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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 54 issue 8 (august 2020) : 994-999,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-820

Exogenous factors affecting growth of Aspergillus species

O
Omer Naseer
J
Jawaria Ali Khan
M
Muhammad Ovais Omer
J
Junaid Naseer
M
Muhammad Luqman Sohail
M
Muhammad Asif Munir
M
Muhammad Usman Saleem
M
Muhammad Imran
M
Muhammad Shahid
1University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Cite article:- Naseer Omer, Khan Ali Jawaria, Omer Ovais Muhammad, Naseer Junaid, Sohail Luqman Muhammad, Munir Asif Muhammad, Saleem Usman Muhammad, Imran Muhammad, Shahid Muhammad (2018). Exogenous factors affecting growth of Aspergillus species. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(8): 994-999. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-820.

ABSTRACT

Aflatoxins are the most deleterious fungal metabolites in humans, animals and plants. Recently, more attention has been paid to the occurrence and growth of Aspergillus spp. In this study, the effects of pH, light, relative humidity (RH) and temperature on the growth of Aspergillus spp. were investigated using broth medium. Results revealed highest mean of dried mycelial weight (365.67mg) at pH 4.0. The highest spores per ml (8.243 × 107) at pH 5.0. Similarly, growth during darkness was higher on first day of incubation in A. candidus and A. niger, while A. flavus and A. fumigatus showed the highest growth under continuous light. Lower RH% (32.5%) favored only the growth of A. niger. However, the growth in other Aspergillus species was significantly increased by RH% (50.5%, 85.0% and 100%). At 40ºC, only A. fumigatus and A. flavus showed significant (P<0.05) growth. There were significant differences in all the treatments (P<0.05). This proposes that these interacting environmental conditions impact significant effect on Aspergillus growth

