Indian Journal of Animal Research

  • Chief EditorK.M.L. Pathak

  • Print ISSN 0367-6722

  • Online ISSN 0976-0555

  • NAAS Rating 6.50

  • SJR 0.263

  • Impact Factor 0.4 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
Science Citation Index Expanded, BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Scopus, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 58 issue 2 (february 2024) : 293-297

Effect of Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Antioxidants and Biochemical Status of Osmanabadi Goats

S. Manimaran1, P.M. Kekan1,*, S.B. Daware1, A.K. Wankar1, V.K. Munde2, K.K. Khose3, P.M. Bhagade1
1Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Vaternity and Animal Sciences, Parbhani-431 402, Maharashtra, India. 
2Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani-431 402, Maharashtra, India. 
3Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani-431 402, Maharashtra, India. 
Cite article:- Manimaran S., Kekan P.M., Daware S.B., Wankar A.K., Munde V.K., Khose K.K., Bhagade P.M. (2024). Effect of Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Antioxidants and Biochemical Status of Osmanabadi Goats . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 58(2): 293-297. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4926.

ABSTRACT

Background: Copper and zinc in animal diets significantly impact livestock productivity. Zinc is not stored in the body and must be supplemented regularly to maintain optimal immuno-physiological function in animals. Many factors restrict the bioavailability of zinc and its absorption in the intestine. Cu deficiency is common in feed ingredients. Feeding copper levels in the diet is also essential for immune system optimization since copper inhibits the development of metabolic and oxidative stress in dairy cows. 

Methods: Experimental animals (n=18) were equally divided into three groups with an average body weight 29 kg. T0 was control group with basal diet, T1 group supplemented with copper sulphate (100 mg/goat/day+Basal diet) and T2 group supplemented with zinc oxide (40 mg/goat/day+Basal diet) for 90 days. Blood samples were collected at fortnight intervals and estimated using standard protocols.

Result: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase were significantly higher in zinc supplemented group followed by copper supplemented group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly lower in the zinc and copper supplemented groups compared to control group. Glucose concentration showed no significant change. Total cholesterol was significantly lower in the copper supplemented group. Total proteins, albumin and triglycerides were significantly higher in the zinc supplemented group than in other groups.

INTRODUCTION

Like other nutrient requirements, mineral requirements for small ruminants are not stable. Mineral requirements for goats depend upon age, sex stage and level of production.Trace mineral deficiencies are many times difficult to detect because of their symptoms that are less evident (small reductions in their average daily gains and decreased production). Zinc and copper are the second and third most essential trace minerals next to iron. Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in animal diets significantly impact livestock productivity (Arangasamy et al., 2018).

Zinc is a nutritionally important trace element for goats since it is required for optimal feed intake and nutrient utilization, food metabolism and immunological competence (Neathery et al., 1973). Zinc is not stored in the body and must be supplemented regularly to maintain optimal immuno-physiological function in animals (Spears and Kegley, 2002). Zn is an anti-oxidant that reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (Bray and Bettger, 1990). Zn prevents lipids peroxidation and keeps the lysosomal membrane stable (Kimball et al., 1995). Zinc is a cofactor for Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Marklund et al., 1982). It plays an important role in catalase activity, regulating specificity protein 1 or other transcriptional response elements (Tate et al., 1995).

Copper is required for animals as a trace element. It is intimately linked to hematopoiesis, metabolism and other vital life functions (Ognik et al., 2016). Feeding copper levels in the diet is essential for immune system optimization since copper inhibits the development of metabolic and oxidative stress in dairy cows (Cortinhas et al., 2010). It is also required for defense mechanisms, iron transport, cholesterol and glucose metabolism. Although copper isn’t an essential component of hemoglobin, it is found in several other plasma proteins which control iron release from cells into the plasma (Sloman et al., 2002).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experiment was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee constituted as per the article number 13 of  the CPCSEA-rules, laid down by  the Government of India. The present study was conducted at Osmanabadi Goat Farm Unit, Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani from 27 August 2021 to 25 November 2021 (90 days). Eighteen healthy adult goats were randomly selected and divided into three equal groups, T0 - control group without any supplementation; T1 - group supplemented with copper sulphate (100 mg/goat/day); T2 - group supplemented with zinc oxide (40 mg/goat/day). The diets were formulated as per ICAR (2013) recommendations. Considering their DM requirement, all the goats were stall-fed individually on concentrates and roughages.
 
