Indian Journal of Animal Research

  • Chief EditorK.M.L. Pathak

  • Print ISSN 0367-6722

  • Online ISSN 0976-0555

  • NAAS Rating 6.50

  • SJR 0.263

  • Impact Factor 0.4 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
Science Citation Index Expanded, BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Scopus, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Potential Impacts of Dried Green Coleus forskolin Leaves on Thermo-tolerance Parameters, Blood and Plasma Profiles in Anesthetized Mice

A.A. Mohammed1,*, M.S. El Sayed2, I. AlGherair1, S. Al-Suwaiegh1
1Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 402, Al-Ahsa 31982, KSA.
2Avian Research Center, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 402, Al-Ahsa 31982, KSA.

ABSTRACT

Background: Transient negative side effects of hypothermia, hyperglycemiaand bradycardia due to general anesthesia using diazepam and xylazine drugs has been reported in mice. 

Methods: Twenty albino male mice of 31.52±0.25 g body weight were classified into two groups; control group (G1) fed basal control diet versus C. forskolin group fed basal control diet containing C. forskolin leaves (G2; 1.5%) for four weeks. The mice were general anesthetized using xylazine and diazepam (XD) drugs (13.3 mg/kg BW diazepam and 26.6 mg/kg BW xylazine). Changes of rectal temperature (°C), glucose (mg/dl), pulse rate (pulse/min.) and partial pressure of oxygen (SPO2) were recorded at 0.0, 0.5h, 1.0h, 2.0h, 3.0h, 5.0h and 7.0h over general anesthesia. In addition, blood samples were collected and were subjected to blood and plasma analyses. 

Result: The results indicated that dietary C. forskolin caused significant decrease (P<0.05) in glucose values in addition to significant increase (P<0.05) in rectal temperature, pulse rate and SPO2 during the period hypothermia, hyperglycemiaand bradycardia over general anesthesia. In addition, values of blood (RBCs, WBCs, PCV and Hb) and plasma parameters (TP, BUN, creatinine, AST and ALT, LDH) were normal due to C. forskolin supplementation compared to control diet. It could be concluded that 1.5% C. forskolin supplementation modulates thermo-tolerance responses, blood glucose indices, blood and plasma metabolites over general anesthesia.

INTRODUCTION

Coleus forskohlii is an Indian-origin medicinal plant cultivated in India and other countries of Asia and eastern Africa (Tung et al., 2021). There is an increasing commercial demand of C. forskohlii plant from industries for dietary supplements, food, beverages, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics usages (Roshni and Rekha 2024). The C. forskohlii plant has recently gained popularity for production of forskolin compound (Mitra et al., 2020; Kundur and Shyam 2024).
       
Dietary C. forskolin and its extract, forskolin (Godard et al., 2005; Amezcua et al., 2022; Roshni and Rekha 2024), were used for a wide range of potential functions including body weight loss, improve diabetes and cardiovascular health, increase muscle mass and blood flow to the brain (Abbasi et al., 2023). Therefore, it is expected to restore the transient negative effects of XD general anesthesia over dietary C. forskolin supplementation. Generally, forskolin is considered safe for most people when taken in a recommended dose. The C. forskolin leaves dose (1.5%) of the current study were chosen as spice to food or drinks. Wang et al., (2009) and Kanne et al., (2015) explored the chemical constituents of Coleus forskohlii. Twelve compounds were isolated and identified including forskolin and rosmarinic acid. It was found through HPLC to determine the polyphenol content of leaf extracts of C. forskohlii that rosmarinic acid had the highest concentration (Kundur and Shyam 2024). Both forskolin and rosmarinic acid had effects on body functions (Abbasi et al., 2023; Hwang et al., 2025). Rosmarinic acid alleviates septic acute respiratory distress syndrome, improved skeletal muscle mass and strength and radical scavenging activity (Vo et al., 2024; Zeng et al., 2024; Hwang et al., 2025).
 
The potential impacts of dietary supplements on body functions and therapeutic of diseases were explored in several studies (Mohammed et al., 2020; 2024a, b, c). Appropriate dietary strategies were given for mitigation of hyperglycemia and hypothermia over general anesthesia in mammalian species (Mohammed, 2012; 2018; 2019; Mohammed et al., 2012; 2018; Al Masruri et al., 2022). Effects of diet and dietary supplementation including C. forskohlii leaves on thermo-tolerance parameters, blood and plasma indices have been reported (Mohammed et al., 2020; 2024a, b, c). C. forskohlii is an important plant rich in certain micro and macronutrients, which are important in nutritional and medicinal purposes for both animals and humans in tested dose (Mohammed, 2024c).
       
Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the changes in rectal temperature, pulse rate, SPO2and blood glucose levels before (0 min) and 30 min, 1h, 2h, 3h, 5h and 7h after general anesthesia using DX drugs of control and Coleus forskolin groups. In addition, the changes in hematological (RBCs, HGB, HCT and WBCs) and plasma biochemistry (total protein, albumin, glucose and blood urea nitrogen) is investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experimental procedure was approved by the ethical committee of King Faisal University [Ref. No. KFU-REC-2024-AUG-EA241670]. The Coleus forskolin leaves were purchased from farm located in Gazan area of Saudi Arabia. The experimental procedures were carried out in the experimental animal lab of Agriculture and Food Sciences College of KFU University.
 
Site of study and animal management
 
The study was carried out during the period from May to August 2024 of animal and fish department animal lab. Twenty albino mice of adult males were used for the experiment (body weight; 34.52 ± 1.2 g) (Fig 1). Mice were kept in groups of five animals in transparent cages (40 × 24 × 18 cm) of control and the C. forskolin groups. Mice were fed commercial pellet basal diet (Arasco, KSA), which composed of 2.90% fat, 3.20% fiber, 22.0% protein, 1.0% mixture of minerals and vitaminsand 3300.0 kcal/kg energy. The ground basal diet was mixed  with powder of C. forskolin leaves (w/w; 1.50%) and and pelleted (Mohammed et al., 2024c). The chemical composition of C. forskolin leaves includes 91.23% dry matter, 8.77% moisture, 13.05% crude protein, 12.02% crude fiber, 27.96% non-free extract and 3.31% ether extract. Animals had free access to water and diets. Mice were kept controlled under 12h light cycle and 12h dark starting at 8 a.m. The temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) during the experiment were controlled to 25.0 ±2.50°C and 50.0±8.0%, respectively. The C. forskolin feeding lasts for four weeks.
 

Fig 1: Experimental design of C. forskolin influences on thermo-tolerance parameters, blood and plasma profiles in anesthetized mice.


 
General anesthesia through xylazine and diazepam injection
 
After four weeks of feeding, fasting males for six hours were injected intraperitoneal with combination of 13.3 mg/kg body weight of diazepam (Neuril, Memphis Co. Egypt) and 26.6 mg/kg body weight of xylazine (Xylaject, Adwia Co. Egypt) for safe XD general anesthesia in mice (Mohammed, 2012; Mohammed et al., 2012, 2018; Al Masruri et al., 2022). The mice of control group injected intraperitoneal with 0.2 ml physiological saline. The general anesthesia injected dosage of xylazine and diazepam in this study was chosen according to the drugs’ safety margin of our previous studies (Mohammed 2012, 2018, 2019; Mohammed et al., 2012, 2018).
 
Monitoring rectal temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, heart rate and glucose values
 
Rectal temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, heart rate and blood glucose values were monitored before (0 min) and 20 min, 40 min, 1h, 2h, 3h and 4h of DX general anesthesia of control and Moringa groups.  During these chosen specific intervals, the changes in the recorded parameters were more pronounced in both control and treated groups (Mohammed, 2012; Mohammed et al., 2012; 2018; Al Masruri et al., 2022). Rectal temperatures were recorded using clinical thermometer (Citizen). Pulse rate and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) were recorded using pulse oximeter (CMS60D-VET Handheld Veterinary Pulse Oximeter) (Mohammed, 2018). Blood glucose values were recorded using blood glucose meter (Contour TS 4052 Basel, Switzerland) (Mohammed et al., 2024c). The top of tail was punctured and the drop of blood put on strips for recording blood glucose values.
 
Blood sample collection and analyses
 
Blood samples were collected from the orbital sinus (Hoff 2000) at the end of experiment from mice of control and the C. forskolin groups. The collected blood samples were analyzed for blood chemistry analyzer (Skyla VB1). The readable blood parameters include red and white blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin. The readable plasma parameters include total proteins, liver enzymes, blood urea and creatinine and iron values.
 