REFERENCES

  1. Abubakar, A., Suberu, H.A., Bello, I.M., Abdulkadir, R., Daudu, O.A. and Lateef, A.A. (2013). Effect of pH on mycelial growth and sporulation of Aspergillus parasiticus. J. Plant Sci. 1(4): 64-67.
  2. Afolayan, A.J., Meyer, J.J.M., and Leeuwner, D.W. (1997). Germination in Helichrysum aureonitens (Asteraceae): Effect of temperature, light, gibberellic acid, scarification and smoke extract. S. Afr. J Botany. 63: 1-22.
  3. Ahmed. A., and Naresh, M. (2009). Influence of physiological factors on growth, sporulation and ochratoxin A/B production of new Aspergillus ochraceus grouping. World Mycotoxin. J. 2 (4): 429 – 434.
  4. Ayodele, S.M., Akpaja, E.O. and Anyiador, F. (2007). Evaluation of the yield of Lentinus squarrosulus. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10: 4283-    4286.
  5. Carlos. A., and Josep, A. (2012). Effects of Temperature, pH and water potential on mycelial growth, sporulation and chlamydospore production in culture of Cylindrocarpon species Associated with Black Foot of Grape vines. Phytopathologia. Mediterranea. 51(1): 37"50.
  6. Cheng, P., Ma, Z., Wang, X., Wang, C., Li, Y., Wang, S. and Wang, H. (2014). Impact of UV-B radiation on aspects of germination and epidemiological components of three major physiological races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp.tritici. Crop Prot. 65:6–14.
  7. De Menezes, H.D., Massola, N.S. Jr., Flint, S.D., da Silva, Jr. G.J., Bachmann, L., Rangel, D. and Braga, G. (2015). Growth under visible light increases conidia and mucilage production and tolerance to UV-B radiation in the plant-pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum. Photochem. Photobiol. 91:397–402.
  8. Fuller, K.K., Ringelberg, C.S., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C. (2013). The fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus regulates growth, metabolism, and stress resistance in response to light. MBio 4:e00142–13.
  9. Fuller, K.K., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C. (2015). Fungal photobiology: visible light as a signal for stress, space and time. Curr. Genet. doi:10. 1007/ s00294-014-0451.
  10. George, E., Olson, J.C., Jezeski, J.J., and Coulter, S.T. (1959). The growth of staphylococci in condensed skim milk. J. Dairy Sci. 42:816-823.
  11. Kaiser, C., van der Merwe, R., Bekker, T.F., and Labuschagne, N. (2005). In-vitro inhibition of mycelial growth of several phytopathogenic fungi, including Phytophthora cinnamomi by soluble silicon.South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook 28, 2005.
  12. Magan, N., Aldred, D., Hope, R., and Mitchell, D. (2010). Environmental factors and interactions with mycoflora of grain and grapes: effects on growth and deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin production by Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus carbonarius. Toxins. 2: 353–366. doi: 10.3390/toxins 2030353
  13. Magan, N., Medina, A., and Aldred, D. (2011). Possible climate change effects on mycotoxin contamination of food crops pre- and post-harvest. Plant Pathol. 60: 150–163. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02412.x
  14. Medina, A., Rodriguez, A., and Magan, N. (2014). Effect of climate change on Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 production. Front Microbiol. 5(348): 1-7. 
  15. Moss, M.O. (2002). Mycotoxin review -1. Aspergillus and Penicillium. Mycologist. 16: 116-119.
  16. Muhammad, S., Shehu, K., and Amusa, N.A. (2004). Survey of the market diseases and aflatoxin contamination of tomato (Lycopersicon escolentum Mill.) fruits in Sokoto, northwestern Nigeria. Nutr. Food Sci. 34 (2):72-76.
  17. Naseer, O., Khan, J.A.,. Khan, M.S., Omer, M.O., Chishti, G.A., Sohail. M.L. (2016a), Comparative efficacy of silymarin and choline chloride (liver tonics) in preventing the effects of aflatoxin B1 in bovine calves. Polish J Vet Sci. 19 (3): 545–551. 
  18. Naseer, O., Khan, J.A.,. Khan, M.S., Omer, M.O., Avais, M., Sohail. M.L., Saleem, M.U., Shahid, M. (2017b), Efficacy of ß-glucans and Manna oligosaccharides (Yeast Cell Wall) and HydratedSodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) in preventing aflatoxicosis in Bovine Calves. Indian J Anim Res. 51 (3): 1-6.
  19. Oladiran, A.O., and Iwu, L.N. (1993). Studies on fungi associated with tomoto fruit rots and effect of environmental factors on storage. Mycologia. 121: 157-163.
  20. Olmedo, M., Ruger-Herreros, C., Luque, E.M., Corrochano, L.M. (2013). Regulation of transcription by light inNeurospora crassa: a model for fungal photobiology? Fungal Biol. Rev. 27:10–18.
  21. Paterson, R., and Lima, N. (2012). “Climate change, fumonisins and animal feed In Nutrieconomics: Balancing Global Nutrition and Productivity, ed E. M. Binder (Tulln: Biomin World Nutrition Forum), 241–247.
  22. Pardo, E., Marín, S., Ramos, A.J. and Sanchis, V. (2006). Ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum isolates. Predictive models for fungal spoilage prevention - a review. Food Addit. Contam. 23(4):398-410.
  23. Rosfarizan, M., Ariff, A.B., Hassan, M.A., and Karim, M.I. (2000). Influence of pH on kojic acid fermentation by Aspergillus flavus. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 3:977–982. 
  24. Saha, A., Mandal, P., Dasgupta, S. and Saha, D. (2008). Influence of culture media and environmental factors on mycelial growth and sporulation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl. J. Environ. Biol. 29(3): 407-410.
  25. Shehu, K., and Bello, M.T. (2011). Effect of environmental factors on the growth of Aspergillus Species associated with stored millet grains in Sokoto. Niger. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 19(2): 218-223.
  26. Sibounnavoung, P., Kalaw, S.P., Divina, C.C., and Soytong, K. (2009). Mycelial Growth and Sporulation of Emericella nidulans, a new fungal antagonist on two culture media. J. Agri. Technol. 5(2): 317-324.
  27. Swe, K.H., Alimon, A.R., and Ramin, M. (2009). Effect of delaying dporulation by addition of ammonium sulphate on the fermentation of palm kernel cake based substrate by Aspergillus niger. Am. J. Agri. Biol. Sci. 4(4):262–265
  28. Wu, F., Bhatnagar, D., Bui-Klimke, T., Carbone, I., Hellmich, R., Munkvold, G. (2011). Climate change impacts on mycotoxin risks in US maize. World Mycotoxin J. 4: 79–93. doi: 10.3920/WMJ2010.1246
  29. Yu, S.M., Ramkumar, G., Lee, Y.H. (2013). Light quality influences the virulence and physiological responses of Colletotrichum acutatum causing anthracnose in pepper plants. J. Appl. Microbiol. 115:509–516.
  30. Zhao, H., Huang, L., Xiao, C.L.., Liu, J., Wei, J., and Gao, X. (2010). Influence of culture media and environmental factors on mycelial growth and conidial production of Diplocarpon mali. The Society for Applied Microbiology, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 50: 639–644.
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 8 (august 2020) : 994-999,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-820

