Indian Journal of Animal Research

  • Chief EditorK.M.L. Pathak

  • Print ISSN 0367-6722

  • Online ISSN 0976-0555

  • NAAS Rating 6.50

  • SJR 0.263

  • Impact Factor 0.5 (2023)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
Science Citation Index Expanded, BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Scopus, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 58 issue 3 (march 2024) : 401-405

Effect of Lactation Stages on Biochemical Entities of Indigenous Badri Cattle of Uttarakhand

Swati Thakur1,*, A. Maiti2, M. Verma2, R. Huozha2, S.K. Rastogi2, S. Dhara2
1Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, India.
2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
Cite article:- Thakur Swati, Maiti A., Verma M., Huozha R., Rastogi S.K., Dhara S. (2024). Effect of Lactation Stages on Biochemical Entities of Indigenous Badri Cattle of Uttarakhand . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 58(3): 401-405. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4499.

ABSTRACT

Background: The indigenous cattle of Uttarakhand, Badri is the first registered cattle breed of the state, mainly reared in Kumaon and Garhwal regions. The present study was carried out in forty healthy cows to evaluate the effect of lactation stages on biochemical entities.

Methods: Forty healthy animals were selected and divided into five groups with eight animals in each group during different stages of lactation viz. 0 to 60 days, 61 to 120 days, 121 to 180 days, 181 to 240 days and non-lactating animals. Blood samples were collected during different lactation stages and non-lactation period and serum was harvested. On each serum sample total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, calcium, phosphorus, Ca:P, total bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and CK were determined spectrophotometrically.

Result: A significant effect of stages of lactation on serum total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, phosphorus, Ca: P, ALT, ALP and CK was observed (p<0.05).

INTRODUCTION

The indigenous cattle of Uttarakhand is the first registered  cattle breed of the state on 21st June 2016 and is named as Badri (ICAR-NBAGR, 2016). It is mainly reared in hilly areas of the Kumaon and Garhwal regions of the state. Unique physical characteristics of Badri cattle are small size, weighing about 200-250 kg, have bright and alert eyes with erected ears, neck is wide and small and have a prominent hump. The coat colour is varied as black, brown, red, white or grey, and mostly hooves and muzzle are black or brown in colour. Their legs are long and straight with hard foot pads for hilly and rugged terrains. Udder is small sized and tucked up within the body and milk yield is about 1.5 (0.5-2.0) kg per day. The average age at first calving is 3-5 years and have 8-10 calving in its fertility life. The breed have short lactation length (208 days) and long dry period 138 days (4-6 months), but well adapted to the hills under the prevailing climatic conditions and resistant to many diseases (Pundir et al., 2014). The livestock owners of Uttarakhand prefer Badri cattle over other animals due to salient importance in terms of religious value and others like better adaptability in hilly region, disease resistant, medicinal properties of milk and urine, good manure, requires less external inputs for its maintenance, more livelihood generation, docile temperament, milk flavour, excellent feed conversion efficiency and draught power (Joshi et al., 2018).