Statistical analysis
 
Rectal temperature, glucose, pulse rate, partial pressure of oxygen, blood and plasma biochemistry values after xylazine and diazepam general anaesthesia  were statistically analyzed using General Linear Model procedure of SAS (SAS 2008) according to the following model:
 
Yij = μ + Ti + eij
 
Where,
μ = Mean.
Ti = Effect of C. forskolin (1.50%).
eij = Standard error.
       
Duncan’s multiple range test (1955) was used to compare between means of control and C. forskolin groups.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Rectal temperature, heart rate, partial pressure of oxygen and glucose values of control and C. forskolin groups recorded before (0 min) and 30 min, 1h, 2h and 3h, 5h and 7h of DX general anesthesia are presented in Table (1-4). Hematological and biochemical parameters of control and C. forskolin groups 7h after general anesthesia using xylazine and diazepam drugs are presented in Table (5-6). The changes in rectal temperature values of control and C. forskolin groups recorded at 0.0, 0.5h, 1.0h, 2.0h, 3.0h, 5.0h and 7.0h over general anesthesia are presented in Table (1). The significant hyperthermia was found in C.  forskolin group compared to control one over general anesthesia. 
 

Table 1: Rectal temperature (°C) changes over dietary Coleus forskolin supplementation (1.5%) in general anesthetized mice.


 

Table 2: Glucose (mg/dl) changes over dietary Coleus forskolin supplementation (1.5%) in general anesthetized mice.


 

Table 3: Pulse rate (pulse/min.) changes over dietary Coleus forskolin supplementation (1.5%) in general anesthetized mice.


 

Table 4: Partial pressure of oxygen (SPO2) changes over dietary Coleus forskolin supplementation (1.5%) in general anesthetized mice.


 

Table 5: Blood profile changes over dietary Coleus forskolin supplementation (1.5%) in eneral anesthetized mice.


 

Table 6: Plasma metabolites changes over dietary Coleus forskolin supplementation (1.5%) in general anesthetized mice.


       
The changes in glucose (mg/dl) values of control and C. forskolin groups recorded at 0.0, 0.5h, 1.0h, 2.0h, 3.0h, 5.0h and 7.0h over general anesthesia are presented in Table (2). The significant hypoglycemia was found at 0.0h and 3.0h in C. forskolin group compared to control one over general anesthesia.
       
The changes in pulse rate (pulse/min.) values of control and C. forskolin groups recorded at 0.0, 0.5h, 1.0h, 2.0h, 3.0h, 5.0h and 7.0h over XD general anesthesia are presented in Table (3). During the recorded intervals, the pulse rates were restored earlier to normal values in C.  forskolin. The restoration of the pulse rate was significant at 5h and 7h intervals. This gradual trend may indicate a stimulatory effect of C. forskolin. on cardiovascular parameters.
       
The changes in partial pressure of oxygen values of control and C. forskolin groups recorded at 0.0, 0.5h, 1.0h, 2.0h, 3.0h, 5.0h and 7.0h over general anesthesia are presented in Table (4). The significant increase of pulse rate was found in C. forskolin group compared to control one over general anesthesia. 
       
The blood and biochemical parameters of control and C. forskolin groups are presented in Table (5-6). Generally, the data indicated increased of WBCs and PCV (P > 0.05) due to C. forskolin supplementation.  In addition, plasma profiles concerning total protein, blood urea, creatinine, aspartate and alanine transferases were not observed in C. forskolin except significant decrease of urea (P = 0.05) and significant increase of Lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.001).
       
Results of the current study are presented in Tables (1-6) indicating the effects of dietary C. forskolin leaves (1.5%) in general anesthetized mice. Generally, the data indicated that the values of thermos-tolerance, blood and metabolites in the C. forskolin group were modulated positively after general anesthesia compared to control one. Thus, C. forskolin supplementation (1.50%) alleviated the transient negative side effects concerning hypothermia, hyperglycemia and bradycardia through changes in blood and plasma metabolites and mineral profiles.
       
Dietary C. forskolin and its extract, forskolin (Amezcua et al., 2022; Roshni and Rekha, 2024), were used for a wide range of potential functions including body weight loss, improve diabetes and cardiovascular health, increase muscle mass and blood flow to the brain (Abbasi et al., 2023). Wang et al., (2009) and Kanne et al., (2015) explored the chemical constituents of Coleus forskohlii. Twelve compounds were isolated and identified from C. forskolin including forskolin and rosmarinic acid (Kundur and Shyam 2024). Generally, forskolin is considered safe for most people when taken in a recommended dose. The percentage of C. forskolin leaves (1.5%) of the current study were chosen as spice to food or drinks.
       
