Cattles with traumatic reticulo-peritonitis (TRP) and traumatic pericarditis (TP) exhibited different clinical signs. Brisket edema and bilateral engorgement of jugular vein were the most reported clinical signs in TP and elucidation of pain at xiphoid region in TRP (Fig 1 and 2). Similar clinical signs were also reported previously
(Roth and King, 1991; Radostitis, 2007; Braun, 2008; Hajighahramani et al., 2010; Reddy et al., 2014; Suthar et al., 2017). Significant increase in granulocyte and SGOT (AST) value observed in TP and TRP groups as compared to control (Fig 12). Significant increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine was observed only in TP group as compare to the control group. Significant reduction in red blood cell (RBC) and lymphocyte count was observed in TRP and TP groups and significant decline in hemoglobin was observed in only TP group. Decline in RBC and hemoglobin values might be due to possible organ damage and internal hemorrhage (Fig 10 and 11). No significant changes were observed in white blood cell (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), monocyte count, eosinophil count and albumin in any groups. Similar values were reported by
Saleh et al., (2008). Rise in BUN and creatinine levels may be due to renal impairment and dehydration resulting into azotemia
(Mohamed, 2010). Similar results were reported by
Sasikala et al., 2018. In our study, fibrinogen concentration was significantly elevated in TRP and TP group indicating greater inflammatory changes as compared to healthy animals (Fig 13). Fibrinogen is an acute-phase protein and may be increased as early as 2 to 3 days after the onset of illness
(Francoz and Guard, 2015). Fibrinogen is often increased in the absence of changes in leukocyte numbers and therefore is a better indicator for inflammation. Therefore, fibrinogen estimation is one of the most important tool to identify the magnitude of inflammation and period of illness in dairy animals. In clinical condition TP and TRP are associated with presence of foreign body which is confirmed by standard radiographic technique (Fig 4).
Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography is an integral part of bovine medicine as an important diagnostic tool. Abnormal ultrasonographic changes helps in diagnosis of conditions like TP and TRP. In traumatic pericarditis accumulation of fluid along with fibrin strands was noticed around the pericardium in our study (Fig 3). Fibrin deposits can be evaluated to determine the severity of the traumatic pericarditis (Fig 5 and 6). There was increase in the distance between pericardium and epicardium due to accumulation of hypoechoic effusion (Fig 7, 8 and 9). Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed hyperechoic reticulum, adhesion with abdominal wall and diminished or no reticular movement. Similar finding were reported by
Ibrahim and Gomma (2016),
Mohamed (2010) and
Flock (2004).