Lactation period is more sensible period from metabolic point of view. Blood biochemical entities are important indicators of the metabolic activity in lactating dairy animals (Karapehlivan et al., 2007). Lactation is one of the important physiological stage which can modify metabolism in animals and induce stress (Tanritanir et al., 2009). The main problem of this period is the limited intake capacity for dry matter, as a consequence of which dairy cows are unable to meet their energy demands from feeds (Wathes et al., 2009). Lactation has effect on the health and subsequent performance of dairy cattle as animals develop several metabolic and physiological changes (Tanaka et al., 2011). The fact that lactation stages effect the physiology of normal animals, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different stages of lactation on biochemical entities of Badri cattle.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was carried out in forty healthy lactating Badri cows maintained at instructional dairy farm (October, 2019 to February, 2020) in the Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry of GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Animal were devided into five groups with eight animals in each group during different stages of lactation viz. group I (0-60 days), group II (61-120 days), group III (121-180 days), group IV (181-240 days) and group V (non-lactating animals). Blood samples were taken after taking all precautionary measures and serum was separated. Serum samples were analysed for total protein (biuret method), albumin (BCG dye method), globulin, A:G, urea (GLDH-Urease method), creatinine (Jaffe’s method), glucose (GOD-POD method), cholesterol (CHOD-PAP method), triglycerides (GPO-Trinder method), HDL (HDL-C estimation method), LDL (modified polyvinyl sulfonic acid (PVS) and polyethylene-glycol-methyl ether (PEGME) coupled classical precipitation method), calcium (Arsenazo III method), phosphorus (ammonium molybdate method), Ca:P, total bilirubin (Diazo method), ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and creatine kinase using biochemical estimation kit spectrophotometrically. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and statistical significance was checked at p value 0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As shown in Table 1, serum total protein and albumin were significantly (p<0.05) higher in early lactation and lower in mid lactation and non-lactating animals. Serum globulin was non-significantly highest during early lactation stage compared to other lactation stages and non-lactating animals. Contrary to present findings Mohamed (2014) found non-significant relationship between serum globulin concentration in lactating and dry animals. Increased serum globulin level during early lactation could be due to synthesis of immunoglobulins in colostrum (Birgel Junior et al., 2003) and to provide immunity to the animal against certain post-partum infection as this phase is most stressed physiological phase. Substantial decrease in serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentration from early to mid-lactation were agreeable with previous findings (Abd-El Naser et al., 2014). This may be due to maternal requirement of proteins for milking and providing immunoglobulins (Roubies et al., 2006). Higher concentrate to forage ratio provided during lactation is associated with higher level of starch and lower level of fibre in the diet leading to increased production of propionic acid in the rumen and an increased microbial protein synthesis (Heck et al., 2009). This is reflected in our study, by an increase of serum total protein during initial phases of lactation than non-lactating animals. Total protein content is usually regarded as an appraisal of nutritive status of an animal which reflects food intake and metabolism. Such an increase in serum protein after calving might also be attributed to water losses and hemoconcentration following parturition. Serum A:G ratio was higher during all lactation stages compared to non-lactating animals, however, the difference was non-significant.

Table 1: Mean±SE values of serum protein and metabolites during different stages of lactation in indigenous Badri cattle (n=8/ group).



Serum urea levels were highest during late lactation as compared other lactation stages and non-lactating animals though non-significantly. Abd-El Naser et al., (2014) reported lower serum urea during early lactation stage than mid lactation stage which was contrary to present findings. Higher serum urea levels during early lactation than mid lactation, might be due to increased protein intake during the early lactation because of increased requirements of milk synthesis (Roubies et al., 2006). Increased levels of urea during late lactation could be due to either increased protein intake or increased deamination (Roche et al., 2009). Increased urea and decreased serum proteins during late lactation stages confirm that urea was not completely utilized for protein synthesis, which is pointing towards energy deficiency conditions (Wathes et al., 2009). Serum creatinine was significantly lower during early lactation and highest in non-lactating animals. Our findings were in accordance with Piccione et al., (2012) who reported significant (p<0.05) effect of lactation stages on serum creatinine values. The renal functions are principally represented by urea and creatinine concentrations. Stress has been shown to increase catabolism of amino acids for energy (Abeni, 2007) and some of these amino acids could be derived from the protein mobilization of muscle tissue which could increase serum level of creatinine.

The important indicators of energy status of ruminants are glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides (Pechova and Pavlata, 2005). As shown in Table 2, serum cholesterol was significantly lower during early lactation and highest during mid- lactation than other stages of lactation and non-lactating animals. Similarly, Piccione et al., (2012) and Abd-El Naser et al., 2014 reported lower serum cholesterol during early lactation and higher during mid-lactation. This might be due to an increase in the energy demands for regulatory mechanisms responsible for the processes involved in preparation of milking (Roche et al., 2009). Higher levels of serum cholesterol with progress of lactation could be a physiological adjustment to meet requirement of lactation such as increased gonadal steroid production during different stages of lactation in dairy cattle (Setty and Razdan, 1966). Serum triglycerides were significantly lower during early lactation, then progressively increased as stages of lactation advanced and highest in non-lactating animals. Serum HDL levels were lower during all lactation stages than non-lactating animals, whereas LDL levels were higher during all lactation stages as comparison to non-lactating animals, though non-significantly. Serum glucose levels were significantly (p<0.05) lower during early lactation, then progressively increased as lactation advanced and highest in non-lactating animals. The lowered values of glucose during early lactation stage might be due to large amount of glucose withdrawl by the mammary gland for the synthesis of lactose for milk secretion (Nale, 2003). During pregnancy endocrine profile changes, lipolysis and lipogenesis are regulated to increase lipid reserves and subsequently these reserves are utilized following parturition and initiation of lactation (Nafizi et al., 2002 and Roche et al., 2009).

