A significant elevation in mean inhibition of adult worm motility beginning 2 h post-exposure with 150 mg/ml of
V. vinifera leaf extract and Albendazole. After 4 h of the exposure time, Albendazole and concentrations of 125 and 150 mg/ml of the extract resulted in significantly higher inhibited motility compared to the remaining concentrations below 125 mg/ml. The lower concentration (25 mg/ml) was significantly more lethal than the negative control (RPMI-1640 medium) at 6 h of exposure. Within 6 h after exposure, concentrations of 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml of
V. vinifera leaf extract were more effective against adult worms than the remaining concentrations below 100 mg/ml. As the concentration and duration of exposure increased, the mortality of adult worms also increased causing death for all parasites (P<0.05) (Fig 1, Table 1).
The problem of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, their toxicity and growing concern about the presence of drug residues in animal products has led to a renewed interest in the use of herbal medicines. The
in vitro tests using free-living stages of parasitic nematodes offer a means of evaluating the anthelmintic activity of new plant compounds
(Asase et al., 2005). V. vinifera leaf extract showed good
in vitro on
D. dendriticum lethal effect. As the concentration and duration of exposure increased. Within 6 h after exposure, a concentration of 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml of
V. vinifera leaf extract was more effective against adult worms than the remaining concentrations below 100 mg/ml (p<0.05). The present result is comparable to those obtained utilizing different kinds of parasites reported by some researchers.
Gholami et al., (2012) concluded that
in vitro the methanolic extract of Vitis vinifera was tested as anti-leech
Limnatis nilotica and found the methanol extract of grape could be presented as a complementary treatment against leech
L. nilotica in future.
Waghorn et al., (2006) reported that the methanolic extract of the grape seed extract is used to treat
Ostertagia (
Teladorsagia)
circumcincta and
Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep.
Abbas et al., (2020) reported the
V. venifera seeds extract are showed an inhibitory effect on sporulation and damage of
Eimeria oocysts in chickens, as the morphology of oocysts in terms of shape, size and number of sporocysts, so used anticoccidial. It was also mentioned that the aqueous extract of
V. vinifera leaves shows antibacterial activity against
Escherichia coli, Enterococcus feacalis, Staphylococcus aureus (Mansour et al., 2011). Histological preparations showed changes in
D. dendriticum after
in vitro exposure to
V. vinifiera leaf extract at a concentration of 150 mg/ml, RPMI-1640 medium and Albendazole. Histological observations of
D. dendriticum at RPMI-1640 medium, the tegument was seen covering the outer surface of the body of the worm that the tegument layer ridges were intact and thick. The muscular layer was intact. The nucleus and most of the cytoplasm reside in a massive, bulging cell body (Fig 2).
while, in histological observations of
D. dendriticum at a concentration of 150 mg/ml (Fig 3), there was a similarity with Albendazole (Fig 4).
The disruption of the apical tegumental layer was eroded so that it looked thinner than the tegumental layer of
D. dendriticum at RPMI-1640 medium and blebbing of the tegument layer. The muscular layer looks stringy and wrinkled. These situations made the muscular layer of
D. dendriticum at a concentration of 150 mg/ml looked shorter than the negative control. Histological observations of
D. dendriticum at a concentration of 150 mg/ml and Albendazole caused damage to the integumentary structure of
D. dendriticum, especially in the tegument layer and muscular layer. The increase in the level of concentration is directly proportional to the increase in damage to the tegument layer and muscular layer compared to the RPMI-1640 medium these results are similar to
Beckeret al., (1980).
Waghorn et al., (2006) reported that all the grape seed extracts have
in vivo anthelmintic potential on
Ostertagia (
Teladorsagia)
circumcincta and
Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep.
Mansour et al., (2011) found that the ethanolic and the aqueous extracts of
Vitis vinifera promoted the destruction of cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes of
Leishmania infantum promastigotes and altered the overall shape of the cell. The bioactive compounds responsible for these activities could be antioxidant compounds including flavonoids, anthocyanins, catechin and epicatechins
(Kara et al., 2016). However further studies and
in vivo trials are needed to understand its anthelmintic effect in sheep.
