Indian Journal of Animal Research

  • Chief EditorK.M.L. Pathak

  • Print ISSN 0367-6722

  • Online ISSN 0976-0555

  • NAAS Rating 6.50

  • SJR 0.263

  • Impact Factor 0.4 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
Science Citation Index Expanded, BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Scopus, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 55 issue 5 (may 2021) : 588-596

Meat and Fat Quality of Salem Black Goat meat Reared under Different Rearing Systems

D. Jayanthi1,*, P. Senthilkumar2, J. Muralidharan2, S. Sureshkumar3
1Department of Livestock Products Technology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal-637 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pottaneri-636 453, Tamil Nadu, India.
3Department of Livestock Products Technology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Orathanadu-614 625, Tamil Nadu, India.
Cite article:- Jayanthi D., Senthilkumar P., Muralidharan J., Sureshkumar S. (2020). Meat and Fat Quality of Salem Black Goat meat Reared under Different Rearing Systems . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 55(5): 588-596. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3979.

ABSTRACT

Background: The work was carried out to complementary contribution to the comprehensive study of the recently recognised promising Salem Black goat breed’s meat quality raised under intensive and semi intensive systems at different age for both sexes.

Methods: The study was conducted on sixty four, three months old Salem Black goat kids (32 males and 32 females) by allotting randomly as16 kids in each group in a 2 X 2 factorial design.

Result: The pH value for meat was significantly (P<0.05) higher at 9 months male animals. Meat redness (a*) value increased and the lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values significantly (P<0.01) decreased with age. The shear force indicates that male had significantly (P<0.01) higher value. Meat at 6 months had significantly (P<0.01) higher sarcomere length. Hydroxyproline content was significantly (P<0.01) higher with lower muscle fibre diameter in intensively reared male kids meat. Acid insoluble ash, ether extract and PUFA contents were significantly (P<0.05) increased with age in meat. Intensively reared animals had significantly (P<0.05) low level of SFA and high level of PUFA, MUFA and PUFA/SFA ratio than semi-intensively reared animals. The intensively reared animal shows better meat quality, more nutritious than semi intensively reared animal meat. 

INTRODUCTION

Goat meat is an important food source and widely consumed in the semiarid regions of developing countries (Upton, 2004). The production of goat meat steadily increased in recent years especially in the Southern India. The goat population in the country in 2019 was 148.88 million showing an increasing of 10.1 per cent over the previous census (Livestock Census, 2019). The country is largest exporter of sheep and goat meat to the world. The increased popularity for goat meat is because of its dietetic and the cultural tendency of consumers towards natural foods and the association of goat meat with religious activities (Debeuf et al., 2004). Besides its popularity, ruminants products often blamed for their high content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Scollan et al., 2006). While the former are among those responsible for increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases, the later and specially n-3 fatty acids have been shown to exert favourable effects on human health (Simopoulos, 1999). To cope up with this crisis, it is necessary to adopt strategies which aim quality meat production. Use of different production systems and breeds has been shown to influence a number of changes in the meat characteristics (Miguel et al., 2008; Emre Sirin, 2018). There is little literature available on goat meat chemical composition at different age, sex and rearing systems and its impact on consumer’s preference. Moreover, the wide spread distribution of this meat breed has wide scope for improvement in terms of its meat quality. Hence, the present work was carried out to study the carcass of the recently recognised promising Salem Black goat breed for its chemical composition and meat quality raised under intensive and semi intensive systems at different age for both sexes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Goats were reared at Mecheri Sheep Research Station (MSRS), Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University during the year 2017-18. Location of MSRS is at longitude of 77o56'E, latitude of 11o45'N and altitude of about 650 feet above MSL. The local climate of the area is generally hot, semi-arid and tropical with an average rainfall of 831.4 mm. At the end of the experiment animals were transported (two hours journey) to the experimental slaughter house of Department of Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science), Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal located 95 km from the research station to study the meat quality.
 