​

Table 2: Mean±SE values of blood energy metabolites during different stages of lactation in indigenous Badri cattle (n=8/ group).



As shown in Table 3, serum calcium levels showed non-significant variation among difference stages of lactation, however phosphorus and calcium: phosphorus ratio showed significant variation among different stages of lactation (p<0.05). All animals require minerals for growth, reproduction and lactation (Samardzija et al., 2011). Serum calcium levels were lower during early lactation stage, progressively increased with the progress of lactation which corroborates with the findings of Nale (2003) and Abd-El Naser et al., (2014) and highest during non-lactation phase. This could be due to impaired absorption of food metabolites from gastrointestinal precursors, excessive losses through urine, colostrum during excessive milking and due to insufficient mobilization from skeletal tissue (Liesegang, 2008).

​

Table 3: Mean±SE values of blood electrolytes during different stages of lactation in indigenous Badri cattle (n=8/ group).



Serum phosphorus levels were significantly (p<0.05) lower during mid-lactation and higher during non-lactation phase. Lower phosphorus levels during early lactation stage might be due to requirement for the colostrum synthesis (Szenci et al., 1994) and enhanced carbohydrate metabolism. Significantly higher Ca:P ratio was observed during mid-lactation and lower during non-lactation phase. The requirement of calcium and phosphorus depends up on the physiological status and animal’s productivity (Brezezinska and Krawczyk, 2009). Milk phosphorus and calcium output is directly related to milk yield, as phosphorus concentration in milk is constant (Valk et al., 2002). In our study, serum calcium and phosphorus levels were low during all lactation stages as compared to non-lactating animals. With increasing milk production, more phosphorus from ingested amount is transferred to milk and less is excreted in faeces (Valk et al., 2002).

As shown in Table 4, total bilirubin concentration progressively decreased as lactation stages advanced, however, the difference was non-significant (p>0.05). Similarly, Piccione et al., (2012) reported non-significant effect of stage of lactation on total bilirubin values. Serum ALT activity was significantly higher during mid-lactation as compared to other lactation stages and non-lactating animals. Our findings were consistent with Yaylak et al., (2009), while Todorovic et al., (2012) reported non-significant effect of lactation stages on ALT activity. The increased serum ALT activity during mid lactation stage suggested an increased hepatic metabolism (Ashmawy, 2015). Serum AST activity was higher during early lactation, decreased as lactation stages progressed and lower in non-lactating animals. Our findings were agreeable with previous studies (Todorovic et al., 2012 and Mohamed, 2014) with higher AST activity in early lactation than in mid-lactation. Higher serum AST activity during early lactation stage could probably be due to intense muscular activity involved in the process of parturition (Birgel Junior et al., 2003) and higher probability of liver damage as a result of negative energy balance due to increased energy demands of lactation period.

​

Table 4: Mean± SE values of serum liver enzymes during different stages of lactation in indigenous Badri cattle (n=8/ group).



