Indian Journal of Animal Research

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Full Research Article

Influence of Supplementation of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Egg Quality of Layer Quail

Gagandeep Kour1, Nazam Khan2,*, R.K. Sharma1, Vikas Mahajan2, Z.F. Bhat3, S.A. Khandii4
1Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu-181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
2Division of Livestock Farm Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu-181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
3Division of Livestock Product Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu-181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
4Division of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu-181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) have enormous potential to replace commercial productive performance enhancer in layer quail diet that can be owed to their active principles, easy availability, non-toxic and residue-free nature. The present study was aimed to select an ideal PFA by evaluating the supplemental effect of various phytoadditives on egg quality indices.

Methods: Three hundred sixty quail layers (6 weeks old; same hatch) were randomly distributed into eight groups (n=45), having three replicas of 15 quail layers per group. Basal diet was similar in all groups, except PFA supplementation. Different dietary groups were: Negative control (NC; contains no additive), positive control (PC; herbal growth promoter), whereas T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 groups were supplemented with 1% dietary additive namely turmeric, garlic, fenugreek, cumin, aloe vera and oregano powder, respectively. Eggs were evaluated for external and internal egg quality indices at monthly intervals, but yolk cholesterol was determined at end of trial. 

Result: Our investigations revealed that average monthly egg number was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the PC and PFA supplemented groups during the first 3 months of laying. Mean egg weight of the trial was found significantly higher in PC, T1, T2, T4 and lowest in NC, with intermediate egg weights for rest groups. Shell thickness was found highest in PC, T1, T3 and lowest in NC, T5, T6 whereas rest groups have intermittent values. However, shape index showed higher values in PC, T1 and lower values in NC and T3. Average Haugh unit was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than rest of the groups, but yolk index showed no significant difference. The cholesterol content of quail egg yolk (mg/g yolk) was highest in NC group followed by PC and lowest in T2 and T3. Cost benefit ratio was found highest in T1, T3 and T5 and was lowest in T6 group. It may be inferred that turmeric supplementation is comparable to commercial herbal additive in terms of egg quality of layer quail.

INTRODUCTION

Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) encompass a diverse array of plant-derived substances, including essential oils, herbs, spices and other botanical extracts (Gupta et al., 2022). These are rich in bioactive compounds and possess beneficial physiological properties viz., antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and digestive stimulation effects (Alagawany et al., 2017). But, a wide range of PFA namely turmeric (Curcuma longa), garlic (Allium sativum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) and oregano powder (Origanum vulgare) can be exploited as feed additives to enhance production performance and egg quality (Liu et al., 2020; Tesissa et al., 2023).
       
Turmeric rhizome possesses various active ingredients viz. curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin, that leads to antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antifungal, anti-inflamatory, anticarcinogenic, anti-hypertensive and hypo-cholesteremic properties (Chowdhary et al., 2021). Garlic bulb contains allicin, alliin, ajoene, diallylsulphide, dithiin and s-allylcysteine which have antimicrobial properties (Batiha et al., 2020). Similarly, fenugreek seeds contain neurin, biotin, trimethylamine which stimulates appetite and have hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antipyretic and antimicrobial properties (Yatoo et al., 2012). Cumin seeds are composed of cuminaldehyde, terpinenes, polyphenols and flavonoids which impart beneficial properties (Alinian et al., 2016). Aloe vera leaf has more than 75 biologically active ingredients and has anti-oxidant and hypocholesteremic properties (Kichloo et al., 2023). Oregano leaves contains different active compounds i.e. carvacrol, thymol, rosmarinic acid, borneol, organol, ursolic acid, monoterpene hydrocarbons (terpinene and p-cymene) and monoterpene alcohols which culminates in antimicrobial action (Behnamifar et al., 2018).
       
Earlier researchers also acknowledged that incorporation of above stated PFA have enhanced layer productivity and egg quality (Saleh et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020; Tesissa et al., 2023). But there is scanty literature regarding its usage in layer quail. With this background, present study was aimed to scrutinize the effect of supplementation of various PFA on egg quality indices of layer quail.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Present study was conducted at Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Jammu, India in year 2022. Three hundred sixty Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) layers of same hatch (6 weeks old) were randomly distributed into eight groups (n=45), having three replicas of fifteen quail layers. Maize-soya based basal diet was formulated as per specifications given by ICAR (2013) (Table 1). The eight dietary groups were: Negative control (NC) group contains basal diet, positive control (PC) is supplemented with commercial productive performance enhancer (Reproforte plus™ containing Adhatoda vasica- 20%, Asparagus officinalis- 15%, Leptadenia reticulate- 15%, Zingiber officinalis- 10%, Rubia cordifolia- 10%, Tribulus terrestris- 10%, Solena amplexicaulis- 10%, Punica granatum- 10% was supplemented @ 500 gm per ton feed, Arvind Herbal Labs, Saharanpur, UP), whereas T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 groups were supplemented as 1% dietary additive with turmeric, garlic, fenugreek, cumin, aloe vera and oregano powder, respectively.
 