Rectal temperature, heart rate, partial pressure of oxygen and glucose values of control and C. forskolin groups were recorded before (0 min) and 30 min, 1h, 2h and 3h, 5h and 7h after DX general anesthesia (Table 1-4). The positive changes of the aforementioned parameters in C. forskolin group compared to control one indicates the importance of C. forskolin dose (1.5%) to alleviate the transient negative effects of DX general anaesthesia (Bristow et al., 1984; Mohammed 2018; Al Masruri et al., 2022). C. forskolin effects on thermo-tolerance parameters were reported in several studies (Mohammed et al., 2024c). The effects of C. forskolin on thermo-tolerance parameters might be due to several factors including antioxidative propertiesand regulating pathways involved in the metabolism (Khatun et al., 2011; Sameeh, 2023). In addition, these significant changes in thermo-tolerance parameters could be attributed to C. forskolin constituents including forskolin. Forskolin works by activating adenylate cyclase, increases the level of cAMP, which in turn plays pivotal roles in many cellular processes, including cell growthand metabolism (Alasbahi and Melzig 2012; Shaikh and Finlayson 2012; Rakhmanova et al., 2023). The increase of rectal temperature of C. forskolin group compared to control group is owing to forskolin effect on thermogenesis (Abbasi et al., 2023). In addition, Bristow et al., (1984) found that forskolin was a potent and a powerful activator of human myocardial adenylate cyclase and produced maximal effects. Furthermore, thermogenesis over forskolin supplementation has been confirmed (Mohammed et al., 2024c) due to lipolysis and beta-oxidation (Zhang et al., 2019).
       
Hematological and biochemical parameters of control and C. forskolin groups 7h after general anesthesia using xylazine and diazepam drugs are presented in Table (5-6). The blood circulation and its profiles including blood and plasma components represents one of the most critical aspects of body health and functions. Antioxidants in C. forskolin are free radical scavengers, which protect the body defense system against excessively produced free radicals and stabilize health status of the stressed animal. Such natural antioxidants might involve in a number of oxidation and reduction reactions in the body. Blood glucose values were decreased in C. forskolin group might be due to forskolin effect as indicated in several studies (Abbasi et al., 2023; Skelin Klemen et al., 2023; Mohammed et al., 2024c). Effects of C. forskohlii supplementation on hematological profiles in mildly overweight women were examined (Henderson et al., 2005). The authors found none significant changes in red and white blood cells, blood lipids, muscle and liver enzymes and electrolytes as indicated in our study. It is important to mention that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) value was increased (P<0.001) in C. forskolin group by about 20.0% compared to control group. This could be attributed to the earlier restoration of body functions to normal values in C. forskolin group compared to control one. Generally, lactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of lactate to pyruvate and is commonly used as an indicator of tissue damage.  LDH is found in a variety of body tissues. Serum LDH activity is tissue non-specific, although muscle, liver and erythrocytes may be the major source of high activity. Therefore, it is helpful to separate LDH into its different isoenzyme forms by electrophoresis to differentiate the LDH source (not explored in this study). On the other hand, the low LDH levels may be associated with major depressive disorder and suicidal behaviors (Yao et al., 2022). Finally, the changes of blood and plasma profiles after C. forskolin supplementation and anesthesia because of the potential health effects of C. forskolin in modulating metabolism through rosmarinic acid, antioxidant and forskolin components.

CONCLUSION

It could be concluded that C. forskolin supplementation (1.5%) modulates thermo-tolerance responses, blood glucose values, blood and plasma metabolites over general anesthesia. The occurrence of hyperthermia and hypoglycemia after general anesthesia was confirmed. In addition, green C. forskolin leaves might be used as feed additive since no negative effects was detected neither on blood or serum profiles. Further studies are required for exploring C. forskolin effects through the level of supplementation and the physiological body conditions during pre-partum and post-partum periods.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors want to thank and acknowledge Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia for funding and support (KFU 241670).
 
Disclaimers
 
The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.

