Indian Journal of Animal Research

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Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 58 issue 6 (june 2024) : 1011-1016

Seroprevalence of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Indian Buffaloes

Sharanagouda S. Patil1,*, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh1, Akshata Velankar1, Shivasharanappa Nayakvadi1, Jagadish Hiremath1, Siju Susan Jacob1, Rajangam Sridevi1, Chirathahalli Shivamurthy Sathish Gowda1, Narayanan Gejendiran1, Bibek Shome1
1ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560 064, Karnataka, India.
Cite article:- Patil S. Sharanagouda, Suresh Puttahonnappa Kuralayanapalya, Velankar Akshata, Nayakvadi Shivasharanappa, Hiremath Jagadish, Jacob Susan Siju, Sridevi Rajangam, Gowda Sathish Shivamurthy Chirathahalli, Gejendiran Narayanan, Shome Bibek (2024). Seroprevalence of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Indian Buffaloes . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 58(6): 1011-1016. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-5039.

ABSTRACT

Background: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an infectious disease of bovines causing respiratory problem, abortions and reduced milk yield leading to huge economic losses. IBR is endemic in India. India ranks first in buffalo population. Reports on seroprevalence of IBR in cattle in India are available but not in buffaloes. The study was aimed at conducting a seroprevalence of IBR in Indian buffaloes. 

Methods: A total of 1000 buffalo serum samples collected randomly from top 10 milk producing states of India and were tested for IBR antibodies using Avidin-Biotin (AB) ELISA. 

Result: Cumulative seropositivity was found to be 43.30%. Punjab and Andhra Pradesh states showed highest (58%) and lowest (27%) seropositivity respectively and were part of north and south zone of the country. India has highest number of buffalo population. Presently, India do not vaccinate bovines against IBR and should take call on vaccination of dairy buffalo after having witnessed a high seroprevalence of IBR. This is the first report of such kind of number of buffalo samples tested for IBR antibodies.

INTRODUCTION

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) caused by the Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), a contagious disease of bovines, belongs to the genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae family Herpesviridae (Mc Lachlan, 2011). Latency and subclinical infections are common in IBR (Ranganatha et al., 2013) which can be identified through the detection of antibodies against BoHV-1 in serum (Lotfi et al., 2016). Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 infection was first reported in India in 1976 (Mehrotra et al., 1976). Reduced milk production, repeat breeding and abortions are some of the consequences of IBR infection leading to huge economic losses. Surveillance and monitoring are important to maintain the herd health status and to decrease the economic losses caused by this disease (Raizman et al., 2011).

IBR is endemic in India and there is no systematic study on the seroprevalence of IBR in buffaloes though many have reported IBR antibody prevalence in cattle either restricted to districts/states/zones (Patil et al., 2012 and 2017; Krishnamoorthy et al., 2015; Kathiriya et al., 2018).

An epidemiological study to estimate the frequency of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), zone and species-specific based on serosurveillance of IBR to achieve the goals within the defined populations and inform the researchers and policymakers about the disease (IBR) burden, thereby supporting the process of identification of priorities in Veterinary healthcare, prevention, and policy. The study aimed to screen the buffalo serum samples for antibodies against BoHV-1 selected randomly to understand the prevalence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample collection
 
Backyard dairy farming is most common in India and husbandry practices remain the same in most of the households having bovines. Two stage random sampling methodology was followed wherein number of random and representative villages and the number of animals in each village were selected using a survey tool box (Sergeant et al., 2018).
 
Enzyme immunoassay for detection of IBR antibodies
 
Serum samples were subjected to enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies against IBR using indigenously developed Avidin-Biotin ELISA (AB ELISA) by Patil et al., (2021). Results were interpreted as follows.
 
Interpretation and analysis
 
‘X’= Average OD of strong positive × 0.64
 
A test sample is positive if its OD values are greater than ‘X’.  
A test sample is negative if its OD values are less than ‘X’.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sample collection
 
A total of 1000 buffalo serum samples from 242 villages in 63 districts from top 10 milk producing states were collected (Table 1).