Experimental animals
 
Sixty four, three months old Salem Black kids (32 males and 32 females) with an average body weight of 9.39±0.09 kg for male and 8.75±0.05 kg for female were selected for the study (Males are not castrated). The kids were randomly allotted to an experimental group; 16 kids in each group in a 2 X 2 factorial design; 32 kids in intensive system and 32 kids in semi-intensive system to two treatments (Male and female). Animals were housed in a pen with individual feeding and watering facility. The animals under the intensive system and semi-intensive system were fed concentrate feed at the rate of 1 per cent of the body weight and ad libitum of fodder (Guinea grass, hybrid Bajra napier) and tree leaves Subabul(Leucaena leucocephala), Glyricidia (Gliricidia maculate), Neem (Azardirechta indica), Babul (Acacia nolitica), Agathi (Sesbania grandiflora), Kodukapuli (Pithecellobium dulce), Mango (Magnifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava) and Kapok (Ceiba pentadra) leaves during the experimental period. In addition, animals in semi-intensive system were allowed for grazing between 9.00 AM and 5.00 PM for 8 hours.
 
Sample collection and chemical analysis
 
Animals were slaughtered at the age of 6 and 9 months for both the sex, eight animals in each category by humane method in the experimental slaughter house. Meat was deboned and stored at -20oC for further analysis.
 
Physiochemical parameters
 
The pH of goat meat was determined by the method of AOAC (1995). The pH of the homogenate was recorded by immersing combined glass electrode and temperature probe of the digital pH meter (Model 361, Systronics, India).
       
Colour of LD muscles of goat meat was tested using Hunter Lab Mini Scan XE plus separate colorimeter (Model No. 45/0-L, Reston Virginia, USA) with geometry of diffuse/80 (sphere- 8mm view) and an illuminant of D65/10deg.  The instrument was calibrated with black and white tile (L*=94, a*=1.10 and b*=0.6) every time before the colour was expressed as L* (brightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness).  Average value for each colour parameter was determined by taking observation from five different places from each goat meat.
       
Fibre diameter of the meat sample was measured as per the method of Jeremiah and Martin (1982) and expressed in micrometres.
       
Sarcomere length was measured as per the method outlined by Cross et al., (1981) with certain modifications. The sarcomere length of twenty myofibrils was measured randomly and the average was calculated and expressed in micrometres.
       
Warner- Bratzler shear force analysis was carried out using a Warner- Bratzler shear (G.R. Electric Manufacturing Company, Manhatten, USA, Model 3000). Three shear values per core (kg/cm2) obtained were (anterior, middle and posterior) averaged to get the mean shear force.
       
The amino acid hydroxyproline was determined as described by Woessner (1961).  The Hydroxyproline content was converted to total collagen using a factor of 7.57 (Baker et al., 1954).
 
Proximate composition
 
The proximate analysis of meat was done as per AOAC (1997). The gross energy (GE) content was estimated using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter.
 
Fatty acid composition
 
For the analysis of the fatty acid profile, the meat was thawed at 5oC for 12 hours followed by lipid extraction (Folch et al., 1957). The fatty acid profile was determined according to Hartman and Lago (1973) using gas chromatography. The oven was maintained at 70oC for 4 min and then the temperature was increased at the rate of 13°C/min to 175oC, which was maintained for 27 min and then increased at the rate of 4oC/min to 215oC, which was maintained for 9 min and then increased at the rate of 7oC to 230oC, which was maintained for 5 min. The injector temperature was 250oC and the detector temperature 300oC.
 
Statistical analysis
 
The data were subjected to analysis of variance in a factorial design to observe the effect of systems of management, sex, age source and their interaction. All the statistical procedures were carried out as per the procedures of Snedecor and Cochran (1994).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Physiochemical parameters
 
The physicochemical properties of Salem black goat meat are presented in Table 1. The pH values for longissimus dorsi muscle were higher at 9 months slaughter compared to 6 months. Male animals had slightly higher pH values than females and the system of management did not influence these values. These values were similar to previous reports of Hussin et al., (2000) and Werdi Pratiwi et al., (2004a). In agreement with Enfalt et al., (1997), the trend of higher the pH lesser in extract release volume and more in water holding capacity of meat was observed in the present study.
 