    Exogenous factors affecting growth of Aspergillus species

    O
    Omer Naseer
    J
    Jawaria Ali Khan
    M
    Muhammad Ovais Omer
    J
    Junaid Naseer
    M
    Muhammad Luqman Sohail
    M
    Muhammad Asif Munir
    M
    Muhammad Usman Saleem
    M
    Muhammad Imran
    M
    Muhammad Shahid
    1University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
    Cite article:- Naseer Omer, Khan Ali Jawaria, Omer Ovais Muhammad, Naseer Junaid, Sohail Luqman Muhammad, Munir Asif Muhammad, Saleem Usman Muhammad, Imran Muhammad, Shahid Muhammad (2018). Exogenous factors affecting growth of Aspergillus species. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(8): 994-999. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-820.

    ABSTRACT

    Aflatoxins are the most deleterious fungal metabolites in humans, animals and plants. Recently, more attention has been paid to the occurrence and growth of Aspergillus spp. In this study, the effects of pH, light, relative humidity (RH) and temperature on the growth of Aspergillus spp. were investigated using broth medium. Results revealed highest mean of dried mycelial weight (365.67mg) at pH 4.0. The highest spores per ml (8.243 × 107) at pH 5.0. Similarly, growth during darkness was higher on first day of incubation in A. candidus and A. niger, while A. flavus and A. fumigatus showed the highest growth under continuous light. Lower RH% (32.5%) favored only the growth of A. niger. However, the growth in other Aspergillus species was significantly increased by RH% (50.5%, 85.0% and 100%). At 40ºC, only A. fumigatus and A. flavus showed significant (P<0.05) growth. There were significant differences in all the treatments (P<0.05). This proposes that these interacting environmental conditions impact significant effect on Aspergillus growth