Informed consent 
 
The Ethical Committee of Deanship of Scientific  Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, approved all animal procedures, experimental enimal care and handling techniques for experiments (KFU 241670).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

REFERENCES


  1. Abbasi, Zhou, M., Hu, F., Wang, Q., S. (2023). P31-001-23 Anti-Obesity and Metabolic Effects of Forskolin in Obese C57BL/6J Mice. Current Developments in Nutrition. 7(1): 101567.

  2. Al Masruri, H., Al Zeidi, R., Al Mufarji, A., Mohammed A.A. (2022). Moringa oleifera leaves supplementation to anaesthetized mice associated with changes of thermo-tolerance parameters, blood and plasma indices. Fresen Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 8: 8179-8187.                         

  3. Alasbahi, R.H., Melzig, M.F. (2012). Forskolin and derivatives as tools for studying the role of cAMP. Pharmazie. 67(1): 5-13.

  4. Amezcua, I.J., Blas, S.R., Municio, M.D., Soria, A.C., Matute, A.I.R., Sanz, M.L. (2022). Development of a multianalytical strategy for detection of frauds in Coleus forskohlii supplements. Journal of Chromatography A. 1676: 463198.

  5. Bristow, M.R., Ginsburg, R., Strosberg, A., Montgomery, W., Minobe, W. (1984). Pharmacology and inotropic potential of forskolin in the human heart. Journal Clinical Investigation. 74(1): 212-23.

  6. Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple Ftest. Biometrics. 11: 1. 

  7. Godard, M.P., Johnson, B.A., Richmond, S.R. (2005). Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men. Obesity Reseach. 13(8): 1335-1343.

  8. Hwang, E.S., Noh, Y., Jeong, H.Y., Lee, J.J., Ahn, B.M., Lee, J., Young Jin Jang, Y.J. (2025). Improved skeletal muscle mass and strength through Protamex-mediated hydrolysis of perilla seed cake: Elevated rosmarinic acid levels as a contributing factor, Food Chemistry. 463(3): 141369.

  9. Henderson, S., Magu, B., Rasmussen, C., Lancaster, S., Kerksick, C., Smith, P., Melton, C., Cowan, P., Greenwood, M., Earnest, C., Almada, A., Milnor, P., Magrans, T., Bowden, R., Ounpraseuth, S., Thomas, A., Kreider, R.B. (2005). Effects of coleus forskohlii supplementation on body composition and hematological profiles in mildly overweight women.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2(2): 54-62.

  10. Hoff, J. (2000). Methods of blood collection in the mouse.Laboratory Animals. 29: 47–53.

  11. Kanne, H., Burte, N.P., Prasanna, V., Gujjula, R. (2015). Extraction and elemental analysis of Coleus forskohlii extract. Pharmacognosy Research. 7(3): 237-241.

  12. Khatun, S., Chatterjee, N.C. and Çakýlcýoðlu, U. (2011). Antioxidant activity of the medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii Briq. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(13): 2530-2535.

  13. Kundur, S., Shyam, P. (2024). Quantification of total phenols in Coleus forskohlii and inhibition of aldose reductase by rosmarinic acid. Journal of Molecular Structure. 1312: 138435.

  14. Mitra, M., Gantait, S., Mandal, N. (2020). Coleus forskohlii: Advancements and prospects of in vitro biotechnology. Applied Microbiolpgy Biotechnology. 104(6): 2359-2371.

  15. Mohammed, A.A. (2012). Ovarian tissue transplantation in mice and rats: Comparison of ovaries age. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 50(2): 481-486.

  16. Mohammed, A.A. (2018). Development of oocytes and preimplantation embryos of mice fed diet supplemented with dunaliella salina. Advances Animal Veterinary Sciences. 6(1): 33-39.

  17. Mohammed A.A. (2019). Nigella Sativa oil improves physiological parameters, oocyte quality after ovarian transplantation and reproductive performance of female mice. Pakistan Journal Zoology. 51 (6): 2225-2231.

  18. Mohammed, A.A., Abdelnabi1, M.A., Modlinski, J.A. (2012). Evaluation of anesthesia and reproductive performance upon diazepam and xylazine injection in rats. Animal Science Papers and Reports. 30(3): 285-292.

  19. Mohammed A.A., Al-Hozab, A., Alshaheen, T. (2018). Effects of diazepam and xylazine on changes of blood oxygen and glucose levels in mice. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 6 (3): 121-127.