Table 1: Mean (±) SE of Physico- chemical meat quality parameter of Salem Black goat meat at different age, sex and management systems.


       
Fresh meat colour is an important criterion for judging freshness and quality by consumers. Muscle colour is darker red, (a* values) for muscle taken from kids slaughtered at 9 months compared to 6 months. Lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values decreased as the animals got older and heavier in the present study. The results confirm the reports of Werdi Pratiwi et al., (2004a) who observed that the colour of longissimus dorsi muscle become darker red with age, as muscle pigment concentration increases. This is because muscle colour is greatly influenced by the concentration and chemical nature of haemoprotein present in the muscle (Kannan et al., 2001). System of management and sex of the animal did not influence the colour of the meat.
       
Mean fibre diameter of Salem Black goat meat ranged from 33.51 to 38.54 µm. Higher muscle fibre diameter was observed in semi-intensive system compared to intensive system of management in the present study might be due to exercise by extensive movement during grazing. Furthermore, it was evident that with the increase in the age, the mean fibre diameter value also increased, which was in concurrence with the result of Ilavarasan et al., (2018). The muscle fibre diameter can be positively correlated with shear force value and negatively with tenderness and sarcomere length (Kandeepan et al., 2009). The measured fibre diameter for Salem Black goat was higher than two and half year old Black Bengal goats (29.94 µm) and Garole sheep (26.64 µm) (Kesava Rao et al., 1984) and comparable with Sudan desert sheep (32.5µm) (Gaili and Ali 1985a) and, Muzaffarnagari rams (37.91µm) (Kesava Rao et al., 1998).
       
Sarcomere length plays a key role in the development of meat tenderness and it may provide useful information for economic production of farm animals to produce high quality meat. The result of the present experiment showed that sarcomere length significantly (P<0.01) decreases with advancing age. The variation in sarcomere length and their interaction with proteins released during collagen proteolysis directly determines the tenderness of individual muscle (Wheeler and Koohmaraie, 1999).
       
Devine et al., (1993) reported that the tender meat will have the SFV varied from 5.53 to 7.24 kg/cm2. In accordance with earlier study, male goats and slaughtered at 9 months old age produced significantly (P<0.05) tender meat compared to female and 6 months groups. Variations found in the SFV can be attributed to differences in nutrition, age and final meat pH (Devine et al., 1993).
       
Collagen content was significantly (P<0.01) higher in meat for intensively reared animal compared to semi- intensively reared animal. Similarly, the sex and age of the animal significantly influences the collagen content of the meat. Male kid meat had higher collagen than female. The collagen content was increased with increasing age in the present study. The higher collagen content can be attributed due to the age of the animals, greater amount of soluble, less stable collagen with fewer covalent cross- links between the collagen (Argüello et al., 2005).
 
Proximate composition
 
The meat from kids reared under intensive system of management had significantly (P<0.05) lower moisture, higher ether extract and energy as compared to semi-intensively reared kids in both the age groups (6 and 9 months) (Table 2) which were in accordance with the findings of Pal et al., (1997) and Dass et al., (2008) in Muzaffarnagari lambs. The higher feed intake, better nutrient utilization and restricted movement might have lead to more fat deposition resulting higher ether extract and energy values in meat of intensively reared kids compared to semi-intensively reared kids in the present study. Higher fat content decreased the moisture content in meat as fat accumulation in muscle tissue replaces water under adequate feeding (Dass et al., 2008, Rajkumar and Agnihotri, 2005). The ether extract and gross energy content of the longissimus dorsi muscle were lower than those found by Babiker et al., (1990) for goats slaughtered at 35 kg live weight and maintained under complete diet.
 

Table 2: Mean (±) SE of proximate composition of Salem Black goat meat at different age, sex and management systems.


       
Sex of the animal significantly (P<0.01) effected the ether extract and acid insoluble acid content of the meat. Females had higher percentage of ether extract in longissimus dorsi muscle than males. The result can be attributed to differences in the growth and development between females and males resulting from sexual hormone effects that influence growth speed and animal tissue components deposition (muscle, fat and bone). Moisture has shown an inverse relationship on the fat content of meat which is in agreement with findings of Sheridan et al., (2003) (Boer Goat Kids) and Santos et al., (2008) (Portuguese native breed).
       