Blood collection
 
Blood samples from all groups were collected in the morning hours at fortnight intervals during the study, following aseptic standards. A sterile blood vial containing a clot activator tube is used for enzyme and biochemical analysis. The serum was separated by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. The serum samples were collected in micro-centrifuge tubes and stored in a deep freezer at -20°C for analysis.
 
Estimation of antioxidant parameters
 
The estimation of total antioxidants was carried out with the help of a commercially available kit. SOD, Catalase and TBARS were estimated by using standard procedures given by Marklund and Marklund (1974); Aebi (1984) and Asakawa and Matsushita (1979); respectively.
 
Estimation of biochemical parameters
 
The biochemical parameters viz. total proteins, albumin, globulin, glucose and triglyceride were analyzed by ELISA method with the help of commercially available kits. However, serum globulin was determined by mathematical calculation.
 
Statistical analysis
 
Statistical analysis was done by using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test. IBM SPSS Statistics software version 26 was used for the data analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The means of antioxidant parameters such as total antioxidant, SOD, catalase and TBARS are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Overall means±SE of antioxidant parameters (TAC, SOD, Catalase and TBARS) in Osmanabadi goats.


 
Total antioxidant capacity
 
Highly significant (P<0.01) increase was noticed in the T2 group followed by the T1 group as compared to the T0 group on TAC. The findings in the present study are in accordance with Shen et al., (2021) and Patel et al., (2021). In contrast, Ulutas et al., (2020) reported no significant change in antioxidant activity after zinc supplementation. This may be due to the fact that environmental and feeding factors caused no oxidative stress for the animals. 
 
Superoxide dismutase
 
The SOD differed significantly (P<0.01) in the T1 and T2 groups compared to the control group. Similar findings were also reported by Patel et al., (2021) and Nagalakshmi et al., (2009) on zinc supplementation. The increase in SOD activity after zinc supplementation might be because zinc is an intrinsic constituent of superoxide dismutase, a major scavenger of free radicals present in the cytoplasm of many types of cells (Spears and Weiss, 2008). In copper supplemented groups, the present study’s findings are in accordance with Zhang et al., (2012) and Correa et al., (2014).
 
Catalase
 
Significant (P<0.01) difference was noticed in T0, T1 and T2 groups. The findings were in accordance with Nagalakshmi et al., (2009) in catalase activity after supplementing zinc to lambs. Zinc plays an essential role in catalase activity, regulating specificity protein 1 or other transcriptional response elements (Tate et al., 1995). However, copper also increases the catalase activity in Guizhou goats (Shen et al., 2021).
 
TBARS
 
TBARS was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T0 followed by T1 and T2 in the present study. Similar findings were reported by Ulutas et al., (2020) in goats and Wei et al., (2019) in newborn dairy calves, zinc supplementation significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which might be due to the antiperoxidative activity of zinc on lipids where the zinc stabilizes the membrane structures by antagonizing redox-active metals such as iron and copper (Shaheen and El-Fattah, 1995). In the copper supplemented group, the results were in accordance with Zhang et al., (2012) and Shen et al., (2021).

The means of biochemical parameters such as total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Overall means±SE of biochemical parameters (total proteins, albumin, globulin, glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides) in osmanabadi goats.


