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Research Article

volume 53 issue 1 (january 2019) : 129-135,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-732

A lumpy skin disease case in the southeast turkey: A threat for Eurasia*

H
Hikmet Ün
N
Nihat Yumusak
I
Irfan Özgünlük
R
Rahºan Yilmaz
M
Mehmet Çabalar
1Aksaray University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Department, Aksaray, Turkey
Cite article:- Ün Hikmet, Yumusak Nihat, Özgünlük Irfan, Yilmaz Rahºan, Çabalar Mehmet (2017). A lumpy skin disease case in the southeast turkey: A threat for Eurasia*. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(1): 129-135. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-732.

ABSTRACT

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a pox disease of cattle characterised by fever, nodules on the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs, emaciation, enlarged lymph nodes, oedema of the skin, and sometimes death. A disease form was observed in cattle in the Southeast Anatolia in 2013 and 2014 and suspected for LSD suspected by clinical examination. In this study, LSD has been defined by molecular virologic and histopathologic tests. A necropsy was undertaken and tissue samples were taken. Also, blood and tissue samples with biopsy punches were taken from animals having symptoms. Tissue and blood samples were examined molecularly and histopathologically while tissue samples were examined histopathologically. Positive amplification was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction and confirmed by sequencing in the extracted DNA’s derived from tissues. Tissue samples were compatible with LSD histopathologically. The first official notification of LSD in Sanliurfa province of the Southeast of Turkey is determined. As a result, LSD could be treated northern territories in suitable climate conditions.  

