Use of Molybdenum for enhancing BNF and Productivity of Chickpea in M.P
Description
Dr.S.C.Gupta, Principal Scientist, Soil Science, working under AICRP on Chickpea, Sehore,M.P. center addressed the issue of low productivity of chickpea in central india especially in Madhya Pradesh .He has identified micronutrient molybdenum in the rhizosphere as the limiting factor especially in those soils which are under intensive cultivation in Soybean-Gram or Soybean-Wheat/Gram sequence since last four-five decades in M.P. Experiments conducted under AICRP on Chickpea, Sehore, M.P.(2004-2009) followed by FLD,S (2011-2023) proved that Mo application in the form of Ammonium molybdate merely @1g/kg seed with the Rhizobium+PSB inoculated seed gave tremendous boost in symbiotic traits, BNF, chlorophyll content, flowers and pods production, N,P, Mo and other nutrients uptake and ultimately in the grain yield of chickpea by about 25%.
New advancement in Science: Under Bilateral Exchange Program of Indian National Science Academy (INSA) and Hungarian Academy of Sciences, myself ( Dr.S.C.Gupta) visited Research Institute Of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,(RISSAC) Budapest, Hungary in the project “Sustainable Plant Nutrition in Agriculture, Nutrient and Water Dynamic in Soils and Crops, Measurement and Simulation” wherein some research experiments were undertaken. In an experiment on the “Effect of K Application with Varying Temperature and Moisture Regimes on Different Forms of Soil K and Other Nutrients in Vertisol”, soil samples (Black soils of Vertisol order) collected from the experimental area of RAK College of Agriculture , Sehore, M.P., India analyzed through Inductively coupled plasma AES for various essential plant nutrients and for some heavy metals. In the analysis it was observed that the Mo in these soils was found below the detectable limit of ICP( < 0.016ppm) which indicated that these soils which are under long term use (4-5 decades) in Soybean-Chickpea and Soybean –Wheat sequence are now possessing Mo below the critical limits (<0.2ppm).
This gave the preliminary idea that under these soils legume crops, like Chickpea and Soybean which essentially needs Mo for nitrogenase activity for effective Biological Nitrogen Fixation and also for nitrate reductase activity for protein synthesis, may respond to the external addition of this nutrient (Gupta et al 2006, pl. refer Annex pp-6&7). Hence based on this idea, field experiments under AICRP on Chickpea in microbiology discipline at RAK college of Agriculture, Sehore, M.P., India were started ( from 2004-05 onwards up to 2009-10) by myself and the results were as per the expectations. Chickpea crop responded well to outside supplementation of Molybdenum and the results in terms of yield enhancement were spectacular.
In the light of findings of Sehore centre, multi locational trials at Indore, Ujjain, Gwalior centers of M.P were also conducted on Mo nutrition in chickpea, and the results were in the similar line.( Annual Report, AICRP Chickpea 2010). Based on findings in M.P., experimentation on Mo in chickpea were also conducted under AICRP on Chickpea in Rajasthan (Kota and Shri Ganganagar) and Junagarh (Gujarat) centers and the results were also found significant in Kota and Shriganganagar (Annual Report, AICRP on Chickpea 2012-13).
Demonstrations under AICRP on Chickpea, KVK’s, A3P, NFSM and RKVY funded projects were also conducted in Madhya Pradesh state for 6 years (2011-12 upto 2016-17) and technology found fruitful in most of the demonstrations. This recommendation has also been included in the package of practices of Gram cultivation in M.P. Now, we are promoting this technology for chickpea growers in M.P and demonstrating the same under FLD with full package of practices under AICRP on Chickpea from 2017-18 to 2023-24 . This finding of magic response of chickpea to molybdenum along with Rhizobium+PSB under black soils of M.P. first studied and reported by myself in M.P. and it’s a new development in chickpea production technology.
Research trials conducted under AICRP on Chikpea at Sehore center indicates that supplementation of 1.0 g Ammonium Molybdate (molybdenum) along with Rhizobium+PSB inoculation in Gram crop was found highly remunerative and viable (Net profit of Rs 7098/ha). The favourable effect of molybdenum application along with Rhizobium+PSB inoculation might be attributed to the direct role of Mo in plant nutrition through nitrogenase (Mo-Fe-S protein and Fe-S cluster protein) and nitrate reductase (Prosthetic group FAD, Cytochrome B and Mo) activity. Nitrogenase is essential for conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia in the process of Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Rhizobium in legumes and nitrate reductase is essential for conversion of nitrate into ammonia and ultimately protein synthesis inside the plant system. Molybdenum is also essential for pollen viability and known to suppress disease incidence.