The crude protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus salt, gross energy content of the muscle were significantly (P<0.01) higher in meat of 9 months old goats as compared to 6 months. The moisture percent was significantly (P<0.01) lower due to increased protein and fat percentage during growth period. This is similar to the findings of Dass et al., (2008). In Contrast, Sivakumar et al., (2013) reported no significant difference between the weight groups 12-15 and 15 -18 kg for proximate principles of the meat in Kanniadu. The variation might be due to the difference in age, feed and breed of the animals (Mahgoub et al., 2002).
 
Fatty acid composition
 
The Palmimic, Palmitolic, Linoleic, Stearic acid and DHA were significantly (P<0.01) higher in intensively reared kids meat compared to semi-intensively reared kids (Table 3). The greater concentration of these fatty acids observed in intensive system may be due to the greater consumption of nutrients (Lopes et al., 2014). Similarly, Jenkins et al., (2008) reported that the greater amount of starch consumed by goats fed ad libitum favours the development of protozoa which are an important source of PUFA and CLA in the meat. Sex of the animal did not significantly (P>0.05) influence the fatty acid composition of the meat in the present study. However, Johnson et al., (1995) and Matsuoka et al., (1997) reported lower total muscle lipids and greater PUFA: SFA ratio in male animals compared to female animals and similar concentrations of PUFA in Japanese Sannan goats between male and female. Literature review reveals that differences in fatty acid composition due to sex have been inconsistent. Studies of Terrel et al., (1968) with cattle have shown that sex effects were associated with the neutral rather than phospholipid fraction of fatty acids. The results of Matsuoka et al., (1997) for Japanese Jackson goats shows that sex difference in fatty acids composition are more pronounced in phospholipids than in neutral lipids. In accordance to Banskalieva et al., (2000), Salam Black goat meat contains lower concentration of other fatty acids (Eg. C20:0, C12:0, C15:0, C17:0, C20:1, C20:3, C22:0, C24:0, C22:4 and C22:6).
 

Table 3: Mean (±) SE of fatty acid composition (per cent) of Salem Black goat meat at different age, sex and management systems.


       
Management system significantly (P<0.01) influences the SFA, MUFA, PUFA and PUFA: SFA ratios and age of the animal influence the MUFA content of the muscle were observed in the present study (Table 4).
 

Table 4: Mean (±) SE of proportion of fatty acid composition of Salem Black goat meat at different age, sex and management systems.


       
The intensively reared kids had significantly (P<0.01) lower concentrations of SFA, greater concentrations of MUFA and PUFA and PUFA: SFA ratio compared to other rearing system. It may be attributed due to high plan of nutrition which produced more fatty acids through de novo synthesis (mainly oleic acid) (Lopes et al., 2014) and the increased intramuscular fat content in the longissimus dorsi muscle (De Smet et al., 2004). However, meat from 6 months slaughter had significantly higher (P<0.05) MUFA level compared to 9 month slaughter others did not differ related to age of the animal. Longissimus dorsi muscle from Salem Black goat contain higher unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and which are considered desirable fatty acids that have either a neutral or cholesterol lowering effect.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that the meat from intensively reared goat kids develop better meat quality and contains higher levels of PUFA and MUFA than the semi intensively reared goat kid meat. The meat quality, nutrient content and fatty acid profile was better at 9 months of age in comparison to 6 months.  Meat from male goats had superior carcass traits with darker colour and higher ether extract.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for providing laboratory facilities to carry out the research work.

REFERENCES


  1. AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis 16th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, International, Gaithersburg, MD.

  2. AOAC (1997). Official Methods of Analysis. 16th edition, 3rd revised, Vol.1. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC.

  3. Argüello, A., Casrto, N., Capote, J. and Solomon, M. (2005). Effects of diet and live weight at slaughter on kid meat quality. Meat Sci. 70: 173-179.

  4. Babiker, S.A., ElKhider, I.A. and Shafie, S.A. (1990). Chemical composition and quality attributes of goat meat and lamb. Meat Sci. 28: 273-277.

