Indian Journal of Animal Research

  • Chief EditorK.M.L. Pathak

  • Print ISSN 0367-6722

  • Online ISSN 0976-0555

  • NAAS Rating 6.50

  • SJR 0.263

  • Impact Factor 0.5 (2023)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
Science Citation Index Expanded, BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Scopus, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Effects of Allicin on the Immune Performance and Expression of Immune-related Genes in Muchuan Black-bone Chickens

Juan Liao1, Xuemei Shen1, Shigang Yu1, Gang Wang1,*, Wencong Long1, Yong Wang1, Wangkaiyu Yang1, Fei Peng1, Yuze Fan1, Zi Liang1
1Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China.

ABSTRACT

Background: In response to China’s ban on medicinal feed additives with growth-promoting functions in livestock and poultry feed, there is an urgent need in modern animal husbandry for alternatives to antibiotics to sustain livestock health and improve feed conversion efficiency. Allicin, known for its safety, efficiency, lack of drug resistance and absence of residue, regulates the intestinal flora structure; inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria; improves intestinal health, immunity and stress resistance; and improves animal production.

Methods: To investigate the impact of allicin on immune performance and immune-related gene expression in Muchuan black-bone chickens, diets were supplemented with varying allicin levels (50, 100, 200 mg/kg), designated as test groups A, B and C, respectively. Initially, growth performance was assessed. Subsequently, immunoglobulins were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and colorimetry; immune titers for avian influenza and Newcastle disease were evaluated using hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests and the expression of immune genes was analyzed via real-time quantitative PCR. Finally, serum biochemical indices in each group were determined.

Result: Compared to the control group, allicin supplementation resulted in increased average fasting body weight in the experimental group and significantly (P<0.05) higher thymus and musogastric indices in groups A and C, respectively. Serum levels of immunoglobulin M in groups A and B and immunoglobulin G levels were significantly higher in all experimental groups than in controls. Antibody titers against avian influenza H5 and H7 strains were higher in all test groups, with Newcastle disease antibody titers in groups B and C significantly higher than those in controls. The mRNA expression levels of IFN-ã were lower across all experimental groups, whereas the expression levels of TLR3 in groups B and C and TLR15 in group B were higher. Serum levels of triglycerides in group A were significantly higher and blood urea nitrogen levels were significantly lower in groups B and C than in controls. These findings indicate that dietary allicin (50-200 mg/kg) significantly improves growth performance, immunity and protein and lipid metabolism in Muchuan black-bone chickens, offering valuable data for the development and use of allicin as an antibiotic alternative.

INTRODUCTION

Notice No. 194 issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China mandates that from July 1, 2020, the inclusion of pharmaceutical feed additives with growth-promoting functions in livestock and poultry feed is prohibited. Consequently, the advancement of modern animal husbandry urgently requires alternatives to antibiotics to preserve livestock health and improve feed conversion efficiency. Natural plant extracts emerge as a solution to the misuse of antibiotics in aquaculture, offering unique benefits (Yuan et al., 2023). Allicin, a natural plant additive, is an oily substance produced by the catalytic action of allinase on allicin cells. It is an organic sulfur compound, with allicin oil being the active component (Ahn et al., 2022; Borlinghaus et al., 2014). Derived from nature and easy to extract, allicin has no toxic side effects or drug resistance. Due to its distinctive odor, along with antibacterial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, it can be used to regulate feed flavor, improve livestock and poultry appetite, increase feed intake and promote the synthesis and utilization of amino acids and vitamins in the intestines. Additionally, allicin stimulates the olfactory and gustatory senses of animals, enhancing gastric secretion and gastrointestinal peristalsis, thereby improving appetite, feed intake and feed conversion rates in livestock and poultry (Choo et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).
       