Table 1: Details of samples used in the study from different states of India.


 
Enzyme immunoassay for detection of IBR antibodies
 
A total of 1000 buffalo serum samples were collected during 2021 and tested for IBR antibodies which showed a per cent positivity of 43.30 [44.02 (95% CI: 40.53-47.58%)] (Fig 1). Punjab showed the highest positivity of 58% [60.92 (95% CI: 49.66-71.5%)] which is a geographically a small state and known for dairy farming, whereas Andhra Pradesh showed the lowest positivity of 27% [(25.29 (95% CI: 16.4-36.13%)] (Table 1). Following four zones of India had a varied seroprevalence of IBR (Table 2).

Fig 1: Map depicting state wise seropositivity of IBR in India.



Table 2: Region wise buffalo serum samples tested for IBR during 2021-22.


 
South zone
 
Samples analyzed from this zone were from 3 states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu). A total of 300 buffalo serum samples were tested and this zone showed seropositivity of 37% [36.78 (95% CI: 30.73-43.21%)] from 58 villages covering 23 districts. In the present study, Karnataka showed the highest seropositivity of 54% [56.32 (95% CI: 45.13-67.17%)] in buffalo samples collected from 13 villages of 7 districts. Whereas, Renukaradhya et al., (1996) have reported 52.5% (530/1010) seropositivity in buffaloes from one slaughter house alone situated in Karnataka that seems to biased. In another study, 72.60% (106/146) seropositivity in buffaloes of two organized farms in Karnataka was recorded (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2015). Tamil Nadu has showed 30% seropositivity [28.74 (95% CI: 19.42-39.75%)] in buffalo samples collected from 24 villages belonging to 7 districts in this study. Whereas, Selvaraj et al., (2008) showed the seropositivity of 8.56% (16/187) in buffaloes of Tamil Nadu.
 
West zone
 
Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan were a part of this zone. A total of 300 buffalo serum samples were tested and showed a positivity of 39.67% [39.85 (95% CI: 33.67-46.32%)] from 114 villages across 14 districts. Maharashtra showed highest seropositivity of 47% [48.28 (95% CI: 37.37- 59.44%)] and Rajasthan showed lowest seropositivity of 33% [32.18 (95% CI: 22.49-43.33%)]. The three states in this zone are the highest milk producers having high yielding dairy animals. Maharashtra has recorded a highest seropositivity of 47% being geographically large state and known for dairy farming. Rajasthan being the second highest milk producing state of India has showed the lowest seropositivity of 33%. Gujarat has showed a seropositivity of 39% in buffaloes which has a good network of milk producer’s cooperative units. The buffalo samples of Gujarat were collected from 81 villages of 3 districts. 24 out of 32 (75%) buffalo samples were found positive for IBR antibodies in Gujarat (Patel et al., 1983). Pandita and Srivastava, (1993) showed an incidence of IBR as 50.50% in buffaloes in Gujarat. Jain et al., (2009) have tested buffalo serum samples for IBR antibodies that showed 34.61% seropositivity in Gujarat which shares borders with Rajasthan. A seropositivity of 33.69% (97/288) of IBR antibodies were recorded in buffaloes of Gujarat during 2018 (Kathiriya et al., 2018).
 