REFERENCES

  1. Alexander, R.A., Plowright, W. and Haig, D.A. (1957). Cytopathic agents associated with LSD of cattle. Bull. Epiz. Dis. Africa. 5: 489–492.
  2. Anonymous. (1989). Commission Decision of 10 February 1989 supplement in the Annexes to Council Directive 82/894/EEC on the notification of animal diseases within the Community. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri= CELEX:31989 D0162. Date of access: 04.07.2014.
  3. Anonymous. (2011). Ýhbarý Mecburi Hayvan Hastalýklarý Ve Bildirimine lliskin Yönetmelik. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/    2011/01/20110122-4.htm. Date of access: 04.07.2014.
  4. Anonymous. (2013). Lumpy Skin Disease, Turkey, OIE Outbreak Notification. http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/ Review?reportid=14106, Date of access: 10.12.2013.
  5. Anonymous. (2014). Sýðýrlarýn Nodüler Ekzantemi Hastalýðý Risk Deðerlendirilmesi ve Yönetimi, Mustafa Tufan, Antalya, 23–27 Haziran 2014. http://vetkontrol.tarim.gov.tr/merkez/Belgeler/LSD%20Sunu.pps., Date of access: 10.01.2015.
  6. Babiuk, S., Bowden, T.R., Boyle, D.B., Wallace, D.B. and Kitching, R.P. (2008). Capripoxviruses: an emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle. Trans. Emerg. Dis. 55(7): 263–272.
  7. Bhanuprakash, V., Indrani, B.K., Hosamani, M. and Singh, R.K. (2006). The current status of sheeppox disease. Comp. Immun. Mic. & Infec. Dis. 29: 27–60.
  8. Braverman, Y. and Chechik, F. (1996). Air streams and the introduction of animal diseases borne on Culicoides (Diptera,Ceratopogonidae) into Israel. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 15 (3): 1037–1052.
  9. Buller, R.M., Arif, B.M., Black, D.N., Dumbell, K.R., Esposito, J.J., Lefkowitz, E.J., et al. (2005). Poxviridae. In: Virus Taxonomy: Eightth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (Eds.), Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford. p: 117–133.
  10. Carn, V.M. and Kitching, R.P. (1995). An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling). Epid. Infect. 114: 219–226.
  11. Chihota, C., Rennie, L.F., Kitching, R.P. and Mellor, P.S. (2001). Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Epid. Infect. 126: 317–321.
  12. Davies, F.G. (1991). Lumpy Skin Disease, a Capripox Virus Infection of Cattle in Africa. FAO, Rome, Italy. 
  13. EFSA. (2015). Scientific Opinion on Lumpy Skin Disease. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J. 13 (1): 3986, p:8, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3986.
  14. Gürçay, M., Sait, A., Parmaksýz, A., Kýlýç, A. (2015). Türkiye’de Lumpy Skin DiseaseVirus Enfeksiyonunun Klinik Bulgular ve PCR Yöntemi Ýle Saptanmasý. Kafkas. Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 21 (3): 417–420. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2014.12364.
  15. Hall, T.A. (1999). BioEdit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nuc. Acids. Symp. Series. 41: 95–98.
  16. Ince, O.B., Çakir S and Dereli, M.A. (2016). Risk analysis of lumpy skin disease in Turkey, Indian J. Anim. Res., 50 (6): 1013-1017.
  17. Ireland, D.C. and Binepal, Y.S. (1998). Improveddetection of capripoxvirus in biopsysamplesby PCR. J. Virol. Meth. 74: 1–7.
  18. Iþýdan, H., Sözdutmaz, Ý. and Turan, T. (2014). Spreading Lumpy Skin Disease to the North. 8th Annual EPIZONE Meeting. 23-25 September 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  19. Knowles, D.P. (2011). Poxviridae, In: Fenner’s Veterinary. [MacLachlan NJ, Dubovi E: (Eds.)]Virology, fourth edition, Academic Press, London, p: 151–165.
  20. Le Goff, C., Lamien, C.E., Fakhfafh, E., Chadeyras, A., Abu-Adulugbad, E., Libeau, G., et al. (2009). Capripoxvirus G protein-    coupled chemokine receptor, a host-range gene suitable for virus-animal origin discrimination. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 67–77.
  21. Manimaran, K., Mahaprabhu, R., Jaisree, S., Hemalatha, S., Ravimurugan, T., Pazhanivel, N. and Roy, P. (2017). An outbreak of sheep pox in an organized farm of Tamil Nadu, India, Indian J. Anim. Res., 51 (1): 162-164. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.v0i0f.3782.
  22. OIE. (2014a). Lumpy Skin Disease, Chapter 2.4.14. In: World Organisation for Animal Health, Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. http://www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/ Date of access: 04.07.2014.
  23. OIE. (2014b). Lumpy Skin Disease, Chapter 11.11. In: World Organisation for Animal Health, Terrestrial Animal Health Code. http:/    /www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-code/access-online/. Date of access: 04.07.2014.
  24. Saraç, F., Gulyaz, V. and Uzar, S. (2014). First determination of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Turkey, Epizone, 8th Annual EPIZONE Meeting. 23-25 September 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  25. Sharawi, S.S. and Abd El-Rahim, I.H. (2011). The utility of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of lumpy skin disease in cattle and water buffaloes in Egypt. Rev. Sci. Tech. 30 (3):821-30.
  26. Sevik, M. and Dogan, M. (2016). Epidemiological and Molecular Studies on Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Turkey during 2014-    2015. Trans. Emerg. Dis. 1-12. doi:10.1111/tbed.12501
  27. Tulman, E.R., Afonso, C.L., Lu, Z., Zsak, L., Kutish, G.F. and Rock, D.L. (2001). Genome of lumpy skin disease virus. J. Virol. 75 (15): 7122–7130.
  28. Tuppurainen, E.S.M., Venter, E.H. and Coetzer, J.A.W. (2005). The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 72: 153–164.
  29. Tuppurainen ESM, Oura CAL (2012): Lumpy Skin Disease: An emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Trans. Emerg. Dis. 59: 40-48, DOI: 10.1111/j.1865–1682.2011.01242.x.
  30. Tuppurainen ESM, Pearson CR, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Knowles NJ, Amareen S, Frost L, Henstock MR, Lamien CE, Diallo A, Mertens PPC (2014): Characterization of sheeppox virus vaccine for cattle against lumpy skin disease virus. Antiviral Res. 109: 1–6.
  31. Uyar A, Yener Z, Yýldýrým S, Keleþ ÖF (2015): Holstein Bir Ýnekte Lumpy Skin Disease (Nodüler Ekzantem) Olgusu. F.Ü. Sað. Bil. Vet. Derg. 29 (1): 49 – 53.
  32. Wainwright S, El Idrissi A, Mattioli R, Tibbo M, Njeumi F, Raizman E (2013): Emergence of lumpy skin disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin countries. Empres. Watc.Vol 29 November 2013. www.fao.org/ag/empres.html. 
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 53 issue 1 (january 2019) : 129-135,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-732

    A lumpy skin disease case in the southeast turkey: A threat for Eurasia*

    H
    Hikmet Ün
    N
    Nihat Yumusak
    I
    Irfan Özgünlük
    R
    Rahºan Yilmaz
    M
    Mehmet Çabalar
    1Aksaray University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Department, Aksaray, Turkey
    Cite article:- Ün Hikmet, Yumusak Nihat, Özgünlük Irfan, Yilmaz Rahºan, Çabalar Mehmet (2017). A lumpy skin disease case in the southeast turkey: A threat for Eurasia*. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(1): 129-135. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-732.

