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Research Article

volume 54 issue 11 (november 2020) : 1408-1414,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3891

Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Layer Birds from Tamil Nadu, India

A
Adarsh Mishra
A
Ardhanary Thangavelu
P
Parimal Roy
K
Krishnaswamy Gopalan Tirumurugaan
S
Senthilnayagam Hemalatha
T
Thippichettypalayam Ramasamy Gopalakrishnamurthy
V
Vasudevan Gowthaman
A
A. Raja
K
K. Shoba
J
John John Kirubaharan
1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai-600 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
Cite article:- Mishra Adarsh, Thangavelu Ardhanary, Roy Parimal, Tirumurugaan Gopalan Krishnaswamy, Hemalatha Senthilnayagam, Gopalakrishnamurthy Ramasamy Thippichettypalayam, Gowthaman Vasudevan, Raja A., Shoba K., Kirubaharan John John (2020). Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Layer Birds from Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(11): 1408-1414. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3891.

ABSTRACT

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), caused by Gallid herpesvirus1, is one among the respiratory diseases of poultry gradually spreading worldwide, including Indian subcontinent. Present study was carried out to identify the pathogen from the suspected cases of the disease. The tracheal tissue samples (pooled) were collected from the birds suspected to have died of ILT from 26 commercial poultry farms located in and around Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu state of India. On post-mortem examination, haemorrhagic caseous exudate and fibrinous pseudo-membrane adhered to tracheal mucosa were noticed. A total of 22 farms were found positive through PCRs targeted against ICP4 gene and the thymidine kinase (TK) gene followed by confirmation through sequencing. Histopathology examination revealed decilliation, hyperplasia, degeneration and/or loss of tracheal epithelium with severe submucosal edema. There was infiltration with numerous lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells in milder infections, whereas presence of fibrinous exudates admixed with numerous erythrocytes and inflammatory cells like heterophils and lymphocytes were seen indicating the severe acute form of the disease. A fibrinous pseudomembrane was seen firmly attached to the inflamed and necrotic mucosa in subacute cases. Further, virus was isolated from randomly selected 5 PCR positive tracheal tissue samples in embryonated chicken eggs through chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. The typical pock lesions were observed on CAM along with engorged blood vessels and thickening of the membrane. Present study has reported the disease ILT among poultry flocks in the Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu and raises the concern for thorough investigation of the nature of prevailing pathogen in the region.