  5. Baker, L. C.,Lampitt, L.H. and Brown, K.P. (1954).Connective tissue of meat. III-Determination of collagen in tendon tissue by the hydroxyproline method. J. Sci. Food and Agri. 5: 226-231.

  6. Banskalieva, V., Sahlu, T. and Goetsch, A.L. (2000). Fatty acid composition of goat muscles and fat depots: a review. Small Rumi. Res. 37: 255-268.

  7. Cross, H.R., West, R.L. and Dutson, T.R. (1981). Comparison of methods for measuring sarcomere length in beef semiten- dinosus muscle. Meat Sci. 5: 261-266.

  8. Dass, G., Prasad, H., Mandal, A., Singh, M.K. and Singh, N.P. (2008). Growth characteristics of Muzaffarnagari sheep under semi-intensive feeding system. Indian J. Ani. Sci. 78: 1032-1033.

  9. De Smet, S., Raes, K. and Demeyer, K. (2004). Meat fatty acid composition as affected by fatness and genetic factors. Anim. Res. 53: 81-98. 

  10. Debeuf, J. P., Morand, P. and Rubino, R. (2004). Situation, changes and future of goat industry around the world. Small Rumi. Res. 51: 165-173.

  11. Devine, C.E., Graafhuis, A.E., Muir, P.D. and Chrystall, B.B. (1993). The effect of growth rate and ultimate pH on meat quality of lambs. Meat Sci. 35: 63-77.

  12. Emre Sirin, (2018). Relationship between muscle fibre character- -istics and meat quality parameters in Turkish native goat breeds. Indian J. Anim. Res. 52: 1526-1530.

  13. Enfalt, A.C., Lundstrom, K., Hansson, N.L. and Nystrom, P.E. (1997). Effect of outdoor rearing and sire breed (Duroc or Yorkshire) on carcass composition and sensory and technological meat quality. Meat Sci. 45: 1-15.

  14. Folch, J., Lees, M. and Sloane Stanley, G.H.(1957).A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Bio. Che. 226: 497–509.

  15. Gaili, E.S. and Ali, A.E. (1985a). Meat from Sudan Desert sheep and goats: Part 2. Composition of the muscular and fatty tissues. Meat Sci. 13: 229 - 236.

  16. Hartman, L and Lago, B.C. (1973). A rapid preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from lipids. Laboratory Prac. 22: 475-477.

  17. Hussin, M.H., Murray, P.J. and Taylor, K.G. (2000). Meat quality of first and second cross capretto goat carcass. Asian- Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 13: 174 -177.

  18. Ilavarasan, R., Robinson, J. and Abragam, J. (2018). The meat quality attributes and nutritional composition of three way synthetic pig’s meat as influenced by age at slaughter. Indian J. Anim. Res. 52: 464-469.

  19. Jenkins,T. C., Wallace, R.J., Moate, P.J. and Mosley, E.E. (2008). Board invited review: Recent advances in biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids within the rumen microbial ecosystem. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 397-412.

  20. Jeremiah, L. E and Martin, A. H. (1982). Effects of pre-rigor chilling and freezing and subcutaneous fat cover upon the histological and shear properties of bovine longissimus dorsi muscle. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 62: 353-361.

  21. Johnson, D.D., McGowan, C.H., Nurse, G. and Anous, M.R. (1995). Breed type on sex effects on carcass traits, composition and tenderness of young goats. Small Rumi. Res. 17: 57- 63.

  22. Kandeepan, G., Anjaneyulu, A.S.R., Kondaiah, N., Mendiratta, S.K. and Lakshmanan, V. (2009). Effect of age and gender on the processing characteristics of buffalo meat. Meat Sci. 83: 10-14.

  23. Kannan. G., Kouakou, B. and Gelaye, S. (2001). Colour changes reflecting myoglobin and lipid oxidation in chevon cuts during refrigerated display. Small Rumi. Res. 42: 67-75.

