O.F., Youmbi, E., Nono, G.V., Akoa, A. (2010). Growth, yield, water status and ionic distribution response of three Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) verdc.) landraces grown under saline conditions. International Journal of Botany, 6(1):53–58. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2010.53.58 
  30. Temegne, C.N., Taboula, J.M., Nbendah, P.,Youmbi, E., Taffouo, V.D. and Ntsefong GN. (2015a). Effect of phosphate deficiency on growth and phosphorus content of three Voandzou (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) varieties.IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science,8(9):52-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-08915259. 
  31. Temegne, N.C., Ngome, A.F. and Fotso, K.A. (2015b). Effect of soil chemical composition on nutrient uptake and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) in two agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences,9(6):2776-2788. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v9i6.21.
  32. Temegne, N.C., Wakem, G.-A., Taffouo, V.D., Mbogne, T.J., Onguene, A.N, Youmbi, E. and Ntsomboh-Ntsefong, G. (2017). Effect of phosphorus fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Bambara groundnut rhizosphere. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 11(37):1399-1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2017.8680.
  33. Trouvelot, A., Kough, J.L. and Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. (1986). Mesure du taux de mycorhization VA d’un système radiculaire. Recherches et méthodes d’estimation ayant une signification fonctionnelle. In: INRA (éd.). Aspects physiologiques et génétiques des mycorhizes. Inra, Dijon: 217-221.
  34. Tsoata, E., Njock, S.R., Youmbi, E. and Nwaga, D. (2015). Early effects of water stress on some biochemical and mineral parameters of mycorrhizal Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae) cultivated in Cameroon. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research, 7(2):21-35.
  35. Tsoata, E., Temegne, N.C. and Youmbi, E. (2016), Analysis of early physiological criteria to screen four fabaceae plants for their tolerance to water stress. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 7(11):14334-14338.
  36. Tsoata, E., Temegne, N.C. and Youmbi, E.(2017b). Analysis of early biochemical criterion to screen four Fabaceae plants for their tolerance to drought stress. International Journal of Current Research, 9(1):44568-44575.
  37. Tsoata, E., Temegne, N.C. and Youmbi, E., |(2017a). Analysis of early growth criterion to screen four Fabaceae plants for their tolerance to drought stress. Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 2(5):94-109.
  38. WFP. (2016). Hunger Statistics. World Food Programme.
  39. Yao, D.N., Kouassi, K.N., Erba, D., Scazzina, F., Pellegrini, N. and Casiraghi, C. (2015). Nutritive Evaluation of the Bambara Groundnut Ci12 Landrace [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)] Produced in Côte d’Ivoire. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(9):21428-21441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160921428
  40. Yaya, T., Koné, M., Silué, S. and Yatty, J. (2013). Prospection, collecte et caractérisation agromorphologique des morphotypes de voandzou de la zone savanicole en Côte d’Ivoire. European Scientific Journal, 9(24):308-325. 
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    Research Article

    volume 41 issue 6 (december 2018) : 879-884,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-388

    Effect of mycorrhization and soluble phosphate on growth and phosphorus supply of Voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.]

    N
    N.C. Temegne
    T
    T.D. Nkou Foh
    V
    V.D. Taffouo
    G
    G.-A. Wakem
    E
    E. Youmbi
    1Department of Plant Biology, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812 Yaounde, Cameroon.

    • Submitted22-09-2017|

    • Accepted05-12-2017|

    • First Online 16-03-2018|

    • doi 10.18805/LR-388

    Cite article:- Temegne N.C., Foh Nkou T.D., Taffouo V.D., Wakem G.-A., Youmbi E. (2018). Effect of mycorrhization and soluble phosphate on growth and phosphorus supply of Voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.]. Legume Research. 41(6): 879-884. doi: 10.18805/LR-388.

    ABSTRACT

    Increasing yields in agriculture and management of soil fertility are becoming a major issue in view of the malnutrition problems. Tropical ferralitic soils are phosphorus (P)-deficient. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) must form symbiotic associations with plants to enhance their hydro-mineral nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mycorhization on growth of Vigna subterranea. Seedlings of two landraces were inoculated withAMF composite (Gigaspora margarita and Acaulospora tuberculata). P was administered by Hoagland solution (0 and 1000 mMPi). Two months after sowing, plants were harvested. The results show that,with or without phosphate, the number of nodules was three times (p<0.001) higher in mycorrhized plants compared to controls.Phosphate increased (p<0.001) the leaf P-content by 21 and 54% for the control and mycorrhized plants, respectively. Soluble phosphate did not affect the frequency and intensity of mycorhization. Soluble phosphate and mycorhizationsignificantly improve growth and leaf P-content.