Black-bone chicken is increasingly recognized by consumers for its high nutritional and medicinal values (Sehrawat et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020). Melanin in this type of chicken has antioxidant, anti-aging and free radical scavenging functions (Khumpeerawat et al., 2021; Li et al., 2019). Muchuan black-bone chicken, a local specialty from Sichuan Province, is an important strain from the mountainous region of southern Sichuan with a historical origin in Muchuan County. It is noted for its distinctive black skin, beak, crown, mane, oral cavity, meat, bones and internal organs (Yu et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018). However, the effect of allicin on immune function and serum biochemical indexes of Muchuan black-bone chicken is still lacking. This study examines the impact of varying allicin concentrations added to the feed of day-old Muchuan black-bone chickens. After a specific feeding period, we assessed the effects of different allicin levels on the growth performance, immune function indices and serum biochemical indices of the chickens, providing a scientific reference for the development and application of allicin as an antibiotic alternative in their production. The goal is to promote the development and utilization of excellent local breeds and enhance economic benefits. Our technical approach is depicted in Fig 1.
 

Fig 1: Technical roadmap of this study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials
 
One-day-old Muchuan black-bone chickens (n = 800; 400 males and 400 females) were housed at the Experimental Chicken Farm of Leshan Normal University, Leshan, China. Allicin, sourced from Henan Laifute Feed Technology Co., LTD., came in 1000 g bags with a concentration of 25%.
 
Experimental design
 
The chickens were housed at the farm mentioned above and randomly assigned to four groups. Each group contained five replicates, with 20 chickens per replicate. The chickens were fed from 1 to 21 days of age and from 22 to 42 days of age. The control group received a basic diet (Table 1) whereas test groups A, B and C were fed the basic diet supplemented with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of allicin, respectively. All groups were raised and managed under identical conditions. The duration of the experiment was 42 days.
 

Table 1: Composition indicators of the basic diet.


 
Determination of indicators
 
Growth performance
 
Feed and water were withheld starting at 18:00 on the day before both the beginning and end of the feeding experiment. The next day at 8:00, the feed intake for each group was recorded, along with the initial and final weights and survival rates. The average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain and feed-to-gain ratio were calculated as follow:
 





Immune function
 
Organ index determination
 
Upon completion of the experiment, six chickens (three males and three females) were randomly selected from each replicate. These chickens were weighed, bled and then euthanized. Their heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, muscular stomach, glandular stomach and thymus were harvested. The surface moisture of the immune organs was removed using clean filter paper and then the organs were weighed to calculate the immune organ index (weight of immune organ / live weight of the test chicken).
 
Immunoglobulin level
 
To assess immunoglobulin levels, 10 chickens (5 males and 5 females) from each replicate were chosen randomly for subwing vein sampling prior to slaughter. The collected non-anticoagulated blood was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 min. The serum obtained was used to determine levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).
 
Serum antibody assay
 
Serum was extracted from the jugular vein of each chicken to analyze antibody titers against H5, H7 and Newcastle disease. These titers were identified using hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests.
 
Immune gene levels
 
This part of the study focused on the detection of specific immune-related genes, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), toll-like receptor 15 (TLR15), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-16 (IL-16), using RT-qPCR. Specific primers were designed using Primer Premier 5.0 software and synthesized by Chengdu Qingke Biotechnology Co., LTD. The sequences are listed in Table 2.
 

Table 2: Primer parameters.


 
Serum biochemical indexes
 
Following the experiment, 10 chickens (5 males and 5 females) were randomly selected from each replicate to collect 5 mL blood from the jugular vein. The blood samples were left to stand for 20 min, then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, to obtain the supernatant. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TGs), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined using commercial kits.
 
Data analysis
 
Data from this experiment were collated and organized using Microsoft Excel. Intergroup variance analysis was performed with SPSS statistical software and the results are expressed as mean±standard deviation. Statistical graphs were created using GraphPad Prism version 8.0. P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effects of different levels of allicin powder on growth performance
 
At the beginning of the experiment, the average initial body weights of the 1-day-old chickens in groups A, B and C were not statistically different from those of controls (where P<0.05 unless specified otherwise) (Fig 2), ensuring comparability among the groups. After 42 days of feeding with different allicin supplementation levels, the average fasting body weights were higher in the experimental groups. Group B experienced the largest (and significant) increase. In terms of average daily feed intake and average daily weight gain, the experimental groups showed a slight increase compared to controls, while the feed conversion ratio slightly decreased; however, these differences were not statistically significant.
 

