Indian Journal of Animal Research

  • Chief EditorK.M.L. Pathak

  • Print ISSN 0367-6722

  • Online ISSN 0976-0555

  • NAAS Rating 6.43

  • SJR .263

  • Impact Factor .427 (2022)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
Science Citation Index Expanded, BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Scopus, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 56 issue 4 (april 2022) : 451-459

Diagnostic Indicators and Therapeutic Evaluation of Pregnancy Toxaemia in Goats

V. Vijayanand, M. Balagangatharathilagar, P. Tensingh Gnanaraj, S. Vairamuthu
1Veterinary University Peripheral Hospital, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai-600 051, Tamil Nadu, India.
Cite article:- Vijayanand V., Balagangatharathilagar M., Gnanaraj Tensingh P., Vairamuthu S. (2022). Diagnostic Indicators and Therapeutic Evaluation of Pregnancy Toxaemia in Goats. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 56(4): 451-459. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4456.

ABSTRACT

Background: Periparturient mortality in goats have a great economic impact on the livelihood of marginal farmers. Pregnancy toxaemia, a metabolic disease in small ruminants occurs as a result of negative energy balance consequent to enhanced requirement for glucose by the developing fetuses in the last trimester (last 6 to 4 weeks) of gestation. The present study was aimed to identify diagnostic and prognostic indicators of pregnancy toxaemia.
Methods: During the period October 2016 to September 2018, a total of 516 adult non descriptive does were brought to Veterinary University Peripheral Hospital, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai - 51, of which 264 (51.16%) were treated for medical conditions. Among the does treated for various medical conditions, 72 does were in their last six weeks of gestation carrying twins/triplets and presented with the history of off feed. They were subjected to determination of blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) level by means of a portable blood ketone and glucose monitoring system and qualitative urinalysis using urine dip stick. Does with BHBA level > 0.8  mmol/L and < 1.6 mmol/L were classified as sub-clinical pregnancy toxaemic group (n=12) and BHBA level >1.6 mmol/L were classified as clinical pregnancy toxaemic group (n=12) and subjected to therapy while the remaining 48 does had BHBA levels < 0.8 mmol/L. The control animals were selected from adult Tellicherry does in the age group of 2 to 4 years maintained at Livestock Farm Complex (LFC), Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai - 600 051. 
Result: All the twelve does of sub-clinical pregnancy toxaemic group recovered completely with a cure rate of 100%, while in the clinical pregnancy toxaemic group the cure rate was only 33%. Reliable diagnostic indicators of pregnancy toxaemia include blood â-hyroxybutyric acid concentration (³ 0.8 mmol/L) and presence of ketone body, glucose and protein in urine, while hypergly­caemia in advanced pregnancy toxaemic does indicate fetal death.

REFERENCES


  1. Abdallah, A.A.M., El-Deen, N.A.M.N. and Ibrahim, A.A. (2015). Early biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of pregnancy toxemia in goats. Zagazig Veterinary Journal. 43: 130-142.

  2. Abdelghafar, R.M., Ahmed, B.M., Ibrahim, M.T. and Mantis, P. (2011). Prediction of gestational age by transabdominal real time ultrasonographic measurements in Saanen goats (Capra hircus). Global Veterinaria. 6: 346-351.

  3. Adel, M.A., Sahar, S. and El-Hamied. A. (2005). Anion gap determi- nation and its relationship to some serum biochemical indicators in pregnancy toxemia in does. Zagazig Veterinary Journal. 33: 162- 168.   

  4. Albay, M.K., Karakurum, M.C., Sahinduran, S., Sezer, K. and Yildiz, R. (2014). Selected serum biochemical parameters and acute phase protein levels in a herd of Saanen goats showing signs of pregnancy toxaemia. Veterinary Medicine. 59: 336-342.

  5. Alidadi, N., Rafia, S. and Moaddab, H. (2012). Outbreak of primary pregnancy toxemia in fat tailed ewes due to ultrasonographic misdiagnosis of pregnancy. Irish Journal of Veterinary Research. 13: 870-879.

  6. Aly, M.A. and Elshahawy, I.I. (2016). Clinico-biochemical diagnosis of pregnancy toxaemia in ewes with special reference to novel biomarkers. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 48: 96-102.

  7. Andrews,  A. (1997). Pregnancy toxaemia in the ewe. In Practice. 19: 306-312.

  8. Barakat, S.E.M., Al-Bhanasawi, N.M., Elazhari, G. and Bakhiet, A.O. (2007). Clinical and serobiochemical studies on naturally occuring pregnancy toxaemia in Shammia goats. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.  6: 768 -772.

  9. Brounts, S.H., Hawkins, J.F., Baird, A.N. and Glickman, L.T. (2004). Outcome and subsequent fertility of sheep and goats undergoing cesarean section because of dystocia: 110 cases (1981-2001). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association.  224:  275-281.

  10. Cleon, V.K. (1988). Disease of Sheep. 3rd  Edn, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA. 

  11. El-Sayed, R. and Siam, A. (1994). Pregnancy toxaemia in ewes. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 1: 31- 35.