Serum ALP activity was significantly (p<0.05) higher during late lactation stage and in non-lactating animals and lower during mid-lactation. Our study corroborates with the findings of Mohamed (2014), while Sato et al., (2005) observed higher serum ALP activity during lactation than in dry cows. In contrary to our findings, Rocha et al., (2019) reported high serum ALP activity after parturition which could be due to placental ALP released into blood stream at the time of parturition. Serum activity of CK was significantly higher during mid lactation and lower during late lactation stage. Serum GGT activity was higher during early lactation stage, decreased during subsequent lactation stages and again increased in non-lactating animals. These findings were in accordance with Mohamed (2014). Abdel-Raheem et al., (2010) reported higher GGT enzyme during lactation period in comparison to dry cows. In contrary, Todorovic et al., (2012) found no significant change during different lactation stages in GGT levels. Increased serum GGT enzyme might reflect liver damages in dairy cattle (Moore, 1997).

CONCLUSION

It may be concluded that different stages of lactation effected the biochemical entities of indigenous Badri cattle. The data generated during the current investigation may be useful as reference values for the scientific community as this is the first study of its kind in this breed of cattle.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declared that there is no conflict of inteest.

REFERENCES


  1. Abd-El Naser, E.M., Mohamed, G.A.E. and Elsayed, H.K. (2014). Effect of lactation stages on blood serum biochemical parameters and milk composition in dairy cows. Assiut Vet. Med. J. 60(142): 83-88.

  2. Abdel-Raheem, S.M., Stur, S.I. and Iben, C. (2010). The use of blood profile, milk composition and body condition to evaluation the metabolic and nutritional status of Simmental dairy cows.14 Sci Cong., Fac. Vet. Med. Assiut Vet. Med. 449-467.

  3. Abeni, F., Calamari, L. and Stefanini, L. (2007). Metabolic conditions of lactating Friesian cows during the hot season in the Po valley. Blood indicators of heat stress. Int. J. Biometeorol. 52: 87-96.

  4. Ashmawy, N.A. (2015). Changes in peripheral plasma hormone concentrations and metabolites during the last trimester of pregnancy and around parturition in the Egyptian buffalo and Baladi cows. Int. J. Adv. Res. 3(11): 1377-1390.

  5. Birgel Junior E.H., Neves F.S., Salvatore L.C.A., Mirandola R.M.S., Távora J.P.F. and Birgel E.H. (2003). Avaliação da influência da gestação e do puerpério sobre a função hepática de bovinos da raça Holandesa. Ars Vet. 19: 172-178.

  6. Brzezinska, M. and Krawczyk, M. (2009). Changes of the mineral profile of Serum of goats in various physiological states. Journal of Elementology. 14: 649-656.

  7. Heck, J.M.L., Van Valenberg, H.J.F., Djikstra, J. and Van Hooijodonk, A.C.M. (2009). Seasonal variation in the Dutch bovine raw milk composition. Journal of Dairy Science. 92: 4745-4755.

  8. ICAR-NBGAR (Indian Council of Animal Genetic Resources-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources). (2016). Report: ICAR-NBAGR Newsletter. Animal Genetic Resources of India.http://139.252.116/newsletter/nbgarnews letterapril 2016.pdf.

  9. Joshi, P., Tiwari, R., Singh, P.K. and Dutt, T. (2018). Preferences, suggestions and constraints faced by Badri cattle owners while rearing Badri cattle in hills of Uttarakhand. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 7: 4617-4626.

  10. Karapehlivan, M., Atakisi, E., Atakisi, O., Yucart, R., Pancarci, S.M. (2007). Blood biochemical parameters during the lactation and dry period in Tuj ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 73: 267-271.

  11. Liesegang, A. (2008). Influence of anionic salts on bone metabolism in periparturient dairy goats and sheep. J. of Dairy Sci. 91: 2449-2460.

  12. Mohamed, G.A.E. (2014). Investigation of some enzymes level in blood and milk serum in two stages of milk yield dairy cows at Assiut city. Assiut Vet. Med. J. 60(142): 110-120.

  13. Moore, F. (1997). Interpreting serum chemistry profiles in dairy cows. Vet. Med. 92: 903-912.

  14. Nafizi, S., Saeb, M. Ghavami, S.M. (2002). Serum lipid profile in Iranian fat-tailed sheep in late pregnancy, at parturition and during the post-parturition period. J. of Vet. Med. 49: 9-12.