 
Total proteins
 
Higher means values were noticed in the zinc supplemented group (P<0.01) as compared with T0 and T1 groups. The difference between T0 and T1 groups was non-significant. Our results are compatible with the findings of Anil et al., (2020) and Fagari- Nobijari et al., (2012). However, Sobhanirab et al., (2012) and Sethy et al., (2016) reported non-significant differences in total proteins in zinc supplemented group. Similarly, Wu et al., (2014) and Naseri et al., (2011) also reported non-significant differences in total proteins in the copper supplemented and control group, which were in accordance with our findings. The elevated serum protein levels of the zinc supplemented group in the present study indicated that zinc might have been involved in better assimilation of protein from an available dietary protein source (Grela and Pasuszak, 2004) by optimum production and activities of various proteolytic enzymes like carboxypeptidase A and carboxypeptidase B. The significantly higher total serum protein in zinc supplemented animals might have helped in maintaining well organized vital functions of proteins like maintenance of osmotic pressure of blood and tissue, the acid-base balance of blood, the activity of enzymes and peptide hormones, antibodies and clotting factors (Borah et al., 2014).
 
Albumin
 
Significantly (P<0.01) higher overall mean values were noticed in the T2 group, whereas the difference between T0 and T1 was non-significant (P>0.05). Our results are in accordance with Fagari-Nobijari et al., (2012) in Holstein bulls. Whereas, Sobhanirab et al., (2012) and Sethy et al., (2016) reported no significant differences in zinc supplementation as compared to control groups. Similarly, Naseri et al., (2011) and Wu et al., (2014) also reported no significant differences in albumin concentration after copper supplementation. The non-significant increasing trend of serum albumin from day 0 onwards till day 90 in the present experiment reflects that supplementation of zinc or zinc deficiency might not directly affect serum albumin concentration (Borah et al., 2014).
 
Globulin
 
No significant change was noticed between groups in the overall means. But numerically zinc supplemented group showed higher values. The improved globulin levels on zinc supplementation could be related to zinc’s functional role in protein synthesis and this improved globulin level indicates a better immune response, as serum globulins play a significant role in immune response (immunoglobulins or antibodies) and early line of defence (Anil et al., 2020).
 
Glucose
 
There was also no significant difference (P>0.05) between treatment groups in the overall means. Whereas, Sethy et al., (2016) reported a significant increase in glucose levels on zinc supplementation in black Bengal goats. The findings of Sethy et al., (2016) might be due to reduced activity of carbohydrate digesting enzymes, which are reliant on dietary zinc levels, which might cause the decreased blood glucose levels in zinc supplemented groups. However, Hesari et al., (2012) found no significant increase in glucose concentrations after copper supplementation, which was in accordance with our findings. Copper is required for defence mechanisms, iron transport, cholesterol and glucose metabolism and brain development (Felltman, 1991).
 
Total cholesterol
 
Highly significant (P<0.01) decrease was noticed in the T1 group compared with T2 and T0 groups. Our findings are in agreement with the results of Samanta et al., (2011) and Zhang et al., (2012). However, our findings of zinc supplementation when compared with the control group are similar to the results reported by Ulutas et al., (2020) and Sobhanirab et al., (2012) who found no significant changes in cholesterol levels. Nobijari et al., (2012) reported a significant decrease in cholesterol after zinc supplementation in Holstein bulls. They further stated that this might be indirectly due to the decreased availability of blood glucose in zinc supplemented groups because glucose also acts as a source for cholesterol production in the biological system. While Sung and Dale, (1981) claimed that Zn has a positive correlation with blood cholesterol levels.
 
Triglycerides
 
Significantly (P<0.01) higher mean values were observed in the T2 group, followed by T1 and lower values in the T0 group. The difference between T0 and T1 groups remained non-significant. The findings of present investigation are similar to the results published by Sobhanirab et al., (2012) in cows, in the zinc supplemented group. This might be because zinc plays a direct role in the regulation of lipid metabolism and has structural and functional characteristics of lipid enzymes (Ulutas et al., 2020). While Zhang et al., (2012) and Guclu et al., (2008) reported no significant difference in triglyceride levels between copper supplemented and control group.