Fig 2: The effects of different levels of allicin powder on the growth performance of Muchuan black-bone chickens.


 
Effects of different levels of allicin powder on immune-related indicators
 
Effects of different levels of allicin powder on organ indices
 
Relative to controls, the gizzard index in group C was significantly higher as was the thymus index in group A. For other immune-related organs, including the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and bursa of Fabricius indices, no significant differences were observed between the groups (Fig 3).
 

Fig 3: Effects of different levels of allicin powder on immune organ indices in Muchuan black-bone chickens.


 
Effects of different levels of allicin powder on immunoglobulins (Fig 4)
 
The serum levels of IgM were significantly higher in groups A and B than in controls. Similarly, IgG levels were significantly higher in all experimental groups than in controls.
 
 

Fig 4: Effects of different levels of allicin powder on immunoglobulins in Muchuan black-bone chickens.


 
Effects of different levels of allicin powder on immune performance (Fig 5)
 
The antibody titers against avian influenza H5 and H7 were higher in groups A, B and C than in controls, significantly so in groups B and C. Moreover, Newcastle disease antibody titers were significantly higher in groups B and C than in controls.
 

Fig 5: Effects of different levels of allicin powder on immune performance of Muchuan black-bone chickens.


 
Effects of different levels of allicin powder on the expression of immune genes (Fig 6)
 
Relative to controls, the relative expression levels of IFN-γ mRNA were significantly lower in all experimental groups. The levels of TLR3 mRNA were significantly higher in groups B and C and those of TLR15 were significantly higher in group B. However, those of IL-2 and IL-16 were only slightly lower in all experimental groups.
 

Fig 6: Effects of different levels of allicin powder on the immune genes of Muchuan black-bone chickens.


 
Effects of different levels of allicin powder on serum biochemical indicators (Fig 7)
 
Relative to controls, the serum levels of TGs were significantly higher in group A and BUN levels were significantly lower in groups B and C (being significantly lower in group B than in group C). No other indicators significantly differed among the groups.
 

Fig 7: Effects of different levels of allicin powder on serum biochemical indicators of Muchuan black-bone chickens.


       
Several studies have indicated that incorporating allicin into poultry diets can increase average daily feed intake and average daily gain, while simultaneously reducing the feed-to-gain ratio (Wang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2021). This effect is potentially due to the ability of allicin to stimulate the oral and gastrointestinal chemoreceptors in birds, thereby activating the hypothalamic feeding center and improving feeding behaviors (Gong et al., 2020). The immune organ index serves as an important metric for assessing immune function in poultry, offering insight into the development of the immune system (Gong et al., 2020). Additionally, the levels of immunoglobulins and the expression of immune genes are indicative of humoral and cellular immune functions, respectively (Silveira et al., 2018). Blood biochemical indices provide a direct measurement of various physiological activities within the body (Xu et al., 2015). Previous research has demonstrated the beneficial role of allicin in regulating serum characteristics and improving serum biochemical indices (Pathak et al., 2020).
       
In the present study, compared to controls, the average fasting body weight of Muchuan black-bone chickens increased in the experimental groups. Notably, the increase was significant in the group fed a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg allicin. The musogastric index in the group that received 200 mg/kg allicin and the thymus index in the group supplemented with 50 mg/kg allicin significantly increased. Serum IgM levels in the groups supplemented with 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg allicin were significantly higher than in controls and IgG levels were significantly higher across all experimental groups vs. controls. Moreover, the antibody titers for avian influenza H5 and H7 were higher in all test groups, with the increases in Newcastle disease antibody titers in the 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg allicin groups being significant. Compared to controls, the mRNA relative expression levels of IFN-γ in all experimental groups decreased, while those of TLR3 increased in the groups fed a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg allicin. Furthermore, TLR15 expression was upregulated in chickens that received 100 mg/kg allicin. In terms of serum biochemistry, TG levels in chickens on a basal diet with 50 mg/kg allicin significantly increased and BUN levels in groups supplemented with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg allicin were significantly decreased. These findings suggest that allicin improves the immune function of Muchuan black-bone chickens, although further research is needed to fully understand the impact of different allicin concentrations on immune organ indices.