REFERENCES

  1. Ahmed, Z., Pandurang, G., Acharya, R.S. and Parihar, N.S. (1969). A report on outbreaks of respiratory disease in chicken in Andhra Pradesh with particular reference to infectious laryngotracheitis. Indian Veterinary Journal. 46: 646-650.
  2. Bagust, T.J., Jones, R.C. and Guy, J.S. (2000). Avian infectious laryngotracheitis. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 19: 483-492.
  3. Bancroft, J.D. and Gamble, M. (2008). Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 6th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier Health Sciences: 1-725.
  4. Benton, W.J., Cover, M.S. and Greene, L.M. (1958). The clinical and serological response of chickens to certain laryngotra- cheitis viruses. Avian Diseases. 2: 383-396.
  5. Beveridge, W.I.B. and Burnet F.M. (1946). Special Report Series Medical Research Council, London, No. 256.
  6. Callison, S.A., Riblet, S.M., Rodriguez-Avila, A. and Garcia, M. (2009). Reverse restriction fragment length polymorphism (RRFLP): A novel technique for genotyping infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) live attenuated vaccines. Journal of Virological Methods. 160: 119-124.
  7. Chacon, J.L. and Ferreira, A.J.P. (2008). Development and validation of nested-PCR for the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical infectious laryngotracheitis. Journal of Virological Methods. 151: 188-193.
  8. Chacon, J.L. and Ferreira, A.J.P. (2009). Differentiation of field isolates and vaccine strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by DNA sequencing. Vaccine. 27: 6731-6738.
  9. Davidson, I., Nagar, S., Ribshtein, L., Shkoda, I., Perk, S. and Garcia, M. (2009). Detection of wild-and vaccine-type avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus in clinical samples and feather shafts of commercial chickens. Avian Diseases. 53: 618-623.
  10. Davison, A.J. (2010). Herpesvirus systematic. Veterinary Microbiology. 143: 52-69.
  11. Gowthaman, V., Singh, S.D., Dhama, K., Barathidasan, R., Mathapati, B.S., Srinivasan, P., Saravanan, S. and Ramakrishnan, M.A. (2014). Molecular detection and characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (Gallid herpesvirus-1) from clinical samples of commercial poultry flocks in India. Virus Diseases. 25: 345-349.
  12. Hall, T.A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. In: Nucleic Acids Symposium Series. 41: 95-98.
  13. Johnson, M.A., Tyack, S.G., Prideaux, C., Kongsuwan, K. and Sheppard, M. (1995). Nucleotide sequence of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (Gallidherpesvirus-1) ICP4 gene. Virus Research. 35: 193-204.
  14. Jordan, F.T.W. (1958). Some observations on ILT. Veterinary Record. 70: 605-610.
  15. Jordan, F.T.W. (1966). A review of the literature on infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Avian Diseases. 10: 1-26.
  16. Kirkpatrick, N.C., Mahmoudian, A., O’Rourke, D. and Noormohammadi, A.H. (2006). Differentiation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus isolates by restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis of polymerase chain reaction products amplified from multiple genes. Avian Diseases. 50: 28-34.
  17. May, H.G. and Tittsler, R.P. (1925). Tracheo-laryngitis in poultry. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 67: 229-231.
  18. McMenamy, M.J., McKillen, J., Hjertner, B., Kiss, I., Yacoub, A., Leijon, M., Duffy, C., et al. (2011). Development and comparison of a Primer-Probe Energy Transfer based assay and a 52 conjugated Minor Groove Binder assay for sensitive real- time PCR detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Journal of Virological Methods. 175: 149-155.
  19. Menendez, K.R., Garcia, M., Spatz, S. and Tablante, N.L. (2014). Molecular epidemiology of infectious laryngotracheitis: a review. Avian Pathology. 43: 108-117.
  20. OIE (Office International des Epizootics) (2014). Avian infectious laryngotracheitis. In: OIE Terrestrial Manual, Chapter 2.3. 3., 1-11.
  21. Ou, S.C., Giambrone, J.J. and Macklin, K.S. (2012). Comparison of a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay with a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Gallid herpesvirus 1. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 24: 138-141.
  22. Panda, P.C. and Singh, C.M. (1967). Characterization of infectious laryngotracheities virus of poultry. I. Cultivation, propagation and serum neutralization test in developing chick embryos. Indian Veterinary Journal. 44: 365-374.
  23. Puvarajan, B., Sukumar, K. and Rajeswar, J.J. (2014). Isolation and identification of infectious laryngotracheitis virus from field outbreaks of layers in Namakkal district. Indian Veterinary Journal. 91: 92-93.
  24. Puvarajan, B., Sukumar, K., Rajeswar, J.J., Harikrishnan, T.J. and Balasubramaniam, G.A. (2013). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the Tk Gene of Infectious laryngo Tracheitis Virus (ILTV) from a field outbreak in Namakkal Region, Tamilnadu. Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology. 15: 91.
  25. Seldon, H.R. (1952). A detailed review of appearance and spread of ILT in Australia. Australia, Department of Health, Service Public Health (Veterinary Hygiene), (8 part 4), 122. 
  26. Singh, S.B., Singh, G.R. and Singh, C.M. (1964). A preliminary report on the occurrence of infectious laryngotracheitis of poultry in India. Poultry Science. 43: 492-494.
  27. Sivaseelan, S., Rajan, T., Malmarugan, S., Balasubramaniam, G.A. and Madheswaran, R. (2014). Tissue tropism and pathobiology of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in natural cases of chickens. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 69: 197-202.
  28. Srinivasan, P., Balachandran, C., Gopalakrishnamurthy, T.R., Saravanan, S., Pazhanivel, N., et al. (2012). Pathology of infectious laryngotracheitis in commercial layer chicken. Indian Veterinary Journal. 89: 75-78.
  29. Uddin, M.I., Sen, A.B., Islam, M.S., Das, S., Sultana, N., Ripa, R.N., Kashem, A. and Kamaruddin, K.M. (2014). Seroepidemiology of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) in the Commercial Layer Farms of Chittagong District, Bangladesh. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2: 316-320. 
  30. Xie, Q.M., Ji, J., Pickens, T.T., Du. L.Q., Cao, Y.C., Li, H.M., Wang, L.G., Ma, J.Y. and Bi, Y.Z. (2010). Rapid detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus isolates by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Virological Methods. 165: 71-75.
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 11 (november 2020) : 1408-1414,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3891

    Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Layer Birds from Tamil Nadu, India

    A
    Adarsh Mishra
    A
    Ardhanary Thangavelu
    P
    Parimal Roy
    K
    Krishnaswamy Gopalan Tirumurugaan
    S
    Senthilnayagam Hemalatha
    T
    Thippichettypalayam Ramasamy Gopalakrishnamurthy
    V
    Vasudevan Gowthaman
    A
    A. Raja
    K
    K. Shoba
    J
    John John Kirubaharan
    1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai-600 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
    Cite article:- Mishra Adarsh, Thangavelu Ardhanary, Roy Parimal, Tirumurugaan Gopalan Krishnaswamy, Hemalatha Senthilnayagam, Gopalakrishnamurthy Ramasamy Thippichettypalayam, Gowthaman Vasudevan, Raja A., Shoba K., Kirubaharan John John (2020). Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Layer Birds from Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(11): 1408-1414. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3891.

    ABSTRACT

    Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), caused by Gallid herpesvirus1, is one among the respiratory diseases of poultry gradually spreading worldwide, including Indian subcontinent. Present study was carried out to identify the pathogen from the suspected cases of the disease. The tracheal tissue samples (pooled) were collected from the birds suspected to have died of ILT from 26 commercial poultry farms located in and around Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu state of India. On post-mortem examination, haemorrhagic caseous exudate and fibrinous pseudo-membrane adhered to tracheal mucosa were noticed. A total of 22 farms were found positive through PCRs targeted against ICP4 gene and the thymidine kinase (TK) gene followed by confirmation through sequencing. Histopathology examination revealed decilliation, hyperplasia, degeneration and/or loss of tracheal epithelium with severe submucosal edema. There was infiltration with numerous lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells in milder infections, whereas presence of fibrinous exudates admixed with numerous erythrocytes and inflammatory cells like heterophils and lymphocytes were seen indicating the severe acute form of the disease. A fibrinous pseudomembrane was seen firmly attached to the inflamed and necrotic mucosa in subacute cases. Further, virus was isolated from randomly selected 5 PCR positive tracheal tissue samples in embryonated chicken eggs through chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. The typical pock lesions were observed on CAM along with engorged blood vessels and thickening of the membrane. Present study has reported the disease ILT among poultry flocks in the Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu and raises the concern for thorough investigation of the nature of prevailing pathogen in the region.