    ABSTRACT

    Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a pox disease of cattle characterised by fever, nodules on the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs, emaciation, enlarged lymph nodes, oedema of the skin, and sometimes death. A disease form was observed in cattle in the Southeast Anatolia in 2013 and 2014 and suspected for LSD suspected by clinical examination. In this study, LSD has been defined by molecular virologic and histopathologic tests. A necropsy was undertaken and tissue samples were taken. Also, blood and tissue samples with biopsy punches were taken from animals having symptoms. Tissue and blood samples were examined molecularly and histopathologically while tissue samples were examined histopathologically. Positive amplification was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction and confirmed by sequencing in the extracted DNA’s derived from tissues. Tissue samples were compatible with LSD histopathologically. The first official notification of LSD in Sanliurfa province of the Southeast of Turkey is determined. As a result, LSD could be treated northern territories in suitable climate conditions.  

    REFERENCES

    1. Alexander, R.A., Plowright, W. and Haig, D.A. (1957). Cytopathic agents associated with LSD of cattle. Bull. Epiz. Dis. Africa. 5: 489–492.
    2. Anonymous. (1989). Commission Decision of 10 February 1989 supplement in the Annexes to Council Directive 82/894/EEC on the notification of animal diseases within the Community. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri= CELEX:31989 D0162. Date of access: 04.07.2014.
    3. Anonymous. (2011). Ýhbarý Mecburi Hayvan Hastalýklarý Ve Bildirimine lliskin Yönetmelik. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/    2011/01/20110122-4.htm. Date of access: 04.07.2014.
    4. Anonymous. (2013). Lumpy Skin Disease, Turkey, OIE Outbreak Notification. http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/ Review?reportid=14106, Date of access: 10.12.2013.
    5. Anonymous. (2014). Sýðýrlarýn Nodüler Ekzantemi Hastalýðý Risk Deðerlendirilmesi ve Yönetimi, Mustafa Tufan, Antalya, 23–27 Haziran 2014. http://vetkontrol.tarim.gov.tr/merkez/Belgeler/LSD%20Sunu.pps., Date of access: 10.01.2015.
    6. Babiuk, S., Bowden, T.R., Boyle, D.B., Wallace, D.B. and Kitching, R.P. (2008). Capripoxviruses: an emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle. Trans. Emerg. Dis. 55(7): 263–272.
    7. Bhanuprakash, V., Indrani, B.K., Hosamani, M. and Singh, R.K. (2006). The current status of sheeppox disease. Comp. Immun. Mic. & Infec. Dis. 29: 27–60.
    8. Braverman, Y. and Chechik, F. (1996). Air streams and the introduction of animal diseases borne on Culicoides (Diptera,Ceratopogonidae) into Israel. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 15 (3): 1037–1052.
    9. Buller, R.M., Arif, B.M., Black, D.N., Dumbell, K.R., Esposito, J.J., Lefkowitz, E.J., et al. (2005). Poxviridae. In: Virus Taxonomy: Eightth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (Eds.), Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford. p: 117–133.
    10. Carn, V.M. and Kitching, R.P. (1995). An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling). Epid. Infect. 114: 219–226.
    11. Chihota, C., Rennie, L.F., Kitching, R.P. and Mellor, P.S. (2001). Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Epid. Infect. 126: 317–321.
    12. Davies, F.G. (1991). Lumpy Skin Disease, a Capripox Virus Infection of Cattle in Africa. FAO, Rome, Italy. 
    13. EFSA. (2015). Scientific Opinion on Lumpy Skin Disease. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J. 13 (1): 3986, p:8, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3986.