CONCLUSION

Incorporating 50-200 mg/kg allicin into the diet of Muchuan black-bone chickens improves blood nutrient metabolism, increases growth and improves immune performance to a degree. These results provide a scientific basis for the development and application of allicin as an alternative to antibiotics in the production of these chickens. Furthermore, the findings lay a theoretical foundation for promoting the development and utilization of local poultry varieties, thereby potentially improving economic benefit.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study was supported by the discipline construction project of Leshan Normal University (No.2022SSDJS013) and the project of Leshan Science and Technology Bureau (No.23ZND004).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author declares that they have no conflicts of interest in the research presented in this manuscript.

REFERENCES


  1. Ahn, J.S., Shin, J.S., Son, G.H., Jang, S.S. and Park, B.K. (2022). Effect of allicin and illite supplementation on the methane production and growth performance of the beef cattle. Indian J. of Anim. Res. 17. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.BF-1597.

  2. Borlinghaus, J., Albrecht, F., Gruhlke, M.C., Nwachukwu, I.D., Slusarenko, A.J. (2014). Allicin: chemistry and biological properties. Molecules. 19; 19(8): 12591-618. doi: 10.3390/ molecules190812591. PMID: 25153873; PMCID: PMC62 71412.

  3. Chen, J., Wang, F., Yin, Y., Ma, X. (2021). The nutritional applications of garlic (Allium sativum) as natural feed additives in animals. Peer. J. 10;9:e11934. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11934. PMID: 34434661; PMCID: PMC8362672.

  4. Choo, S., Chin, V.K., Wong, E.H., Madhavan, P., Tay, S.T., Yong, P.V.C., Chong, P.P. (2020). Review: Antimicrobial properties of allicin used alone or in combination with other medications.  Folia Microbiol (Praha). 6; 65(3): 451-465. doi: 10.1007/ s12223-020-00786-5. Epub 2020 Mar 23. PMID: 32207097.

  5. Gong, H.Z., Lang, W.Y., Lan, H.N., Fan, Y.Y., Wang, T.P., Chu, Q.R., Wang, J.H., Li, D., Zheng, X., Wu, M. (2020). Effects of laying breeder hens dietary β-carotene, curcumin, allicin and sodium butyrate supplementation on the jejunal microbiota and immune response of their offspring chicks. Poult. Sci. 99(8): 3807-3816. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03. 065. Epub 2020 May 19. PMID: 32731966; PMCID: PMC7597918.

  6. Gong, H.Z., Wu, M., Lang, W.Y., Yang, M., Wang, J.H., Wang, Y.Q., Zhang, Y., Zheng, X. (2020). Effects of laying breeder  hens dietary β-carotene, curcumin, allicin and sodium butyrate supplementation on the growth performance, immunity and jejunum morphology of their offspring chicks. Poult. Sci. 99(1):151-162. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez584. Epub 2019 Dec 30. PMID: 32416796; PMCID: PMC7587906.

  7. Khumpeerawat, P., Duangjinda, M., Phasuk, Y. (2021). Factors affecting gene expression associated with the skin color of black-bone chicken in Thailand. Poult Sci. 100(11): 101440. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101440. Epub 2021 Aug 19. PMID: 34547619; PMCID: PMC8463778.

  8. Li, D., Sun, G., Zhang, M., Cao, Y., Zhang, C., Fu, Y., Li, F., Li, G., Jiang, R., Han, R., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Tian, Y., Liu, X., Li, W., Kang, X. (2020). Breeding history and candidate genes responsible for black skin of Xichuan black-bone chicken. BMC Genomics. 23;21(1): 511. doi: 10.1186/ s12864-020-06900-8. PMID: 32703156; PMCID: PMC 7376702.