    REFERENCES

    1. Ahmed, Z., Pandurang, G., Acharya, R.S. and Parihar, N.S. (1969). A report on outbreaks of respiratory disease in chicken in Andhra Pradesh with particular reference to infectious laryngotracheitis. Indian Veterinary Journal. 46: 646-650.
    2. Bagust, T.J., Jones, R.C. and Guy, J.S. (2000). Avian infectious laryngotracheitis. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 19: 483-492.
    3. Bancroft, J.D. and Gamble, M. (2008). Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 6th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier Health Sciences: 1-725.
    4. Benton, W.J., Cover, M.S. and Greene, L.M. (1958). The clinical and serological response of chickens to certain laryngotra- cheitis viruses. Avian Diseases. 2: 383-396.
    5. Beveridge, W.I.B. and Burnet F.M. (1946). Special Report Series Medical Research Council, London, No. 256.
    6. Callison, S.A., Riblet, S.M., Rodriguez-Avila, A. and Garcia, M. (2009). Reverse restriction fragment length polymorphism (RRFLP): A novel technique for genotyping infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) live attenuated vaccines. Journal of Virological Methods. 160: 119-124.
    7. Chacon, J.L. and Ferreira, A.J.P. (2008). Development and validation of nested-PCR for the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical infectious laryngotracheitis. Journal of Virological Methods. 151: 188-193.
    8. Chacon, J.L. and Ferreira, A.J.P. (2009). Differentiation of field isolates and vaccine strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by DNA sequencing. Vaccine. 27: 6731-6738.
    9. Davidson, I., Nagar, S., Ribshtein, L., Shkoda, I., Perk, S. and Garcia, M. (2009). Detection of wild-and vaccine-type avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus in clinical samples and feather shafts of commercial chickens. Avian Diseases. 53: 618-623.
    10. Davison, A.J. (2010). Herpesvirus systematic. Veterinary Microbiology. 143: 52-69.
    11. Gowthaman, V., Singh, S.D., Dhama, K., Barathidasan, R., Mathapati, B.S., Srinivasan, P., Saravanan, S. and Ramakrishnan, M.A. (2014). Molecular detection and characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (Gallid herpesvirus-1) from clinical samples of commercial poultry flocks in India. Virus Diseases. 25: 345-349.
    12. Hall, T.A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. In: Nucleic Acids Symposium Series. 41: 95-98.
    13. Johnson, M.A., Tyack, S.G., Prideaux, C., Kongsuwan, K. and Sheppard, M. (1995). Nucleotide sequence of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (Gallidherpesvirus-1) ICP4 gene. Virus Research. 35: 193-204.
    14. Jordan, F.T.W. (1958). Some observations on ILT. Veterinary Record. 70: 605-610.
    15. Jordan, F.T.W. (1966). A review of the literature on infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Avian Diseases. 10: 1-26.
    16. Kirkpatrick, N.C., Mahmoudian, A., O’Rourke, D. and Noormohammadi, A.H. (2006). Differentiation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus isolates by restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis of polymerase chain reaction products amplified from multiple genes. Avian Diseases. 50: 28-34.
    17. May, H.G. and Tittsler, R.P. (1925). Tracheo-laryngitis in poultry. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 67: 229-231.
    18. McMenamy, M.J., McKillen, J., Hjertner, B., Kiss, I., Yacoub, A., Leijon, M., Duffy, C., et al. (2011). Development and comparison of a Primer-Probe Energy Transfer based assay and a 52 conjugated Minor Groove Binder assay for sensitive real- time PCR detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Journal of Virological Methods. 175: 149-155.
    19. Menendez, K.R., Garcia, M., Spatz, S. and Tablante, N.L. (2014). Molecular epidemiology of infectious laryngotracheitis: a review. Avian Pathology. 43: 108-117.
    20. OIE (Office International des Epizootics) (2014). Avian infectious laryngotracheitis. In: OIE Terrestrial Manual, Chapter 2.3. 3., 1-11.
    21. Ou, S.C., Giambrone, J.J. and Macklin, K.S. (2012). Comparison of a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay with a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Gallid herpesvirus 1. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 24: 138-141.
    22. Panda, P.C. and Singh, C.M. (1967). Characterization of infectious laryngotracheities virus of poultry. I. Cultivation, propagation and serum neutralization test in developing chick embryos. Indian Veterinary Journal. 44: 365-374.
    23. Puvarajan, B., Sukumar, K. and Rajeswar, J.J. (2014). Isolation and identification of infectious laryngotracheitis virus from field outbreaks of layers in Namakkal district. Indian Veterinary Journal. 91: 92-93.
    24. Puvarajan, B., Sukumar, K., Rajeswar, J.J., Harikrishnan, T.J. and Balasubramaniam, G.A. (2013). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the Tk Gene of Infectious laryngo Tracheitis Virus (ILTV) from a field outbreak in Namakkal Region, Tamilnadu. Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology. 15: 91.
    25. Seldon, H.R. (1952). A detailed review of appearance and spread of ILT in Australia. Australia, Department of Health, Service Public Health (Veterinary Hygiene), (8 part 4), 122. 
    26. Singh, S.B., Singh, G.R. and Singh, C.M. (1964). A preliminary report on the occurrence of infectious laryngotracheitis of poultry in India. Poultry Science. 43: 492-494.
    27. Sivaseelan, S., Rajan, T., Malmarugan, S., Balasubramaniam, G.A. and Madheswaran, R. (2014). Tissue tropism and pathobiology of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in natural cases of chickens. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 69: 197-202.
    28. Srinivasan, P., Balachandran, C., Gopalakrishnamurthy, T.R., Saravanan, S., Pazhanivel, N., et al. (2012). Pathology of infectious laryngotracheitis in commercial layer chicken. Indian Veterinary Journal. 89: 75-78.
    29. Uddin, M.I., Sen, A.B., Islam, M.S., Das, S., Sultana, N., Ripa, R.N., Kashem, A. and Kamaruddin, K.M. (2014). Seroepidemiology of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) in the Commercial Layer Farms of Chittagong District, Bangladesh. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2: 316-320. 
    30. Xie, Q.M., Ji, J., Pickens, T.T., Du. L.Q., Cao, Y.C., Li, H.M., Wang, L.G., Ma, J.Y. and Bi, Y.Z. (2010). Rapid detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus isolates by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Virological Methods. 165: 71-75.
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