Supplementation of Mo in chickpea seed favours effective nodulation, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation which ultimately favors plant growth , no of flowers, no of pods /plant, chlorophyll content, nutrient uptake and ultimately significantly higher grain yield. (Gupta and Gangwar,2012, Gupta et al ,2015). Compiled data of Multi location trials at Indore,Ujjain , Sehore and Gwalior centers conducted under AICRP on Chickpea during 2009-2010 also indicates that the molybdenum application @ 1g ammonium molybdate/kg seed with Rhizobium +PSB inoculation produced on an average 26.7% yield enhancement over control( Annual Report, AICRP Chickpea 2010).
On the basis of above findings, this technology was recommended in the 15th AICRP on Chickpea Group Meet held at College of Agriculture,Indore as “ Application of Mo as ammonium molybdate @ one g/kg of seed along with Rhizobium+ PSB is recommended for Chickpea in M.P.
Adoption of Technology: Average productivity of Gram crop at farmers fields raised approx.20% in the State after adoption of this technology (along with improved varieties seeds) under micronutrient component in NFSM & A3P program by State Department of FW & AD from rabi 2011 onwards ( A3P report- M.P data of Demonstrations,. DAC GOI,2011-12) through recommendation by RVSKK university.. Based on the merit of this technology, emphasis given to bring 100% chickpea area under seed treatment with ammonium molybdate @ 1g/kg seed as mentioned in the minutes of National Conference on Agriculture for Rabi campaign, 2013, DAC, New Delhi. The State showed about 20% enhancement in chickpea productivity due to adoption of best recommended practices which includes the use of this technology and improved varieties.
Impact and Projections:
Demonstrations indicates the reproducibility of research results at farmers fields also. Enhancement in the yield of chickpea (even on an average 20%) will be able to increase the net profit of farmer’s to minimum Rs. 6400/ha considering the average productivity of around 1 tonne/ha without Mo and 1.2tonne/ha with Mo (Gram grain Rs.3500/q X 2.0quintal = 7000 - 400 = Rs 6400/ha ( Rs 400 is the Cost of 80g/ha Ammonium Molydate @Rs 5000/kg for 80 kg/ha gram seed @1g AM/kg seed). If this technology is adopted in 100% gram area in M.P. ( considering about 30 lakh hectare X Rs 6400 = Rs 1920 corer extra income may be projected to be generated in future with 6.0 million tones of extra production of Gram grain.
Brief Economics: Use of Molybdenum as Ammonium molybdate @1g/kg seed alongwith Rhizobium+PSB inoculation was found effective and remunerative giving an additional yield increase of chickpea by 409 kg/ha with a net return of Rs 7098/ha over control
Key Take away
This technology will be a breakthrough in boosting chickpea production, raising farmers income, state income (Projected income of Rs1920 cr/annum considering only 20% yield enhancement in 30 lakh ha), agriculture growth rate in the state and making the country self sufficient in pulses.Besides, this will also help to boost the productivity of Soybean with the residual effect of molybdenum applied with seed of chickpea in the rhizoshere.
Dr.S.C.Gupta
Principal Scientist
Soil Science
References
Anonymous (2010) Chickpea Annual Report (2009-10), AICRP on Chickpea,IIPR, Kanpur ,pp154-155.
Anonymous ( 2012)Chickpea Annual Report (2012-13), AICRP on Chickpea,IIPR, Kanpur, pp 162-163.
Anonymous (2011-12b) Annual Report of All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, India 332p
Anonymous(2011-12c) Annual Report, Zonal Project Directorate, Zone VII, Jabalpur,M.P.17-18
Anonymous (2012) In Innovative approach to achieve self sufficiency in production of pulses ,Concepts to Results, NFSM (2011) 109p
Anonymous (2013-14c) Annual Progress Report of JNKVV-KVK Sagar Centre: 9-10
Anonymous (2014-15a)Project Coordinators Report on Chickpea, All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, India 31p
Anonymous (2014-15b) Annual Report of All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, India 333p.
Gupta,S.C. and Sahu S.(2012).Response of chickpea to micronutrients and bio fertilizers in Vertisol. Legume Res. 35 (3):248-251.
Gupta,S.C. and Gangwar,S.(2012).Effect of molybdenum ,iron and microbial inoculants on symbiotic traits, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea. Journal of Food Legumes. 25(1): 45-49.
Gupta S.C , Singh A.K and Yadava, H.S. ( 2015) Role of molybdenum and biofertilizer in enhancing BNF and productivity of chickpea JNKVV Res J. 49 (3):465:472.