  20. Mohammed, A.A., AlGherair, I., AlSuwaiegh, S., Al-Khamis, S., Alessa, F., Al-Madni, A. and Al-Ghamdi, A. (2024a). Effects of nutritive and non-nutritive feed supplements on feed utilization, growth and reproductive performances in mammals. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 58(4): 615-621.

  21. Mohammed, A.A., Alshaheen, T. and Al-Suwaiegh, S. (2020). Effects of Myo-inositol on physiological and reproductive traits through blood parameters, oocyte quality and embryo transfer in mice. Indian Journal of Animal Research.10.18805/ijar.B-1300.

  22. Mohammed, A.A., AlSuwaiegh, S., AlGherair, I. (2024c). Potential impacts of dried green Coleus forskolin leaves on changes of body and liver weight, glucose and body temperature, serum profiles in mice. Indian Journal of Animal Research. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.BF-1839.

  23. Mohammed, A.A., Al-Suwaiegh, S., AlGherair, I., Al-Khamis, S., Alessa, F., Al-Awaid, S., Alhujaili, W.F., Mohammed, A. and Mohammed, A. (2024b). The potential impacts of antioxidant micronutrients on productive and reproductive performances of mammalian species during Stressful Conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 58(6): 1031-1038. doi:10.18805/IJAR.BF-1773.

  24. Rakhmanova, T., Mokrousova, V., Okotrub, S., Kizilova, E., Brusentsev, E., Amstislavsky, S. (2023). Effects of forskolin on cryopreservation and embryo development in the domestic cat. Theriogenology. 210: 192-198.

  25. Roshni, P.T., Rekha, P.D. (2024). Biotechnological interventions for the production of forskolin, an active compound from the medicinal plant, Coleus forskohlii. Physiology Molecular Biology Plants. 30(2): 213-226.

  26. Sameeh, M.Y. (2023).Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of leaves extracts of Coleus forskohlii L. collected from Al-Leith Area, Saudi Arabia. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology. 25(3): 56-62.

  27. SAS (2008). SAS user’s guide: Basics. Statistical Analysis System Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.

  28. Shaikh, A.G., Finlayson, P.G. (2012). Forskolin induced increase in spontaneous activity of auditory brainstem neurons is comparable to acoustic stimulus evoked responses. Neuroscience Letters. 531: 69-73.

  29. Skelin Klemen, M., Dolenšek, J., Križanèić Bombek, L., Pohorec, V., Gosak, M., Slak Rupnik, M., Stožer, A. (2023). The effect of forskolin and the role of Epac2A during activation, activity and deactivation of beta cell networks. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 14: 1225486.

  30. Tung, Y.-C., Shih, Y.-A., Nagabhushanam, K., Ho, C.-T., Cheng, A.-C., Pan, M.-H. (2021). Coleus forskohlii and Garcinia indica extracts attenuated lipid accumulation by regulating energy metabolism and modulating gut microbiota in obese mice, Food Research International. 142: 110143.

  31. Vo, Q.V., Hoa, N.T., Flavel, M., Thong, N.M., Boulebd, H., Nam, P.C., Quang, D.T., Mechler, A. (2024). A comprehensive study of the radical scavenging activity of rosmarinic acid. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. https://doi.org10.1021/acs.joc.3c02093. 

  32. Yao, Q., Liu, H., Li, Y. (2022). Low levels of serum LDH are associated with depression and suicide attempts. General Hospital Psychiatry. 79: 42-49.

  33. Wang, Y.Q., Ma, J.P., Pan, S.L., Hou, A.J., Huang, J.M. (2009). Studies on the chemical constituents of Coleus forskohlii. Zhong Yao Cai. 32(9): 1381-1385.

  34. Zhang, H., Wen, J.-J., Zhang, Y.-N., Limbu, S.M., Du, Z.-Y., Qin, J.G., Chen, L.-Q. (2019). Forskolin reduces fat accumulation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through stimulating lipolysis and beta-oxidation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology. 230: 7-15.

  35. Zeng, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J.W., Zhuo, X., Ling Zhu, L., Wan, L.H. (2024). Rosmarinic acid alleviates septic acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice by suppressing the bronchial epithelial RAS-mediated ferroptosis. International Immunopharmacology. 135: 112304.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)