North zone
 
This zone consisted of Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. Cumulative per cent positivity was found to be 52.33 [54.41 (95% CI: 47.92-60.83%)]. Punjab showed the highest seropositivity of 58% [60.92 (95% CI: 49.66-71.5%)]. Punjab is a small state and is a 6th highest milk producing state of India. According to 20th livestock census, Punjab has increased its milk production by 50.14% between 2012 and 2019 (DAHD, 2019). In the present study, a seropositivity of 58% was recorded in Punjab buffalo samples collected from 11 villages belonging to 9 districts. Previous studies have reported seropositivity of IBR antibodies in buffaloes as varying percentage. Aradhana et al., (2004) have reported 33.3% of seropositivity of IBR in buffaloes of Punjab. In another study, Dhand et al., (2002) have recorded 47.25% (43/91) and 17.47% (43/246) of seropositivity of IBR antibodies in organized and unorganized buffalo farms respectively in Punjab. A small number buffalo serum samples from Ludhiana (Punjab) were tested for IBR antibodies which showed the positivity of 54.50% (12/22) (Dhami et al., 2008). The lowest seropositivity of 48% [49.43 (95% CI: 38.47-60.56%)] was recorded by Haryana. Uttar Pradesh showed 51% seropositivity [52.87 (95% CI: 41.78-63.88%)].

Uttar Pradesh is the largest state of India and is the number one in milk production. The state has recorded a seropositivity of 51% of IBR antibodies in buffaloes of 8 villages from one district only. The sample number should have been more which was not accomplished due to administrative reasons. A small number of buffalo serum samples tested in Uttar Pradesh revealed 85% (17/20) positivity by Nandi et al. (2011). Verma et al., (2014) have recorded 25.27% (23/91) seropositivity of IBR in buffaloes of 8 districts of Uttar Pradesh.
 
Central zone
 
Madhya Pradesh is the only state in this region which is geographically large in nature. The state has showed a seropositivity of 46% [47.13 (95% CI: 36.28-58.32%)] in buffaloes from 5 villages of 2 districts. The Chhattisgarh state which was a part of Madhya Pradesh previously, have reported a seroprevalence of 7.15% (3/42) in buffaloes (Samrath et al., 2016). Madhya Pradesh shares a border with Maharashtra (seropositivity: 47%), Gujarat (seropositivity: 39%), Rajasthan (seropositivity: 33%), Uttar Pradesh (seropositivity: 51%) and Chhattisgarh (seropositivity: 7.1% by Samrath et al., 2016).
 
Breed wise seropositivity
 
Murrah is the most important breed of buffalo in India. Murrah’s home is Haryana and Punjab states and the average milk yield per lactation is 1500-2500 kilograms. A seropositivity of 44.08% of IBR antibodies were reported in Murrah breed. Mehasana’s home is Gujarat and Maharashtra states and is evolved out of cross-breeding between Murrah and Surti. Murrah and Mehsana were two important breeds of buffaloes along with non-descript buffaloes were tested for IBR antibodies (Table 3). 44.08% (320/726) [44.92% (95% CI: 40.81-49.09%)] seropositivity was recorded in Murrah breeds and Mehsana breed recorded 40.48% (34/84) [40.78% (95% CI: 29.45-53.06%)] seropositivity. Non-descript (not assigned any breed characteristics) showed 41.24% (73/177) seropositivity [41.66 (95% CI: 33.62-50.12%)]. Mehasana buffaloes showed a IBR seropositivity of 40.48%. There were some buffaloes which were non descript in nature showed 41.66% seropositivity. Krishnamoorthy et al., (2015) have shown an incidence of 69.15% (92/133) and 66.67% (4/6) in Murrah and Mehasana buffaloes respectively in south India. Kathiriya et al., (2018) have reported a seroprevalence of 33.99% in Jafrabadi breed in Gujarat. Very limited reports are there on seropositivity of IBR breed wise in India.

Table 3: Breed wise buffalo serum samples tested for IBR.



