Indian Journal of Animal Research

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Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 57 issue 9 (september 2023) : 1236-1239

The Percentage of Male and Female Argulus Infesting Cyprinidae Fish in Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

Kismiyati1,*, Alif Rizky Andika1, Kusnoto2
1Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia.
2Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia.
Cite article:- Kismiyati, Andika Rizky Alif, Kusnoto (2023). The Percentage of Male and Female Argulus Infesting Cyprinidae Fish in Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 57(9): 1236-1239. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.BF-1510.

ABSTRACT

Background: One cause of fish disease is the Argulus parasite. Both male and female Argulus were found to infect fish. This study aims to determine the percentage difference of male and female Argulus that infect Cyprinidae in Magelang Regency. 

Methods: The present study used a survey method. The independent variables in this study are carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus), comet goldfish (Carassius auratus), koi fish (C. carpio koi) and the sex of the Argulus parasite. The dependent variable of this study was the sex percentage of the Argulus parasite. The data analysis was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) then followed by Duncan’s multiple range test to find out the differences between treatments.

Result: The first ANOVA result showed no significant difference (p>0.05), the second ANOVA showed significantly different results (p<0.05) and the third ANOVA reveals no significantly different percentage (p>0.05). The highest infestation rate of male Argulus japonicus is found in koi fish (C. carpio koi) is 60% and the lowest is in comet goldfish, which is 38.46%. Whereas infestation of female A. japonicus in carp, goldfish, comet goldfish and koi fish also obtained a similar result.

INTRODUCTION

Magelang Regency is one of the areas that has undergone aquaculture-based development, prioritizing the principle of efficiency, quality and sustainability (Wibowo et al., 2015). The area consists of Ngluwar Sub-District, Mungkid Sub-District and Muntilan Sub-District. Cyprinidae family fish species that are cultivated in Magelang Regency are common carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet fish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi) (Badan Pusat Statistik Kab. Magelang, 2014).
       
The main problem in cultivating fish in Indonesia to date revolves around parasites and infectious diseases. The disease causes economic losses because it can result in less optimal fish harvest (Carella and Sirri, 2017; Das and Chandra, 2018). One cause of the disease is the infestation of parasites (Picard sanchez et al., 2020). The quality of freshwater ornamental fishes decreased due to attacks from parasites such as Argulus sp. (Alifuddin et al., 2002).  
       
Argulus is a crustacean branchiuran parasite that causes severe problems in aquaculture throughout the world. Around 129 species of Argulus (family: Argulidae) are distributed worldwide and 12 species have been described in various freshwater, brackish water, marine and ornamental fish in India (Kumar et al., 2017). Among them, A. japonicus are considered as emerging pathogens of freshwater, brackish water and coldwater fish worldwide (Tandel et al., 2021).
       
Morphological identification of Argulus sp. is mostly based on distinguishing features of an adult male such as carapace and abdominal length or width, dorsal ridges of the carapace, respiratory areas, leg pigments, abdominal lobes and incision and the presence of a small coxal at the swimming appendages (Sahoo et al., 2013; Soes et al., 2010), requiring experienced taxonomists.
       
Argulus is one of the ectoparasites that attacks the Cyprinidae (Wardany and Kurniawan, 2014). Argulus attacks the fins, skin, gill and the entire surface of the host body (Pramujirini, 2016). Fish that has been infested by Argulus looks thin, with red spots appearing on its body, causing it often to rub its body on the edge of the pool. This parasitic attack is more often deadly in young fish because the body’s defense system has not yet developed (Bandilla, 2007). Male and female Argulus usually attack carp (C. carpio) (Ebrahimi et al., 2018). Male and female Argulus is also found to attack the goldfish (C. auratus). Male and female Argulus have the same properties as goldfish (C. auratus) (Yýldýz and Kumantas, 2002). Based on these descriptions, this study aims to determine the percentage difference of Argulus male and Argulus females infesting carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi), as well as to find the amount of male and female Argulus infestation on the Cyprinidae family.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Procedures
 
The research used the survey method. The survey method used in this study was a survey of research locations and Argulus parasites in fish samples. The data were collected using the descriptive method. The description of events in this study is the male and female Argulus parasite infestations in Cyprinidae of Magelang Regency. This study used a completely randomized factorial design. The completely randomized factorial design was applied because the study had two different factors; (1) the Argulus sex and (2) the Cyprinidae fish. The independent variables in this study consist of carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi) and the sex of Argulus. The dependent variable of this study was the sex percentage of the Argulus parasite. The control variables of this study were fish size, location and environmental conditions in Magelang. The collected sample amounted to 200 fish.
 
Data analysis
 
Analysis of the data used in this study was ANOVA (analysis of variance) using SPSS v16.0. If there are significant differences, further tests would be conducted using Duncan’s multiple range test (Santoso, 2008).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Identification results of Argulus sp. which infested in carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi) in Magelang Regency is A. japonicus. A. japonicus can be distinguished from other Argulus sp. by looking at the morphology. A. japonicus is identified as having a length of 3-5 mm and a width of 2-4 mm. In the Maxilla I, there is a supporting rod totaling five to nine pieces and the Maxilla II is equipped with three hooks.
       
The male and female A. japonicus can also be distinguished based on their morphology. The males are identified as having an abdominal testis. In comparison, the females are identified by their cephalothorax ovaries and seminal receptacle in the abdomen. A. japonicus are found in carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi). A. japonicus is one of the ectoparasites that attacks the Cyprinidae family (Wardany and Kurniawan, 2014). A. japonicus that infest in the Cyprinidae family in Magelang are observed in Fig 1.