  24. Kesava Rao V., Sengar, S.S., Jain, V.K. and Agarawala, O.N. (1998). Carcass characteristics and meat quality attributes of rams maintained on processed deoiledmahua (Brassica latifolia) seed cake. Small Rumi. Res. 27: 151-157.

  25. Kesava Rao, V., Anjaneyulu, A. S. R. and Lakhsmanan, V. (1984). A note on carcass and meat characteristics of Black Bengal male goats. J. Food Sci. Tech. 21: 183-184. 

  26. Livestock census. (2019). 20th Livestock census. Ministry of Fisheries Animal Husbandry and Dairying, PIB Delhi, India.

  27. Lopes, L. S., Martins, S.R., Chizzotti, M.L., Busato, K.C., Oliveira, I.M., et al. (2014). Meat quality and fatty acid profile of Brazilian goats subjected to different nutritional treatments. Meat Sci. 97: 602-608.

  28. Mahgoub, O., Khan, A.J., Al-Maqbaly, R.S., Al-Sabahi, J.N., Annamalai, K. and Al-Sakry, N.M. (2002). Fatty acid composition of muscle and fat tissues of Omani Jebel Akhdar goats of different sexes and weights. Meat Sci. 61: 381-387.

  29. Matsuoka, A., Furokawa, N. and Takahashi, T. (1997). Carcass traits and chemical composition of meat in male and female goats. J. Agri. Sci. 42: 127-135.

  30. Miguel G, Angel, P., Marina, S. and Begona, P. (2008). Effects of the rearing system on the quality traits of the carcass, meat and fat of the Chato Murciano pig. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 487-97.

  31. Pal, U.K., Agnihotri, M.K. and Sinha, N.K. (1997). Carcass traits of Muzaffarnagari lambs under intensive and semi-intensive management systems. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 67: 720-722.

  32. Rajkumar,V and Agnihotri, M.K. (2005). Carcass and meat quality attributes of Muzaffarnagari lambs reared under intensive and semi-intensive management system. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 75: 1196-1198.

  33. Santos. V. A.C., Silva, S.R. and Azevedo, J.M.T. (2008). Carcass composition and meat quality of equally mature kids and lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 1943-1950.

  34. Scollan, N., Hocquette, J.F., Nuerberg, K., Dannemberger, D., Richardson, I. and Moloney, A. (2006). Innovations in beef production systems that enhance the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality. Meat Sci. 74: 17-33.

  35. Sheridan, V., Hoffman, L.C. and Ferreira, A.V. (2003). Meat quality of Boer goat kids and mutton merino lambs. 2. sensory meat evaluation. Anim. Sci. 76: 73 -79.

  36. Simopoulos, A.P. (1999). Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. American J. Clin. Nutr. 70: 560-569.

  37. Sivakumar. P. (2013). A study on the effect of preslaughter weight on carcass traits and meat quality and proximate composition of Kanni goat meat. International J. Sci. Envir. Tech. 2: 994-999.

  38. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical Methods, The Iowa State University Press, Iowa.

  39. Terrel, R.N., Suess, G.C., Cassens, R.G. and Bray, R.W. (1968). Broiling, sex and interrelationships with carcass and growth characteristics and their effect on the neutral and phospholipid fatty acids of the bovine Longissimus dorsi. J. Food Sci. 33: 562-567. 

  40. Upton, M. (2004). The role of livestock in economic development and poverty reduction. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO): Pro-Poor Policy Initiative (PPLPI): Working Paper No. 10, Rome, Italy, 57.

  41. Werdi Pratiwi, N.M., Murray, P.J. and Taylor, D.G. (2004a). Meat quality of entire and castrated male Boer goats raised under Australian condition and slaughtered at different weights: physical characteristics, shear force values and eating quality profiles. Animal Sci. 79: 213-219.

  42. Wheeler, T.L. and Koohmaraie, M. (1999). The extent of proteolysis is independent of sarcomere length in lamb longissimus and psoas major. J. Anim. Sci. 77: 2444-2451.

  43. Woessner Jr, J.F. (1961). The determination of hydroxyproline in tissue and protein samples containing small proportions of this amino acid. Arch. Biochem. Bio-physiology. 93: 440-447.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)