CONCLUSION

The supplementation of copper sulphate and zinc oxide showed a positive effect on antioxidants parameters (TAC, SOD, Catalase and TBARS), which can act as an excellent supplement to goats during stress conditions. Supplementation of zinc and/or copper can boost immunity because globulin was higher in the treatment groups. Total proteins, albumin, total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly higher in zinc supplemented groups. Globulin and glucose were non-significantly higher in zinc supplemented group as compared to other groups. All the biochemical parameters are within normal limits.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES


  1. Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology. 105: 1021-126.

  2. Anil, S.V., Venkata, S., Ashalatha, P., Sudhakar, K. (2020). Effect of dietary nano zinc oxide supplementation on haematological parameters, serum biochemical parameters and hepato- renal bio-markers in crossbred calves. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 9: 2034-2044.

  3. Arangasamy, A., Krishnaiah, M.V., Manohar, N., Selvaraju, S., Rani, G.P., Soren, N.M., Ravindra, J.P. (2018). Cryoprotective role of organic Zn and Cu supplementation in goats (Capra hircus) diet. Cryobiology. 81: 117-124.

  4. Asakawa, T. and Matsushita, S. (1979). Thiobarbituric acid test for detecting lipid peroxides. Lipids. 14: 401-406. 

  5. Borah, S., Sarmah, B.C., Chakravarty, P., Naskar, S., Dutta, D.J., Kalita, D. (2014). Effect of zinc supplementation on serum biochemicals in grower pig. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 42: 244-248.

  6. Bray, T.M. and Bettger, W.J. (1990). The physiological role of zinc as an antioxidant. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 8: 281-291.

  7. Correa, L.B., Zanetti, M.A., Del Claro, G.R., De Paiva, F.A., Silva, S.D.L., Netto, A.S. (2014). Effects of supplementation with two sources and two levels of copper on meat lipid oxidation, meat colour and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities in Nellore beef cattle. British Journal of Nutrition. 112: 1266-1273.

  8. Cortinhas, C.S., Botaro, B.G., Sucupira, M.C.A., Renno, F.P., Santos, M.V. (2010). Antioxidant enzymes and somatic cell count in dairy cows fed with organic source of zinc, copper and selenium. Livestock Science. 127: 84-87.

  9. Fagari-Nabijari, H., Amanlou, H., Dehaghan-Banadaky, M. (2012). Effects of zinc supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites and lameness in young Holstein bulls. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 40: 222-228.

  10. Feltman, J. (1991). Prevention’s Giant Book of Health Facts. In The Ultimate Reference for Personal Health. Rodale Press Emmaus, Pensylwania.

  11. Grela, E.R. and Pastuszak, J. (2004). Nutritional and prophylactic importance of zinc in pig production. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 60: 1254-1258.

  12. Güçlü, B.K., Kara, K., Beyaz, L., Uyanik, F., Eren, M., Atasever, A. (2008). Influence of dietary copper proteinate on performance, selected biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, liver and egg copper content in laying hens. Biological Trace Element Research. 125: 160-169.

  13. Hesari, B.A., Mohri, M., Seifi, H.A. (2012). Effect of copper edetate injection in dry pregnant cows on hematology, blood metabolites, weight gain and health of calves. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 44: 1041-1047.

  14. Kimball, S.R., Chen, S.J., Risica, R., Jefferson, L.S., Leure-duPree, A.E. (1995). Effects of zinc deficiency on protein synthesis and expression of specific mRNAs in rat liver. Metabolism. 44: 126-133.

  15. Marklund, S. and Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry. 47: 469-474

  16. Marklund, S.L. (1982). Human copper-containing superoxide dismutase of high molecular weight. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 79: 7634-7638.

  17. Nagalakshmi, D., Dhanalakshmi, K., Himabindu, D. (2009). Effect of dose and source of supplemental zinc on immune response and oxidative enzymes in lambs. Veterinary Research Communications. 33: 631-644.

  18. Naseri, Z., Mohri, M., Aslani, M.R., Alavi Tabatabaee, A.A. (2011). Effects of short-term over-supplementation of copper in milk on hematology, serum proteins, weight gain and health in dairy calves. Biological Trace Element Research. 139: 24-31.