Fig 1: Argulus japonicus infested common carp (C. Carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet fish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi). a. Female Argulus japonicus; b. Male Argulus japonicus.


       
The percentage of male A. japonicus infests carp (C. carpio) is 51.51%, while female A. japonicus is 48.49%. Male A. japonicus infest goldfish (C. auratus) is 50%, with the female having the same percentage. 38.46% of male A. japonicus infest comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus), with the female infestation percentage of 61.54%. 60% of male A. japonicus infests koi fish (C. carpio koi), while the female is 40%.
       
Data differences between the infestations of male and female A. japonicus in four different species of Cyprinidae were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the first ANOVA showed results that were not significantly different (p>0.05) between the average numbers of male and female A. japonicus that infest carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi). The second ANOVA showed significantly different results (p<0.05) between carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi) which have been infected by A. japonicus. The infestations analyzed using the third ANOVA were not significantly different (p>0.05) between the male and female A. japonicus females in carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi).
       
Based on the data from the analysis, the two treatments did not show any interaction. Thus, the data was included in the simple treatment. The simple treatment in question involves the male and female A. japonicus that infest carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi). 
       
The test results show that male A. japonicus dominantly infests koi fish (C. carpio koi) and goldfish (C. auratus) but in a number that is not significantly different from carp (C. carpio). Male A. japonicus were least found in comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus), but in a number that is not significantly different from carp (C. carpio). In contrast, in the female infestation of A. japonicus, no differences were found between the four types of fish.
       
It has been identified that the Argulus sp. infest in carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi) in Magelang is A. japonicus. A. japonicus can be distinguished from other Argulus sp. by looking at the range of length (3-9 mm) and width of 2-6 mm (Møller, 2009). The respiratory area in the anterior is small, with the posterior being larger, five to nine supporting rods can be found in the Maxilla I and the Maxilla II is equipped with a total of three hooks. Male A. japonicus is equipped with testicles in the abdomen, whereas females have ovaries. The physical difference between the male and female A. japonicus can be seen in the abdomen located in the posterior part of the body (Kismiyati et al., 2011). Female A. japonicus has spermatheca and ovaries, while males have seminal testicles and vascular (Wardany and Kurniawan, 2014).
       
The percentage of male A. japonicus infests carp (C. carpio) is 51.51%, while female A. japonicus is 48.49%. Both male and female A. japonicus are known to infect fish (Walker et al., 2011). The percentage of male and female A. japonicus found to infest carp (C. carpio) is almost the same. That is because carp (C. carpio) is one of the preferred hosts of both male and female Argulus japonicas (Poly, 2008).
       
The male and female A. japonicus that infest goldfish (C. auratus) have the same percentage of 50%. Both male and female A. japonicus were found to infest goldfish (C. auratus) (Wafer et al., 2015). That is because of their same parasitic properties (Mikheev et al., 2015). 38.46% of male A. japonicus infects comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus), with the female infestation percentage of 61.54%.  Female A. japonicus is found in comet goldfish fins (C. auratus auratus). This is due to the wide surface and slow movement of the fins (Pramujirini, 2016). The slow-motion of fish fins makes it easy for female A. japonicus to break away when oviposition (Kismiyati et al., 2011).
       
There are 60% of male A. japonicus infest koi fish (C. carpio koi) while the female is 40%.  Male A. japonicus can be found on the surface of koi fish (C. carpio koi). Koi fish (C. carpio koi) has a broad body surface that becomes the preferred predilection for male A. japonicus. Male A. japonicus prefers large areas (Taylor et al., 2006).
       
The average number of male and female A. japonicus that infest carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi) is not significantly different (p> 0.05). That is because of their same parasitic properties (Mikheev et al., 2015). Male and female A. japonicus are found to attack the Cyprinidae family (Wardany and Kurniawan, 2014).
       
The test results show that male A. japonicus dominantly infests koi fish (C. carpio koi) and goldfish (C. auratus) but in a number that is not significantly different from carp (C. carpio). Male A. japonicus least infests comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus), but in a number that is not substantially different from carp (C. carpio). That is because all four types of fish have other body surface areas. Male A. japonicus favors large areas (Taylor et al., 2006). Duncan’s Multiple Range Test results also showed that no differences were found between the four types of fish infested by female A. japonicus. Female A. japonicus is often found in fish fins (Pramujirini, 2016). The female chooses fins as a place of predilection because the fin movements of carp (C. carpio), goldfish (C. auratus), comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus) and koi fish (C. carpio koi) are languid. The slow movement of fish fins makes it easy for female A. japonicus to break away. Female A. japonicus will escape from the host when oviposition (Kismiyati et al., 2010).
 

CONCLUSION

Argulus is capable of infecting cyprinid fish with different percentages for each host genus. In carp (C. carpio), the percentage of male A. japonicus infects more than female A. japonicus. In goldfish (C. auratus), male and female A. japonicus have the same percentage, while in comet goldfish (C. auratus auratus), the percentage of female A. japonicus is higher than female A. japonicus. Although there is a difference in the percentage of male and female A. japonicus in a host, both have the same detrimental effect on the host fish.
 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Acknowledgments are expressed in a brief; all sources of institutional, private and corporate financial support for the work must be fully acknowledged and any potential conflicts of interest are noted. 
 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.
 

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