Table 1: Ingredient and chemical composition (%) of layer quail basal diet.


 
Parameters studied
 
The eggs were collected and weighed daily by using electronic weighing balance. Evaluation for egg quality indices was done at monthly intervals (February to June, 2022). Three eggs per replica i.e. 9 eggs per group were evaluated for quality.
 
External egg quality
 
Egg width (mm) and egg length (mm) were estimated by using digital Vernier Caliper, whereas egg shape index (%) was calculated by the formula:
 
  
       
Egg shell with shell membrane was taken and kept in hot air oven overnight for proper drying. After drying, three different segments of shell were taken and the shell thickness (mm) was estimated with the help of a micrometer screw gauge.
 
Internal egg quality
 
Egg content was poured on flat surface to determine albumin height (mm) by using a digital Vernier caliper. Individual Haugh unit (Haugh, 1937) score was estimated using the egg weight and albumin height as follows:
 
HU = 100 log (H+7.6-1.7W0.37)
 
Where,   
HU= Haugh unit.
H= Observed height of the albumin in mm.
W= Weight of egg in grams.
       
Yolk diameter (mm) was also estimated by using digital Vernier caliper, whereas yolk height (mm) was measured with the help of spherometer. Yolk index (%) was determined as the ratio of yolk height to yolk width.
 
  
       
The egg albumen adhered to the yolk membrane was removed by rolling the intact egg yolk over a filter paper carefully without breaking the yolk membrane. The cholesterol content of egg yolk (mg/g yolk) was estimated as per the method of Aziz et al., (2012) with slight modifications.
 
Statistical analysis
 
The data pertaining to different parameters were subjected to statistical analysis as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994). The means in different treatments were subjected to Duncan’s multiple range test for ranking (P<0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The average monthly egg number was significantly increased (P<0.05) in PC and all PFA fed groups during the first 3 months of laying in comparison to NC group (Table 2). But no effect was recorded in the last two trial months. Similarly, Abdalla et al., (2011) reported increase in egg number in hens on supplementing herbs mixture and attributed it to vitamins and fat soluble unidentified factors (El-Shafei et al., 2012). Earlier researchers too reported increased egg production on supplementing turmeric (Azouz, 2020; Zacaria and Ampode, 2021), garlic (Canogullari et al., 2010; Omer et al., 2019), fenugreek seed powder (Chongtham et al., 2015), cumin seeds (Ali et al., 2018) and aloe vera (Hasan, 2014). There are different justifications attributed to it: better utilization of the diet, optimum antioxidant activity, stimulation of protein synthesis, stimulation of pancreatic digestive enzymes and reduction in feed transit time in the alimentary tract (Platel and Srinivasan, 2001). But, periodically, least number of eggs was observed during 1st month of laying cycle, whereas highest egg number was observed during 2nd and 3rd month followed by 4th month and there is decline in 5th month.
 

Table 2: Effect of phytoadditive supplementation on egg number of layer quails.


 
External egg quality
 
Average egg weight was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in PC, T1, T2, T4 in comparison to NC group, whereas, T3, T5 and T6 groups have intermediate egg weights (Table 3). Supporting our results, Yalcin et al., (2006), Park et al., (2012) and Saleh et al., (2019) reported increased egg weight on supplementing turmeric, garlic and cumin, respectively. In contrast, turmeric and garlic powder supplementation did not significantly influence the egg weight in laying birds (Omer et al., 2019; Zacaria and Ampode, 2021). The differences in these studies might be either due to different dosages of phytoadditives or different bird species.
 

Table 3: Influence of phytoadditives supplementation on egg weight (g), shell thickness (mm) and egg shape index (%) in layer quail.

 
 
Egg shell is the first line of defense against microbial contamination and is essential for proper embryogenesis, besides the keeping quality. Average shell thickness (mm) estimated in this study was found highest in PC, T1, T3 and lowest in NC, T5 and T6, whereas rest groups have intermediate values (Table 3). Likewise, Liu et al., (2020) reported that curcumin supplementation improved egg shell thickness in laying hens and attributed it to the increased release of calcium in the blood for the further participation in eggshell formation. Radwan et al., (2008) also stated that egg mass was increased by turmeric addition due to improvement in uterus media (site of calcium deposit) and resulted in enhanced shell weight and thickness. Similar finding has been reported by Park et al., (2018) and Tesissa et al., (2023) on supplementing fenugreek powder.
       
Average shape index (%) showed significantly higher values (P<0.05) in PC and T1 and was lowest in NC and T3, whereas rest groups (T2, T4, T5 and T6) showed intermediate egg shape index values (Table 3). But, no difference was seen in monthly egg shape index. Shape index (%) is an important criterion for grading the eggs and it depicts the crushing strength variation and risk of cracked eggs during storage and transportation. Radwan et al., (2008) also reported significantly improved egg shape index on turmeric supplementation. On the contrary, no effect on shape index was reported after turmeric powder supplementation by some authors (Liu et al., 2020; Zacaria and Ampode, 2021). The differences might be due to the different doses of turmeric powder supplemented in the diet, duration of the experiment period and bird’s age. Similarly, Omer et al., (2019) reported no change in shape index on supplementing 0.5 and 1% garlic in laying hen. In accordance with the current results, El-Shafei et al., (2012) also found no difference in shape index on feeding fenugreek to layer quails. Supporting our finding, Hasan (2014) also found similar shape index on aloe vera supplementation in drinking water of quails. There is dearth of literature in this regard.
 