  19. Neathery, M.W., Miller, W.P., Blackmon, D.M., Gentry, R.P., Jones, J.B. (1973). Absorption and tissue zinc content in lactating dairy cows as affected by low dietary zinc. Journal of Animal Science. 37: 848-852.

  20. Ognik, K., Stępniowska, A., Cholewińska, E., Kozłowski, K. (2016). The effect of administration of copper nanoparticles to chickens in drinking water on estimated intestinal absorption of iron, zinc and calcium. Poultry Science. 95: 2045-2051.

  21. Patel, B., Kumar, N., Kotresh Prasad, C., Rajpoot, V., Lathwal, S.S. (2021). Effect of zinc supplementation on physiological and oxidative stress status of peri-parturient Karan Fries cows during heat stress condition. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 9: 444-447.

  22. Samanta, B., Biswas, A., Ghosh, P.R. (2011). Effects of dietary copper supplementation on production performance and plasma biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science. 52: 573-577.

  23. Sethy, K., Behera, K., Mishra, S.K., Swain, R.K., Satapathy, D., Sahoo, J.K. (2016). Growth, feed conversion efficiency, hematobiochemical profile and immune status of black bengal male goats supplemented with inorganic and organic zinc in diet. Animal Science Reporter. 10: 91-99.

  24. Shaheen, A.A. and Abd El-Fattah, A.A. (1995). Effect of dietary zinc on lipid peroxidation, glutathione, protein thiols levels and superoxide dismutase activity in rat tissues. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 27: 89-95.

  25. Shen, X., Song, C., Wu, T. (2021). Effects of nano-copper on antioxidant function in copper-deprived Guizhou black goats. Biological Trace Element Research. 199: 2201-2207.

  26. Sloman, K.A., Baker, D.W., Wood, C.M., McDonald, G. (2002). Social interactions affect physiological consequences of sublethal copper exposure in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal. 21: 1255-1263.

  27. Sobhanirab, S. and Naserian, A.A. (2012). Effects of high dietary zinc concentration and zinc sources on hematology and biochemistry of blood serum in Holstein dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 177: 242-246.

  28. Spears, J.W. and Kegley, E.B. (2002). Effect of zinc source (zinc oxide vs zinc proteinate) and level on performance, carcass characteristics and immune response of growing and finishing steers. Journal of Animal Science. 80: 2747- 2752.

  29. Spears, J.W. and Weiss, W.P. (2008). Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal. 176: 70-76.

  30. Sung, I.K. and Dale, A.W. (1981). Relationship between the nutritional status of zinc and cholesterol concentration of serum lipoproteins in adult male rats. Clinical Nutrition. 34: 2376-2381.

  31. Tate, D.J., Miceli, M.V., Newsome, D.A., Alcock, N.W., Oliver, P.D. (1995). Influence of zinc on selected cellular functions of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Ophthalmic Literature. 14: 897-903.

  32. Ulutaş, E., Eryavuz, A., Bülbül, A., Rahman, A., Küçükkurt, İ., Uyarlar, C. (2020). Effect of zinc supplementation on haematological parameters, biochemical components of blood and rumen fluid and accumulation of zinc in different organs of goats. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 52: 977-988.

  33. Wei, J., Ma, F., Hao, L., Shan, Q., Sun, P. (2019). Effect of differing amounts of zinc oxide supplementation on the antioxidant status and zinc metabolism in newborn dairy calves. Livestock Science. 230: 103819.

  34. Wu, X. Z., Yang, Y., Liu, H.T., Yue, Z.Y., Gao, X.H., Yang, F.H., Xing, X. (2014). Effects of dietary copper supplementation on nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical indices and growth rate of young female mink (Neovison vison). Czech Journal of Animal Science. 59: 529-537.

  35. Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S.W., Song, X.Z., Jia, Z.H., Wang, R.L. (2012). Effect of different levels of copper and molybdenum supplements on serum lipid profiles and antioxidant status in cashmere goats. Biological Trace Element Research. 148: 309-315.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)