    14. Gürçay, M., Sait, A., Parmaksýz, A., Kýlýç, A. (2015). Türkiye’de Lumpy Skin DiseaseVirus Enfeksiyonunun Klinik Bulgular ve PCR Yöntemi Ýle Saptanmasý. Kafkas. Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 21 (3): 417–420. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2014.12364.
    15. Hall, T.A. (1999). BioEdit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nuc. Acids. Symp. Series. 41: 95–98.
    16. Ince, O.B., Çakir S and Dereli, M.A. (2016). Risk analysis of lumpy skin disease in Turkey, Indian J. Anim. Res., 50 (6): 1013-1017.
    17. Ireland, D.C. and Binepal, Y.S. (1998). Improveddetection of capripoxvirus in biopsysamplesby PCR. J. Virol. Meth. 74: 1–7.
    18. Iþýdan, H., Sözdutmaz, Ý. and Turan, T. (2014). Spreading Lumpy Skin Disease to the North. 8th Annual EPIZONE Meeting. 23-25 September 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    19. Knowles, D.P. (2011). Poxviridae, In: Fenner’s Veterinary. [MacLachlan NJ, Dubovi E: (Eds.)]Virology, fourth edition, Academic Press, London, p: 151–165.
    20. Le Goff, C., Lamien, C.E., Fakhfafh, E., Chadeyras, A., Abu-Adulugbad, E., Libeau, G., et al. (2009). Capripoxvirus G protein-    coupled chemokine receptor, a host-range gene suitable for virus-animal origin discrimination. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 67–77.
    21. Manimaran, K., Mahaprabhu, R., Jaisree, S., Hemalatha, S., Ravimurugan, T., Pazhanivel, N. and Roy, P. (2017). An outbreak of sheep pox in an organized farm of Tamil Nadu, India, Indian J. Anim. Res., 51 (1): 162-164. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.v0i0f.3782.
    22. OIE. (2014a). Lumpy Skin Disease, Chapter 2.4.14. In: World Organisation for Animal Health, Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. http://www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/ Date of access: 04.07.2014.
    23. OIE. (2014b). Lumpy Skin Disease, Chapter 11.11. In: World Organisation for Animal Health, Terrestrial Animal Health Code. http:/    /www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-code/access-online/. Date of access: 04.07.2014.
    24. Saraç, F., Gulyaz, V. and Uzar, S. (2014). First determination of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Turkey, Epizone, 8th Annual EPIZONE Meeting. 23-25 September 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    25. Sharawi, S.S. and Abd El-Rahim, I.H. (2011). The utility of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of lumpy skin disease in cattle and water buffaloes in Egypt. Rev. Sci. Tech. 30 (3):821-30.
    26. Sevik, M. and Dogan, M. (2016). Epidemiological and Molecular Studies on Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Turkey during 2014-    2015. Trans. Emerg. Dis. 1-12. doi:10.1111/tbed.12501
    27. Tulman, E.R., Afonso, C.L., Lu, Z., Zsak, L., Kutish, G.F. and Rock, D.L. (2001). Genome of lumpy skin disease virus. J. Virol. 75 (15): 7122–7130.
    28. Tuppurainen, E.S.M., Venter, E.H. and Coetzer, J.A.W. (2005). The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 72: 153–164.
    29. Tuppurainen ESM, Oura CAL (2012): Lumpy Skin Disease: An emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Trans. Emerg. Dis. 59: 40-48, DOI: 10.1111/j.1865–1682.2011.01242.x.
    30. Tuppurainen ESM, Pearson CR, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Knowles NJ, Amareen S, Frost L, Henstock MR, Lamien CE, Diallo A, Mertens PPC (2014): Characterization of sheeppox virus vaccine for cattle against lumpy skin disease virus. Antiviral Res. 109: 1–6.
    31. Uyar A, Yener Z, Yýldýrým S, Keleþ ÖF (2015): Holstein Bir Ýnekte Lumpy Skin Disease (Nodüler Ekzantem) Olgusu. F.Ü. Sað. Bil. Vet. Derg. 29 (1): 49 – 53.
    32. Wainwright S, El Idrissi A, Mattioli R, Tibbo M, Njeumi F, Raizman E (2013): Emergence of lumpy skin disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin countries. Empres. Watc.Vol 29 November 2013. www.fao.org/ag/empres.html. 
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