Natural prevalence of parasitic infections
Fish are considered one of the important sources of animal protein (
de Boer et al., 2020). Several studies have been conducted about the parasites of the Red Sea fish with digenean as the largest sector of endoparasitic species
(Cribb et al., 2001). In total, 90 specimens of
Carangoides caeruleopinnatus were collected, 53 (58.88%) of which were infected in the intestinal region with one acanthocolpid species having morphological features corresponding with the genus
Monostephanostomum Kruse, 1979. The prevalence of parasitic infection for the current parasite species was 58.88%. This agreed with
Madhavi (1976),
Kruse (1979),
Reimer (1983),
Ramadan (1984),
Bray and Cribb (2002),
Bray and Cribb (2007) and
Madhavi and Bray (2018) which documented
Monostephanostomum digenean as intestinal parasites in marine fish. The parasite’s mean intensity in each of the fish hosts does not exceed five. As a result, the recovered acanthocolpid species identified as
Monostephanostomum mesospinosum (
Madhavi, 1976)
Bray and Cribb, 2002 regarding to the morphological criteria mentioned in our previous study of (
Abdel-Gaber et al., 2023).
Relationship between parasitic infection and fish host
1-Relationship between fish body length and level of parasitic infection
An increased fish size reflects length, which is usually considered a measure of age (
Yalçin et al., 2002). The size of normal and infected fish species is grouped into three length classes which were I, II, III (
i.e. I larger size of more than 18 cm, II medium size from 13 cm to less than 18 cm and III smaller sizes from less than 10 cm) as shown in Fig 1 and Table 1. The smallest fish was relatively less infected than the other length groups for the examined fish species and the percentage of infection increased with higher fish lengths. These results coincided with data obtained by
Madanire-Moyo and Avenant-Oldewage (2013) who stated that the juvenile fish (10-24 cm) had lower prevalence values while sub-adults (23-39 cm) and adults (40-54 cm) had higher prevalence of parasitic infections. Fig 2 illustrates that there was a direct (positive) relationship between the length and intensity of infection. The high infection observed in bigger fish in this study may be because larger fish provides a greater surface for infection than smaller fish as reported by
Madanire-Moyo and Avenant-Oldewage (2013).
2-Relationship between fish body weight and level of parasitic infection
Table (1) showed the effect of host weight on the intensity of infection throughout the present study. The weight of the normal and infected fish is grouped into three classes which were I, II and III (
i.e. I smaller size from less than 12 gm, II medium size from 12 gm to less than 15 gm, III larger weight more than 15 gm). The mean weight of uninfected samples was considerably higher than infected which suggested a weight loss because of infection, this coincided with
Bichi and Yelwa (2010) who reported the damage inflicted by parasitic infection in the gut of
C.
gariepinus. They were found blocking and attached firmly to the intestinal lining, thus, inducing lesions at the site of attachment. This also, likely suggested the absence of infective organisms in the type of diet of the fish while it is young. In addition,
Onwuliri and Mbgemena (1989),
Folstad and Karter (1992),
Emere (2000) and
Omeji et al., (2013) observed that heavier fish are less infected than low-weighted fish. Fig 3 illustrates that there was an indirect (negative) relationship between body weight and the intensity of infection.
3-Relationship between fish sex and level of parasitic infection
During the current study, the effect of sex for the host fish specimens on the prevalence of infection was illustrated in Table 1. Parasitism in fish has been reported to be sex-biased, with males suffering greater susceptibility. The sex ratio found in this study indicated that a higher number of parasites were found in males than in females. This sex-linked parasitism has been explained because of a difference in reproductive investment between male and female fish (
Sanmartin et al., 2000). Immuno-suppression by steroid hormone during spawning in males has been suggested as a major factor contributing to the greater susceptibility of males to parasite invasion
(Skarstein et al., 2001; Šimková et al., 2008). According to
Aliyu and Solomon (2012), differences in the rates of infection between the two sexes could be due to differential feeding either by quantity or quality of food eaten and because of different degrees of resistance to infection.