India is the world’s largest milk producer, with 22 per cent of global production. Top 10 milk producing states of India contribute to 80% of the national milk production. Additionally, India stands first in the world of buffalo population contributing significantly to the milk production of the nation. India has 109.9 million buffalo (adult female buffaloes: 55 million). Therefore, an attempt was made to screen one hundred buffalo serum samples for IBR antibodies, collected randomly from top 10 milk producing states. Many authors in India and elsewhere have reported seropositivity of IBR antibodies in buffaloes taking limited number of samples. The present study has revealed seropositivity of IBR antibodies in buffaloes in 100 samples from each top 10 milk producing states of India. Overall seropositivity of IBR antibodies in 1000 buffaloes was found to be 43.30% in India. Buffaloes are domesticated in limited number of countries and many of them have reported seroprevalence of IBR antibodies in buffaloes. A 16.7% (6/30) and 51.50% (103/200) prevalence of IBR in buffaloes was recorded in Pakistan (Akhtar and Asif, 1996; Batool et al., 2022), wherein the number of buffaloes screened in both the studies appeared limited. Mahmoud et al., (2009) have demonstrated 38.46% (5/13) seropositivity of IBR antibodies in buffaloes in Egypt. A seroprevalence of 82.40% (155/188) of IBR antibodies was recorded in Murrah and Mediterranean buffaloes in Brazil (Ferreira et al., 2010). The two studies in Iran have showed a seroprevalence of 5.5% (28/513) and 4.13% (5/121) of antibodies against IBR in buffaloes (Lotfi et al., 2016; Kargar Moakhar et al., 2002). In Iraq, Ahmed et al., (2015) have reported 73.9% (17/23) seropositivity of IBR antibodies in buffaloes.

Trangadia et al., (2010) have reported seroprevalence of IBR antibodies in organized buffalo farms located in three zones of India viz., Western region reported 40.82% (20/49), Central region has revealed 97.96% (48/49) and Northern region has recorded 26.32% (5/19) and overall seroprevalence was found to be 62.39% (73/117).
 
Age wise seropositivity
 
In the present study, the buffaloes in age group between 11-15 years showed the highest seropositivity of 50% (15/30). 688 buffaloes in the range of 5-11 years of age were tested and 42.01% (308/688) of animals showed seropositivity (Table 4). Animals with 3-6 years of age were more prone to infection than were younger animals and the seropositivity of IBR increased with age of animals (Nandi et al., 2009). The highest prevalence of IBR (42.07%) was observed in animals aged more than 7 years (Kathiriya et al., 2018).

Table 4: Age wise buffalo serum samples tested for IBR.



Mahmoud et al., (2009) have showed seropositivity of IBR antibodies in different age groups as buffaloes of 3-6 m having 40%, 3-16 m having 33% and adult buffaloes having 40% in different parts of Egypt. Animals above 9 years of age showed the highest seropositivity (45.9%) whereas young animals between 0 to 2 years of age showed the minimum seropositivity (6.89%) (Samrath et al., 2016). Increased age has been considered a risk factor for higher prevalence as a result of greater chances of virus exposure to susceptible animals with age and a study noted that BoHV-1 is more prevalent in animals greater than 4 years (Batool et al., 2022). Lowest seroprevalence of IBR was found in buffaloes below 2 years of age and highest in animals of above 8 years of age (Dhami et al., 2008). Kathiriya et al., (2018) showed maximum seropositivity of IBR in animals of more 7 years of age. The incidence of IBR was recorded more as the age of animals increased i.e., 6 years and above (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2015) might be due to increased susceptibility and stress.

The possible reason for higher seropositivity may be due to increased susceptibility of animals with age or repeated subclinical infection with the virus that boost to keep the antibody titer higher enough to be detected positive or decrease in immunity and increase in stress, which may lead to reactivation of latent virus (Singh and Sinha, 2006; Kathiriya, 2018; Sheza et al., 2021).

CONCLUSION

India stands number one in buffalo population in the world. There are health concerns in buffaloes with respect to the productivity and IBR is one of the most important abortifacient which is neglected most. Scanty reports on IBR seropositivity using limited number of samples have revealed that the buffaloes have experienced IBR and is present in the population. Our study is the first report of such kind using significant number of samples revealing the seropositivity in buffaloes. Further study is required using a systematic random sampling methodology with significant numbers which might reveal some more information on its endemicity.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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