  12. Emam, E.E. and Galhoom, K.I. (2008). Hormonal, haematological blood biochemical changes in pregnancy toxaemia in Balady goats (Caprines caprina) with trials of treatment as a field study. Egypt Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinical Pathology. 21: 121- 138.

  13. Ford, E.J., Evans, J. and Robinson, I. (1990). Cortisol in pregnancy toxaemia of sheep. British Veterinary Journal. 146: 539-542.

  14. Franklin, S.T. and Young, J.W. (1991). Effects of ketones, acetate, butyrate and glucose on bovine lymphocyte proliferation. Journal of Dairy Science. 74: 2507-2514.

  15. Hefnawy, A.E., Shousha, S. and Youssef, S. (2011). Hemato- biochemical profile of pregnant and experimentally pregnancy toxemic goats. Journal of Basic Applied Chemistry. 1: 65-69.

  16. Henze, P., Bickhardt, K., Fuhrmann, H. and Sallmann, H.P. (1998).  Spontaneous pregnancy toxaemia (ketosis) in sheep and the role of insulin. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 45: 255-266.

  17. Ismail, Z.A.B., Al-Majali, A.M., Amireh, F. and Al- Rawashdeh, O.F. (2008). Metabolic profiles in goat does in late pregnancy with and without subclinical pregnancy toxemia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 37: 434-437.

  18. Judith, V.M. and Thomas, H.H. (1988). Pregnancy toxemia and ketosis in ewes and does. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice. 4: 307-315.

  19. Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W. and Bruss, M.L. (1997). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 5th Edn. Academic Press, California, U.S.A. 

  20. Lima, M.S., Pascal, R.A. and Stilwell, G.T. (2012). Glycaemia as a sign of the viability of the foetuses in the last days of gestation in dairy goats with pregnancy toxemia. Irish Veterinary Journal. 65: 136-148.

  21. Lima,  M.S., Silveira, J.M., Carolino, N., Lamas, L.P, Pascoal, R.A. and Hjerpe, C.A. (2016). Usefulness of clinical observations and blood chemistry values for predicting clinical out comes in dairy goats with pregnancy toxaemia. Irish Veterinary Journal.  69: 16-24.

  22. Marteniuk, J.V. and Herdt, T.H. (1988). Pregnancy toxemia and ketosis of ewes and does. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice. 4: 307-315.

  23. Nasr, M., Fauad, F.M. and El-Said, B. (1997). Studies on pregnancy toxaemia in does. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Science. 13: 79-86. 

  24. Nassif, M.N., Hafez, A.M., Nasser, M.H. and Tahoon, A.M. (2005). Clinico-biochemical studies on experimentally induced pregnancy toxemia in does. Zagazig Veterinary Journal.  33: 31-41.

  25. Pichler, M., Damberger, A., Amholdt, T., Schwendenwein, I. and Gasteiner, J. (2014). Evaluation of 2 electronic handheld devices for diagnosis of ketonemia and glycemia in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science.  97: 7538- 7546.

  26. Radostits, O.M., Blood, D.C. and Gay, C.C. (2000). A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses. 9th Edn. W.B. Saunders, Canada. 

  27. Rook, J.S. (2000).  Pregnancy toxemia of ewes, does, and beef cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice. 16: 293-317.

  28. Russel, A.  (1984). Body condition scoring of sheep. In Practice. 6: 91-93.

  29. Schlumbohm, C. and Harmeyer, J. (2004). Hyperketonemia impairs glucose metabolism in pregnant ewes. Journal of Dairy Science. 87: 350- 358.

  30. Schlumbohm, C. and Harmeyer, J. (2008). Twin pregnancy increases susceptibility of ewes to hypoglycemic stress and pregnancy toxemia. Research in Veterinary Science. 84: 286-299.

  31. Van Saun, R.J. (2000).  Pregnancy toxemia in a flock of sheep. Journal of American Veterinary Medical ssociation.  217: 1536 - 1539.  

  32. Vasava, P.R., Jani, R.G., Goswami, H.V., Rathwa, S.D. and Tandel, F.B. (2016). Studies on clinical signs and biochemical alteration in pregnancy toxemic goats. Veterinary World. 9: 869-874. 

  33. Villaquiran, M., Gipson, R., Merkel, R., Goetsch, A. and Sahlu, T. (2012). Body condition scores in goats. Agriculture Research and Cooperative Extension. Langston University, Langston. 

  34. Wastney, M.E., Wolf, J.R. and Bickerstafle, R. (1983). Glucose turnover and hepatocyte glucose production of starved and toxaemic pregnant sheep. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences. 36: 271-284.

  35. Yadav, S.N., Kalita, D.N., Phukan, A., Tamuly, S., Dutta, T.C. and Mahato, G. (2016). Diagnosis of caprine ketosis using human hand held ketone meter. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 14: 179-181.

  36. Yarim, G.F. and Ciftci, G. (2009). Serum protein pattern in ewe with pregnancy toxaemia. Veterinary Research Communication. 33:  431-438
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)