New advancement in Science: Under Bilateral Exchange Program of Indian National Science Academy (INSA) and Hungarian Academy of Sciences, myself ( Dr.S.C.Gupta) visited Research Institute Of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,(RISSAC) Budapest, Hungary in the project “Sustainable Plant Nutrition in Agriculture, Nutrient and Water Dynamic in Soils and Crops, Measurement and Simulation” wherein some research experiments were undertaken. In an experiment on the “Effect of K Application with Varying Temperature and Moisture Regimes on Different Forms of Soil K and Other Nutrients in Vertisol”, soil samples (Black soils of Vertisol order) collected from the experimental area of RAK College of Agriculture , Sehore, M.P., India analyzed through Inductively coupled plasma AES for various essential plant nutrients and for some heavy metals. In the analysis it was observed that the Mo in these soils was found below the detectable limit of ICP( < 0.016ppm) which indicated that these soils which are under long term use (4-5 decades) in Soybean-Chickpea and Soybean –Wheat sequence are now possessing Mo below the critical limits (<0.2ppm).
This gave the preliminary idea that under these soils legume crops, like Chickpea and Soybean which essentially needs Mo for nitrogenase activity for effective Biological Nitrogen Fixation and also for nitrate reductase activity for protein synthesis, may respond to the external addition of this nutrient (Gupta et al 2006, pl. refer Annex pp-6&7). Hence based on this idea, field experiments under AICRP on Chickpea in microbiology discipline at RAK college of Agriculture, Sehore, M.P., India were started ( from 2004-05 onwards up to 2009-10) by myself and the results were as per the expectations. Chickpea crop responded well to outside supplementation of Molybdenum and the results in terms of yield enhancement were spectacular.
In the light of findings of Sehore centre, multi locational trials at Indore, Ujjain, Gwalior centers of M.P were also conducted on Mo nutrition in chickpea, and the results were in the similar line.( Annual Report, AICRP Chickpea 2010). Based on findings in M.P., experimentation on Mo in chickpea were also conducted under AICRP on Chickpea in Rajasthan (Kota and Shri Ganganagar) and Junagarh (Gujarat) centers and the results were also found significant in Kota and Shriganganagar (Annual Report, AICRP on Chickpea 2012-13).
Demonstrations under AICRP on Chickpea, KVK’s, A3P, NFSM and RKVY funded projects were also conducted in Madhya Pradesh state for 6 years (2011-12 upto 2016-17) and technology found fruitful in most of the demonstrations. This recommendation has also been included in the package of practices of Gram cultivation in M.P. Now, we are promoting this technology for chickpea growers in M.P and demonstrating the same under FLD with full package of practices under AICRP on Chickpea from 2017-18 to 2023-24 . This finding of magic response of chickpea to molybdenum along with Rhizobium+PSB under black soils of M.P. first studied and reported by myself in M.P. and it’s a new development in chickpea production technology.
Research trials conducted under AICRP on Chikpea at Sehore center indicates that supplementation of 1.0 g Ammonium Molybdate (molybdenum) along with Rhizobium+PSB inoculation in Gram crop was found highly remunerative and viable (Net profit of Rs 7098/ha). The favourable effect of molybdenum application along with Rhizobium+PSB inoculation might be attributed to the direct role of Mo in plant nutrition through nitrogenase (Mo-Fe-S protein and Fe-S cluster protein) and nitrate reductase (Prosthetic group FAD, Cytochrome B and Mo) activity. Nitrogenase is essential for conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia in the process of Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Rhizobium in legumes and nitrate reductase is essential for conversion of nitrate into ammonia and ultimately protein synthesis inside the plant system. Molybdenum is also essential for pollen viability and known to suppress disease incidence.
Supplementation of Mo in chickpea seed favours effective nodulation, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation which ultimately favors plant growth , no of flowers, no of pods /plant, chlorophyll content, nutrient uptake and ultimately significantly higher grain yield. (Gupta and Gangwar,2012, Gupta et al ,2015). Compiled data of Multi location trials at Indore,Ujjain , Sehore and Gwalior centers conducted under AICRP on Chickpea during 2009-2010 also indicates that the molybdenum application @ 1g ammonium molybdate/kg seed with Rhizobium +PSB inoculation produced on an average 26.7% yield enhancement over control( Annual Report, AICRP Chickpea 2010).
On the basis of above findings, this technology was recommended in the 15th AICRP on Chickpea Group Meet held at College of Agriculture,Indore as “ Application of Mo as ammonium molybdate @ one g/kg of seed along with Rhizobium+ PSB is recommended for Chickpea in M.P.