    REFERENCES

    1. Aké, A.L. (1988). La diversité génétique des espèces végétales sous-exploitées d’Afrique. In:Crop Genetic Resources of Africa (Vol. 1).[Perrino, P. (Ed.)]IBPGR/IITA/UNEP, Nairobi (Kenya). pp. 53–88.
    2. Bamishaiye, O.M., Adegbola J.A. and Bamishaiye, E.I. (2011). Bambara groundnut: an under-utilized nut in Africa. Advanve in Agriculture and Biotechnology, 1:60-72.
    3. Benton, J. and Vernon, W., (1990). Sampling, handling and analyzing plant tissue sample. InSoil Testing and Plant Analysis. [Westerman, R.L. (ed)]. (3rded). SSA Madison (Wisconsin Book Service): 389-427.
    4. Bourou, S., Ndiaye, F., Diouf, M. and Van Damme, P. (2011). Effets de l’inoculation mycorhizienne sur le comportement agro-physiologique des écotypes du tamarinier (TamarindusindicaL.) au Sénégal. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 46:3093-3102. 
    5. Chaubey, A.K., Singh, H.P. and Shahi, U.P. (2015).Mycorrhizal strains efficacy in soybean.Agricultural Science Digest,35(3):183-    186.http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0547.2015.00041.5
    6. Courty, P.E., Labbé, J., Kohler, A., Marçais, B., Bastien, C., Churin, J.L., Garbaye, J. and Le Tacon, F. (2011). Effect of poplar genotypes on mycorrhizal infection and secreted enzyme activities in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots. Journal of Experimental Botany,62(1):249-260.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq274
    7. Game, B.C., Navale, A.M. and Pardeshi, S.R. (2009). Growth responses of custard apple seedlings to arbuscularmycorrhiza. Agricultural Science Digest, 29(1):72-74.
    8. Harley, J.L. and Smith S.E. (1983). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, London.
    9. Heller, R., (1974). Mineral nutrients uptake in plants. Masson and Cie, Paris.
    10. Hetrick, B.A.D., Wilson G.W.T. and Cox T.S. (1992). Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat varieties, landraces, and ancestors. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70:2032-2040.
    11. Hoagland, D.R. and Arnon, D.I. (1950). The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants WithoutSoil. California Agriculture Experiment Station Circular 347, revised.
    12. Ingleby, K., Fahmer, A., Wilson, J., Newton, A.C., Mason, P.A. and Smith, R.I. (2001). Interactions between mycorrhizalcolonisation, nodulation and growth of Calliandra calothyrsus seedlings supplied with different concentrations of phosphorus solution Symbiosis. Balaban, Philadelphia, Rehovot, 30:15-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9239-z
    13. Ingleby, K., Wilson, J., Munro, R.C. and Cavers C. (2007). Mycorrhizas in Agroforestry: spread and sharing of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi between trees and crops: complementary use of molecular and microscopic approaches. Plant Soil, 294:125-136.
    14. Jemo, M., Nolte, C., Tchienkoua, M. and Abaidoo, R.C. (2010). Biological nitrogen fixation potential by soybeans in two low-P soils of southern Cameroon. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 88:9-58.
    15. Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition in higher plants. Academic Press, London.
    16. Mbogne, J.T., Temegne, C.N., Hougnandan, P., Youmbi, E., Tonfack, L. and Ntsomboh-Ntsefong, G. (2015). Biodiversity of arbuscular my corrhizal fungi of pumpkins (Cucubita spp.) under the influence of fertilizers in ferralitic soils of Cameroon and Benin. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 5(3):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2015.3501
    17. Megueni, C., Awono, A.E. and Ndjouenkeu, R. (2011). Effet simultané de la dilution et de la combinaison du rhizobium et des mycorhizes sur la production foliaire et les propriétés physico-chimiques des jeunes feuilles de Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp. Journal of Applied Bioscience, 40:2668-2676.
    18. Morel, C., Le Clech, B., Linères, M. and Pellerin, S.(2006). Gare à la baisse de la biodisponibilité du phosphore. Agronomie, 79:21-23.
    19. Ngonkeu, M.E.L., (2003). Biodiversité et potentiel des mycorhizes à arbuscules de certaines zones agro-écologiques du Cameroun. Thèse de Doctorat 3e cycle, Université de Yaoundé I, 258 p.
    20. Oliveira, de J.R.G., e Silva, E.M., Teixeira-Rios, T., de Melo, N.F. and Yano-Melo, A.M. (2015). Response of an endangered tree species from Caatinga to mycorrhization and phosphorus fertilization. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 29(1):94-102.
    21. Onguene, N.A. and Kuyper, T.W. (2005). Growth response of three native timber species to soils with different arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculums potentials in South Cameroon indigenous inoculum and effect of addition of grass inoculums. Forest Ecology and Managment, 210:283–290.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.038
    22. Onguene, N.A., Ngonkeu, L.E.M. and Kuyper T.W. (2011). Growth response of Pterocarpus soyauxii and Lophira alata seedling to host soil mycorrhizal inocula in relation to land use types. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(17):2391-2398.http:/    /dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR10.061