  15. Nale, R.A. (2003). Metabolic profile in buffaloes before and after parturition. M.V.Sc. thesis submitted to MAFSU, Nagpur. 29-34.

  16. Pechova, A. and Pavlata, L. (2005). Use of Metabolic Profiles of Dairy Cows in the Control Diet. In: Nutrition of Cattle in Terms of Production and Preventive Medicine. p. 102- 111. ISBN 80-86542-08-4.

  17. Piccione, G., Messina, V., Marafioti, S., Casella, S., Giannetto, C. and Fazio, F. (2012). Changes of some hematological parameters in dairy cows during late gestation, post- partum, lactation and dry periods. Veterinarisa IR Zootechnika (Vet. Med. Zoot.). T. 58(80): 59-64.

  18. Pundir, R.K., Singh, P.K., Sharma, D., Kumar, S, Tiwari, R, Singh, C.V. and Prakash, B. (2014). Characterization and evaluation of hill cattle of Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(4): 322-28.

  19. Rocha, G.T., Bortoletto, C., Silva, D.G., Simplicio, K.M.M.G., Zafalon, L.F. and Fagliari, J.J. (2019). Serum proteinogram and biochemistry of Holstein cows in peripartum period. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 39(5): 342-347.

  20. Roche, J.R., Frggens, N.C., Kay, J.K., Fisher, M.W., Stafford, K.J. and Berry, D.P. (2009). Invited review: Body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity, health and welfare. J. of Dairy Sci. 92: 5769-5801.

  21. Roubies, N., Panouis, N., Fytianou, A., Katsoulos, P.D., Giadinis, N. and Karatzias, H. (2006). Effects of age and reproductive stage on certain serum biochemical parameters of Chios sheep under Greek rearing conditions. J. Vet. Med. A. 53: 277-281.

  22. Samardzjia, M., Dobranic, T., Lipar, M., Harapin, I., Prvanovic, N., Girzelji, J., Greguric Gracner, G., Dobranic, V., Radisic, B. and Duricic, D. (2011). Comparison of blood serum macromineral concentrations in meat and dairy goats during puerperium. Veterinarski Ahriv. 81: 1-11.

  23. Sato, J., Kanata, M., Yasuda, J., Sato, R., Okada, K., Seimiya, Y. and Naito, Y. (2005). Changes of serum alkaline phosphatase activity in dry and lactational cows. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67: 813-815.

  24. Setty, S.V.S. and Razdan, M.N. (1966). Studies on the chemical composition of blood on dairy cattle. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 19: 5-59.

  25. Szenci, O., Chew, B.P., Bajcsy, A.C., Szabo, P. and Brydl, E. (1994). Total and Ionized Calcium in parturient dairy cows and their calves. J. of Dairy Sci. 77: 1100-1105.

  26. Tanaka, M., Kamiya, Y., Suzuki, T. and Nakai, Y. (2011). Changes in oxidative status in periparturient dairy cows in hot conditions. Animal Science Journal. 82: 320-324.

  27. Tanritanir, P., Dede, S., Ceylan, E. (2009). Changes in some macro minerals and biochemical parameters in female healthy short hair goats before and after parturition. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 8: 530-533.

  28. Todorovic, M.J. and Davidovic, V. (2012). Changes in white blood picture and some biochemical parameters of dairy cows in peripartum period and early lactation. Biochemical parameters of dairy cows. Mljekarstvo. 62(2): 151-158.

  29. Valk, H., Sebek, L.B.J. and Beynen, A.C. (2002). Influence of phosphorus intake on excretion and blood plasma and saliva concentrations of phosphorus in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 2642-2649.

  30. Wathes, D.C., Cheng Z., Chowdhury, W., Fenwick, M.A., Fitzpatrick, R., Morris, D.G., Patton, J. and Murphy, J.J. (2009). Negative energy balance alters global gene expression and immune responses in the uterus of postpartum dairy cows. Physiol Genomics. 39: 1-13.

  31. Yaylak, E., Yenisey, C. and Seyrek, K. (2009). Effects of lameness, stage of lactation and body condition score on some blood parameters in Holstein cows. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 4(5): 245-251.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)