  9. Li, D., Wang, X., Fu, Y., Zhang, C., Cao, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Li, W., Jiang, R., Sun, G., Tian, Y., Li, G., Kang, X. (2019). Transcriptome analysis of the breast muscle of xichuan black-bone chickens under tyrosine supplementation revealed the mechanism of tyrosine-induced melanin deposition. Front Genet. 15;10: 457. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00457. PMID: 31156710; PMCID: PMC6529781.

  10. Pathak, S., Catanzaro, R., Vasan, D., Marotta, F., Chabria, Y., Jothimani, G., Verma, R.S., Ramachandran, M., Khuda- Bukhsh, A.R., Banerjee, A. (2020). Benefits of aged garlic extract in modulating toxicity biomarkers against p- dimethylamino azobenzene and phenobarbital induced liver damage in Rattus norvegicus. Drug. Chem. Toxicol. 43(5): 454-467. doi: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1499773. Epub 2018 Sep 12. PMID: 30207178.

  11. Sehrawat, R., Sharma, R., Ahlawat, S., Sharma, V., Thakur, S.M., Kaur, M., Tantia, S.M. (2021). First report on better functional property of black chicken meat from india. Indian. J. of Anim. Res. 55(6): 727-733. doi: 10.18805/ IJAR.B-4014.

  12. Silveira, A.S., Matos, G.M., Falchetti, M., Ribeiro, F.S., Bressan, A., Bachère, E., Perazzolo, L.M., Rosa, R.D. (2018). An immune-related gene expression atlas of the shrimp digestive system in response to two major pathogens brings insights into the involvement of hemocytes in gut immunity. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 79: 44-50. doi: 10.1016/ j.dci.2017.10.005. Epub 2017 Oct 14. PMID: 29042192.

  13. Wang, G., Liao, J., Tang, M., Yu, S. (2018). Genetic variation in the MITF promoter affects skin colour and transcriptional activity in black-boned chickens. Br Poult. Sci. 59(1): 21- 27. doi: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1379053. Epub 2017 Oct 17. PMID: 28891677.

  14. Wang, L., Jiao, H., Zhao, J., Wang, X., Sun, S., Lin, H. (2017). Allicin alleviates reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced immunosuppression via erk/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in specific pathogen-free chickens. Front. Immunol. 22; 8:1856. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01856. PMID: 29312337; PMCID: PMC5744041.

  15. Xu, G., Hu, B., Chen, G., Yu, X., Luo, J., Lv, J., Gu, J. (2015). Analysis of blood trace elements and biochemical indexes levels in severe craniocerebral trauma adults with glasgow coma scale and injury severity score. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 164(2): 192-7. doi: 10.1007/s12011-014-0225- z.Epub 2015 Jan 10. PMID: 25575666.

  16. Yu, S., Wang, G., Liao, J., Tang, M., Sun, W. (2018). Transcriptome profile analysis of mechanisms of black and white plumage determination in black-bone chicken. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 46(6): 2373-2384. doi: 10.1159/000489644. Epub 2018 May 4. PMID: 29742500.

  17. Yuan, Y., Chen, P., Li, Y., Cheng, J., Yan, X., Luo, C., Shu, D., Qu, H., Ji, J. (2023). Changes in antibiotic residues and the gut microbiota during ciprofloxacin administration throughout  Silkie chicken development. Poult Sci. 102(1): 102267. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102267. Epub 2022 Oct 23. PMID: 36442306; PMCID: PMC9709234.

  18. Zhang, C., He, X., Sheng, Y., Yang, C., Xu, J., Zheng, S., Liu, J., Xu, W., Luo, Y., Huang, K.  (2020). Allicin-induced host- gut microbe interactions improves energy homeostasis. FASEB J. 34(8): 10682-10698. doi: 10.1096/fj.202001 007R. Epub 2020 Jul 3. PMID: 32619085.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)