Internal egg quality
 
Average Haugh unit (HU) observed for whole trail is significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 in comparison to the rest of the groups (Table 4). HU is the measure of protein quality based on the albumen height and is a good indicator of freshness of eggs. The present results corroborate with the findings of Saraswati et al., (2013) who reported that turmeric powder might have stimulated the growth of epithelial and tubular gland cells in magnum, which resulted in increased albumin synthesis. Similarly, Omer et al., (2019) reported no change in Haugh unit on supplementing 0.5 and 1% garlic in laying hen. Also, Canogullari et al., (2010) reported similar HU on garlic feeding (1 and 2%) in laying quails. But, Hasan (2014) reported lower HU on aloe vera supplementation in drinking water of quails.
 

Table 4: Influence of phytoadditives supplementation on Haugh unit and yolk index (%) in layer quail.


       
Yolk index amongst all the eight groups showed no difference at monthly time intervals and for the entire trial (Table 4). In line with our results, similar yolk index was reported by Asrat et al., (2018) on garlic powder supplementation; Saraswati et al., (2013) on turmeric supplementation; Omer et al., (2019) on garlic feeding; Hasan (2014) on aloe vera supplementation and Gul et al., (2019) on oregano supplementation.
       
The cholesterol content of quail egg yolk (mg/g yolk) was determined on trial completion (Table 5). Highest yolk cholesterol was observed for NC group followed by PC and lowest in T2 and T3. Whereas, rest groups showed intermittent results, as T6 had no difference with PC, T1, T4 and T5. Also, cholesterol in quail egg yolk of T4 group had no difference with cholesterol in egg yolk of T1, T2, T3 and T5 groups. Concurrent with our result, El-Shafei et al., (2012) also found lower yolk cholesterol on adding fenugreek in the diet of laying quails. Similarly, Canogullari et al., (2010) reported lower (P<0.05) yolk cholesterol on garlic feeding (1, 2 and 4%) in laying quails. In accordance with the current results, Safaa (2007) reported significantly lower (P<0.05) egg yolk cholesterol on adding 2% garlic and 2% fenugreek in Lohmann brown laying hens at 33, 35, 37 and 39 weeks of age. Chowdhury et al., (2002) also observed liner reduction in yolk cholesterol on supplementing 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% garlic paste. Also, as per our finding, Hassan (2000) and El-Kaiaty et al., (2002) indicated lowering of yolk cholesterol by 20 and 9% on feeding 2% garlic and 2% fenugreek, respectively. A significant reduction of yolk cholesterol in garlic feeding was also confirmed by Yalcin et al., (2006). On turmeric supplementation @ 13.5 mg/quail/day, Saraswati et al., (2013) reported lower cholesterol in first layed egg of quail.
 

Table 5: Effect of phytoadditives supplementation on yolk cholesterol (mg/g yolk) in layer quail.


 
Cost economics
 
It revealed that total income (Rs.) received by selling eggs and birds was higher in additive supplemented groups (Table 6). The cost benefit ratio was found highest in T1, T3 and T5, but it was lowest in T6 group. Similar to our findings, Zacaria and Ampode (2021) also got better and a linear increase in both benefit cost ratio and return on investment, with the increase in turmeric inclusion in quail diet. Also, Chauhan et al., (2018) revealed that production cost for feed consumed per egg was decreased significantly on turmeric supplementation at 1, 3, 4.5 and 6% levels in the diet of laying hens. Likewise, Bejar (2021) and Kichloo et al., (2023) revealed that aloe vera extract supplementation in drinking water at 15 and 25 ml/gallon and 0.6% inclusion in drinking water had showed positive effect on net income and return on investment in layer quails. In line with our study, Abaza et al., (2007) reported better returns in groups supplemented with fenugreek. The increased returns may be due to better feed conversion ratio and improved egg production in fenugreek supplemented group. Lowest cost benefit ratio in oregano supplemented group can be attributed to higher cost of additive in comparison to rest of the groups. Also, Chowdhary et al., (2021) got net income increased and better cost benefit ratio on garlic powder supplementation in broilers. In nut shell, it may be stated that phytoadditives has a positive impact on layer quails in terms of cost economics.
 

Table 6: Effect of phytoadditives supplementation on cost economics of layer quail.

CONCLUSION

It may be inferred that turmeric supplementation @1% in layer quail diet was comparable with the commercial herbal additive in terms of egg quality parameters. Moreover, Haugh unit was superior in turmeric supplemented group. But in terms of economics, cost benefit ratio is found better in turmeric, fenugreek and aloe vera fed groups. However, it may be concluded that 1% turmeric supplementation in layer quail is beneficial.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

There is no conflict of interest.

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