    REFERENCES

    1. Abubakar, A., Suberu, H.A., Bello, I.M., Abdulkadir, R., Daudu, O.A. and Lateef, A.A. (2013). Effect of pH on mycelial growth and sporulation of Aspergillus parasiticus. J. Plant Sci. 1(4): 64-67.
    2. Afolayan, A.J., Meyer, J.J.M., and Leeuwner, D.W. (1997). Germination in Helichrysum aureonitens (Asteraceae): Effect of temperature, light, gibberellic acid, scarification and smoke extract. S. Afr. J Botany. 63: 1-22.
    3. Ahmed. A., and Naresh, M. (2009). Influence of physiological factors on growth, sporulation and ochratoxin A/B production of new Aspergillus ochraceus grouping. World Mycotoxin. J. 2 (4): 429 – 434.
    4. Ayodele, S.M., Akpaja, E.O. and Anyiador, F. (2007). Evaluation of the yield of Lentinus squarrosulus. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10: 4283-    4286.
    5. Carlos. A., and Josep, A. (2012). Effects of Temperature, pH and water potential on mycelial growth, sporulation and chlamydospore production in culture of Cylindrocarpon species Associated with Black Foot of Grape vines. Phytopathologia. Mediterranea. 51(1): 37"50.
    6. Cheng, P., Ma, Z., Wang, X., Wang, C., Li, Y., Wang, S. and Wang, H. (2014). Impact of UV-B radiation on aspects of germination and epidemiological components of three major physiological races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp.tritici. Crop Prot. 65:6–14.
    7. De Menezes, H.D., Massola, N.S. Jr., Flint, S.D., da Silva, Jr. G.J., Bachmann, L., Rangel, D. and Braga, G. (2015). Growth under visible light increases conidia and mucilage production and tolerance to UV-B radiation in the plant-pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum. Photochem. Photobiol. 91:397–402.
    8. Fuller, K.K., Ringelberg, C.S., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C. (2013). The fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus regulates growth, metabolism, and stress resistance in response to light. MBio 4:e00142–13.
    9. Fuller, K.K., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C. (2015). Fungal photobiology: visible light as a signal for stress, space and time. Curr. Genet. doi:10. 1007/ s00294-014-0451.
    10. George, E., Olson, J.C., Jezeski, J.J., and Coulter, S.T. (1959). The growth of staphylococci in condensed skim milk. J. Dairy Sci. 42:816-823.
    11. Kaiser, C., van der Merwe, R., Bekker, T.F., and Labuschagne, N. (2005). In-vitro inhibition of mycelial growth of several phytopathogenic fungi, including Phytophthora cinnamomi by soluble silicon.South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook 28, 2005.
    12. Magan, N., Aldred, D., Hope, R., and Mitchell, D. (2010). Environmental factors and interactions with mycoflora of grain and grapes: effects on growth and deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin production by Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus carbonarius. Toxins. 2: 353–366. doi: 10.3390/toxins 2030353
    13. Magan, N., Medina, A., and Aldred, D. (2011). Possible climate change effects on mycotoxin contamination of food crops pre- and post-harvest. Plant Pathol. 60: 150–163. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02412.x
    14. Medina, A., Rodriguez, A., and Magan, N. (2014). Effect of climate change on Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 production. Front Microbiol. 5(348): 1-7. 
    15. Moss, M.O. (2002). Mycotoxin review -1. Aspergillus and Penicillium. Mycologist. 16: 116-119.
    16. Muhammad, S., Shehu, K., and Amusa, N.A. (2004). Survey of the market diseases and aflatoxin contamination of tomato (Lycopersicon escolentum Mill.) fruits in Sokoto, northwestern Nigeria. Nutr. Food Sci. 34 (2):72-76.
    17. Naseer, O., Khan, J.A.,. Khan, M.S., Omer, M.O., Chishti, G.A., Sohail. M.L. (2016a), Comparative efficacy of silymarin and choline chloride (liver tonics) in preventing the effects of aflatoxin B1 in bovine calves. Polish J Vet Sci. 19 (3): 545–551. 
    18. Naseer, O., Khan, J.A.,. Khan, M.S., Omer, M.O., Avais, M., Sohail. M.L., Saleem, M.U., Shahid, M. (2017b), Efficacy of ß-glucans and Manna oligosaccharides (Yeast Cell Wall) and HydratedSodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) in preventing aflatoxicosis in Bovine Calves. Indian J Anim Res. 51 (3): 1-6.
    19. Oladiran, A.O., and Iwu, L.N. (1993). Studies on fungi associated with tomoto fruit rots and effect of environmental factors on storage. Mycologia. 121: 157-163.
    20. Olmedo, M., Ruger-Herreros, C., Luque, E.M., Corrochano, L.M. (2013). Regulation of transcription by light inNeurospora crassa: a model for fungal photobiology? Fungal Biol. Rev. 27:10–18.
    21. Paterson, R., and Lima, N. (2012). “Climate change, fumonisins and animal feed In Nutrieconomics: Balancing Global Nutrition and Productivity, ed E. M. Binder (Tulln: Biomin World Nutrition Forum), 241–247.
    22. Pardo, E., Marín, S., Ramos, A.J. and Sanchis, V. (2006). Ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum isolates. Predictive models for fungal spoilage prevention - a review. Food Addit. Contam. 23(4):398-410.
    23. Rosfarizan, M., Ariff, A.B., Hassan, M.A., and Karim, M.I. (2000). Influence of pH on kojic acid fermentation by Aspergillus flavus. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 3:977–982. 
    24. Saha, A., Mandal, P., Dasgupta, S. and Saha, D. (2008). Influence of culture media and environmental factors on mycelial growth and sporulation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl. J. Environ. Biol. 29(3): 407-410.
    25. Shehu, K., and Bello, M.T. (2011). Effect of environmental factors on the growth of Aspergillus Species associated with stored millet grains in Sokoto. Niger. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 19(2): 218-223.
    26. Sibounnavoung, P., Kalaw, S.P., Divina, C.C., and Soytong, K. (2009). Mycelial Growth and Sporulation of Emericella nidulans, a new fungal antagonist on two culture media. J. Agri. Technol. 5(2): 317-324.
    27. Swe, K.H., Alimon, A.R., and Ramin, M. (2009). Effect of delaying dporulation by addition of ammonium sulphate on the fermentation of palm kernel cake based substrate by Aspergillus niger. Am. J. Agri. Biol. Sci. 4(4):262–265
    28. Wu, F., Bhatnagar, D., Bui-Klimke, T., Carbone, I., Hellmich, R., Munkvold, G. (2011). Climate change impacts on mycotoxin risks in US maize. World Mycotoxin J. 4: 79–93. doi: 10.3920/WMJ2010.1246
    29. Yu, S.M., Ramkumar, G., Lee, Y.H. (2013). Light quality influences the virulence and physiological responses of Colletotrichum acutatum causing anthracnose in pepper plants. J. Appl. Microbiol. 115:509–516.
    30. Zhao, H., Huang, L., Xiao, C.L.., Liu, J., Wei, J., and Gao, X. (2010). Influence of culture media and environmental factors on mycelial growth and conidial production of Diplocarpon mali. The Society for Applied Microbiology, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 50: 639–644.
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