Table 1.Effect of bio fertilizers and micronutrients on symbiotic traits and yield attributes of Chickpea (Pooled data 2007-08 &2008-09) (Trials with seed supplementation of Mo)
Table 2. Effect of bio fertilizers and micronutrients on N, P uptake and protein content in seed (Trails with seed supplementation of Mo, Pooled data 2007-08 &2008-09) (Trials with seed supplementation of Mo)
Table 3 : Effect of bio fertilizers and micronutrients on seed yield and economis of chickpea
Adoption of Technology: Average productivity of Gram crop at farmers fields raised approx.20% in the State after adoption of this technology (along with improved varieties seeds) under micronutrient component in NFSM & A3P program by State Department of FW & AD from rabi 2011 onwards ( A3P report- M.P data of Demonstrations,. DAC GOI,2011-12) through recommendation by RVSKK university.. Based on the merit of this technology, emphasis given to bring 100% chickpea area under seed treatment with ammonium molybdate @ 1g/kg seed as mentioned in the minutes of National Conference on Agriculture for Rabi campaign, 2013, DAC, New Delhi. The State showed about 20% enhancement in chickpea productivity due to adoption of best recommended practices which includes the use of this technology and improved varieties.
Fig 1. Chlorophyll content in chickpea leaves as influenced by micronutrients & Bio fertilizers
Fig 2.Molybdenum uptake in chickpea as influenced by micronutrients & Bio fertilizers
Figure 3 .Demonstration conducted under AICRP on Chickpea in M.P on Molybdenum supplementation @ 1g ammonium molybdate/kg seed alongwith Rhizobium+PSB seed inoculation
Fig 4.On Farm Demo Conducted in different district under RKVY funded project on Molybdenum Application technology in Gram crop
Figure 5: Use of Ammonium molybdate in Gram crop under KVKs
Fig 6 : Effect of Mo application at Farmer's Field
Fig 7 : Response of Gram (Chickpea) crop to molybdenum supplementation alongwith Rhizobium+PSB inoculation at Research as well as at Farmers fields
Impact and Projections:
Demonstrations indicates the reproducibility of research results at farmers fields also. Enhancement in the yield of chickpea (even on an average 20%) will be able to increase the net profit of farmer’s to minimum Rs. 6400/ha considering the average productivity of around 1 tonne/ha without Mo and 1.2tonne/ha with Mo (Gram grain Rs.3500/q X 2.0quintal = 7000 - 400 = Rs 6400/ha ( Rs 400 is the Cost of 80g/ha Ammonium Molydate @Rs 5000/kg for 80 kg/ha gram seed @1g AM/kg seed). If this technology is adopted in 100% gram area in M.P. ( considering about 30 lakh hectare X Rs 6400 = Rs 1920 corer extra income may be projected to be generated in future with 6.0 million tones of extra production of Gram grain.
Figure 8 : -MO+MO
Figure 9: Response of Chickpea
Fig 10 : Responses of +MO and -MO
Fig 11: Response of Gram (Chickpea) crop to molybdenum
Brief Economics: Use of Molybdenum as Ammonium molybdate @1g/kg seed alongwith Rhizobium+PSB inoculation was found effective and remunerative giving an additional yield increase of chickpea by 409 kg/ha with a net return of Rs 7098/ha over control
Key Take away
This technology will be a breakthrough in boosting chickpea production, raising farmers income, state income (Projected income of Rs1920 cr/annum considering only 20% yield enhancement in 30 lakh ha), agriculture growth rate in the state and making the country self sufficient in pulses.Besides, this will also help to boost the productivity of Soybean with the residual effect of molybdenum applied with seed of chickpea in the rhizoshere.
Dr.S.C.Gupta
Principal Scientist
Soil Science
References
Anonymous (2010) Chickpea Annual Report (2009-10), AICRP on Chickpea,IIPR, Kanpur ,pp154-155.
Anonymous ( 2012)Chickpea Annual Report (2012-13), AICRP on Chickpea,IIPR, Kanpur, pp 162-163.
Anonymous (2011-12b) Annual Report of All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, India 332p
Anonymous(2011-12c) Annual Report, Zonal Project Directorate, Zone VII, Jabalpur,M.P.17-18
Anonymous (2012) In Innovative approach to achieve self sufficiency in production of pulses ,Concepts to Results, NFSM (2011) 109p
Anonymous (2013-14c) Annual Progress Report of JNKVV-KVK Sagar Centre: 9-10
Anonymous (2014-15a)Project Coordinators Report on Chickpea, All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, India 31p
Anonymous (2014-15b) Annual Report of All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, India 333p.
Gupta,S.C. and Sahu S.(2012).Response of chickpea to micronutrients and bio fertilizers in Vertisol. Legume Res. 35 (3):248-251.
Gupta,S.C. and Gangwar,S.(2012).Effect of molybdenum ,iron and microbial inoculants on symbiotic traits, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea. Journal of Food Legumes. 25(1): 45-49.
Gupta S.C , Singh A.K and Yadava, H.S. ( 2015) Role of molybdenum and biofertilizer in enhancing BNF and productivity of chickpea JNKVV Res J. 49 (3):465:472.
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