    23. Plenchette, C., Fortin, J.A. and Furlan, V. (1983). Growth responses of several plant species to mycorrhizae in a soil of moderate P-    fertility. I. Mycorrhizal dependency under field conditions. Plant Soil, 70:99-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02374780
    24. Rilling, M.C., Wright, S.F., Allen, M.F. and Field, C.B. (1999). Rise in carbon dioxide changes soil structure. Nature, 400:628. https:/    /doi.org/10.1038/23168
    25. Shen, J., Li, C., Mi, G., Li, L., Yuan, L., Jiang, R. and Zhang, F. (2013). Maximizing root/rhizosphere efficiency to improve crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in intensive agriculture of China. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64:1181-1192. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers342
    26. Shi, Z.Y., Zhang, X.L., Xu, S.X., Lan, Z.J., Li, K., Wang, Y.M., Wang, F.Y. and Chen Y.L. (2017). Mycorrhizal relationship in lupines: a review. Legume Research,51:1-9http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/lr.v40i04.9013
    27. Silva, T.R.B., Bortoluzzi, T., Silva, C.A.T. and Arieira C.R. (2012). A comparison of poultry litter applied like organic fertilizer and that applied like chemical fertilizer in corn development. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(2):194-197.
    28. Taffouo, V.D., Ngwene, B., Akoa, A. and Franken, P. (2014). Influence of phosphorus application and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on growth, foliar nitrogen mobilization, and phosphorus partitioning in cowpea plants. Mycorrhiza,24(5):361–368. http://    dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-013-0544-5
    29. Taffouo, V.D., Wamba, O.F., Youmbi, E., Nono, G.V., Akoa, A. (2010). Growth, yield, water status and ionic distribution response of three Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) verdc.) landraces grown under saline conditions. International Journal of Botany, 6(1):53–58. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2010.53.58 
    30. Temegne, C.N., Taboula, J.M., Nbendah, P.,Youmbi, E., Taffouo, V.D. and Ntsefong GN. (2015a). Effect of phosphate deficiency on growth and phosphorus content of three Voandzou (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) varieties.IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science,8(9):52-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-08915259. 
    31. Temegne, N.C., Ngome, A.F. and Fotso, K.A. (2015b). Effect of soil chemical composition on nutrient uptake and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) in two agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences,9(6):2776-2788. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v9i6.21.
    32. Temegne, N.C., Wakem, G.-A., Taffouo, V.D., Mbogne, T.J., Onguene, A.N, Youmbi, E. and Ntsomboh-Ntsefong, G. (2017). Effect of phosphorus fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Bambara groundnut rhizosphere. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 11(37):1399-1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2017.8680.
    33. Trouvelot, A., Kough, J.L. and Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. (1986). Mesure du taux de mycorhization VA d’un système radiculaire. Recherches et méthodes d’estimation ayant une signification fonctionnelle. In: INRA (éd.). Aspects physiologiques et génétiques des mycorhizes. Inra, Dijon: 217-221.
    34. Tsoata, E., Njock, S.R., Youmbi, E. and Nwaga, D. (2015). Early effects of water stress on some biochemical and mineral parameters of mycorrhizal Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae) cultivated in Cameroon. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research, 7(2):21-35.
    35. Tsoata, E., Temegne, N.C. and Youmbi, E. (2016), Analysis of early physiological criteria to screen four fabaceae plants for their tolerance to water stress. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 7(11):14334-14338.
    36. Tsoata, E., Temegne, N.C. and Youmbi, E.(2017b). Analysis of early biochemical criterion to screen four Fabaceae plants for their tolerance to drought stress. International Journal of Current Research, 9(1):44568-44575.
    37. Tsoata, E., Temegne, N.C. and Youmbi, E., |(2017a). Analysis of early growth criterion to screen four Fabaceae plants for their tolerance to drought stress. Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 2(5):94-109.
    38. WFP. (2016). Hunger Statistics. World Food Programme.
    39. Yao, D.N., Kouassi, K.N., Erba, D., Scazzina, F., Pellegrini, N. and Casiraghi, C. (2015). Nutritive Evaluation of the Bambara Groundnut Ci12 Landrace [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)] Produced in Côte d’Ivoire. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(9):21428-21441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160921428
    40. Yaya, T., Koné, M., Silué, S. and Yatty, J. (2013). Prospection, collecte et caractérisation agromorphologique des morphotypes de voandzou de la zone savanicole en Côte d’Ivoire. European Scientific Journal, 9(24):308-325. 
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