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Research Article

volume 54 issue 10 (october 2020) : 1279-1284,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3885

Molecular and Virulence Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus in Fowls and Pigeons From Jammu, India

M
Mehroon Chowdhary
N
Nawab Nashiruddullah
P
Parimal Roychoudhury
A
Altaf Bhat
J
Jafrin Ara Ahmed
K
Kawardeep Kour
S
Shilpa Sood
1Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura-181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Cite article:- Chowdhary Mehroon, Nashiruddullah Nawab, Roychoudhury Parimal, Bhat Altaf, Ahmed Ara Jafrin, Kour Kawardeep, Sood Shilpa (2019). Molecular and Virulence Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus in Fowls and Pigeons From Jammu, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(10): 1279-1284. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3885.

ABSTRACT

Occurrence of Newcastle disease (ND) and characterization of the Avian Paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) amongst backyard fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) and pigeon (Columba livia domestica) was studied. ND was suspected in two fowl flocks (100% morbidity, 86% mortality) and six pigeon flocks (21.68% morbidity, 14.16% mortality) with respiratory and/or enteric clinical signs in fowls and predominantly neurological signs in pigeons was observed. Cloacal swabs, tissue lysates or infected allantoic fluid could haemagglutinate (HA) chicken erythrocytes and pigeon convalescent serum inhibited haemagglutination (antibody titres >1/16). A 534 bp product was amplified from clinical samples and infected allantoic fluids by Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting a partial Fusion protein gene including its cleavage site. The fowl and pigeon isolate was found to be velogenic and lentogenic respectively by virulence characterization. Fowl isolate grown in chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) showed 10-8.68 Embryo Infectious Dose (EID50) with a Mean Death Time (MDT) of 51.43 h and the Intra-Cerebral Pathogenicity Index (ICPI) in day-old chicks was 1.51. Pigeon isolate had corresponding values of 10-7.20 EID50, MDT of 92.00 h and ICPI of 0.43. Deduced amino acid sequence at Fusion protein cleavage site showed 112R-R-R-K-R*F117 velogenic motif for the fowl isolate and 112G-R-Q-G-R*L117 lentogenic motif for the pigeon isolate. Both isolates were found to be 84.1% related phylogenetically, while fowl isolate clustered with genotype XIII, the pigeon isolate clustered with genotype II and vaccine strains of APMV-1. This is the first instance of APMV-1 characterization in the region with the possibility of a vaccine spill over in pigeons.

REFERENCES

  1. Aldous, E.W., Mynn, J.K., Banks, J. and Alexander, D.J. (2003). A molecular epidemiological study of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease virus) isolates by phylogenetic analysis of a partial nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene. Avian Pathol. 32: 239-56.
  2. Alexander, D.J. and Senne, D.A. (2008). Newcastle Disease, other Avian Paramyxoviruses and Pneumovirus Infections. In: [Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, editors]. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. pp: 75-116.
  3. Alexander, D.J., Russell, P.H. and Collins, M.S. (1984). Paramyxovirus type 1 infections of racing pigeons: 1. Characterization of isolated viruses. Vet Rec. 114: 444-446.
  4. Ayala, A.J., Dimitrov, K.M., Becker, C.R., Goraichuk, I.V., Arns, C.W., Bolotin, V.I., Arns, (2016). Presence of vaccine-derived Newcastle disease viruses in wild birds. PLoS ONE. 11: 1-19.
  5. Benson, D.A., Clark, K., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D.J., Ostell, J. and Sayers, E.W. (2015). GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 43: D30-D35.
  6. Cattoli, G., Susta, L., Terregino, C. and Brown, C. (2011). Newcastle disease: a review of field recognition and current methods of laboratory detection. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 23: 637-656.
  7. Das, M. and Kumar, S. (2017). Evidence of independent evolution of genotype XIII Newcastle disease viruses in India. Arch. Virol. 162: 997-1007.
  8. Dimitrov, K.M., Ramey, A.M., Qiu, X., Bahl, J. and Afonso, C.L. (2016). Temporal, geographic and host distribution of avian paramyxovirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus). Infect. Genet. Evol. 39: 22-34.
  9. FAO (2002). A Basic Laboratory Manual for the Small-Scale Production and Testing of I-2 Newcastle Disease Vaccine. [Sally E. Grimes]. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) Publication, Bangkok, Thailand. 
  10. Han, G.Z., He, C.Q., Ding, N.Z. and Ma, L.Y. (2008). Identification of a natural multi-recombinant of Newcastle disease virus. Virology. 371: 54-60. 
  11. Lien, Y.Y., Lee, J.W., Su, H.Y., Tsai, H.J., Tsai, M.C., Hsieh, C.Y. and Tsai, S.S. (2007). Phylogenetic characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Taiwan during 2003-2006. Vet. Microbiol. 123(1-3): 194-202. 
  12. Maqbool, R. (2016). Detection and characterization of Newcastle disease virus in chicken reared in Kashmir valley. MVSc thesis presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
  13. Mehmood, S. (2017). Pathological conditions affecting the domestic pigeons (Columba livia) in Jammu region. MVSc thesis presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. 
  14. Miller, P.J., King, D.J., Afonso, C.L. and Suarez, D.L. (2007). Antigenic differences among Newcastle disease virus strains of different genotypes used in vaccine formulation affect viral shedding after a virulent challenge. Vaccine. 25: 7238-7246.
  15. OIE (2012). Newcastle disease. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Chapter 2.3.14. http://www.oie.int/ fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.03.14_NEWCASTLE_DIS.pdf. Accessed on 20 Jan 2017.
  16. Sambrook, J. and Russell, D.W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. New York.
  17. Sangha, N. (2017). Etio-pathomorphological studies on gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens in Jammu. MVSc thesis presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
  18. Teske, L., Ryll, M. and Rautenschein, S. (2013). Epidemiological investigations on the role of clinically healthy racing pigeons as a reservoir for avian paramyxovirus-1 and avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol. 42: 557-565.
  19. Werner, O., Romer-Oberdorfer, A., Kollner, B., Manvell, R.J. and Alexander, D.J. (1999). Characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 strains isolated in Germany during 1992 to 1996. Avian Pathol. 28: 79-88.
  20. Westbury, H.A., Parsons, G. and Allan, W.H. (2008). Comparison of the immunogenicity of Newcastle disease virus strains V4, B1 and LaSota in chickens. Aust. Vet. J. 61: 5-9.
  21. Yang, C.Y., Shieh, H.K., Lin, Y.L. and Chang, P.C. (1999). Newcastle disease virus isolated from recent outbreaks in Taiwan phylogenetically related to viruses (genotype VII) from recent outbreaks in Western Europe. Avian Dis. 43: 125-130.
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 10 (october 2020) : 1279-1284,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3885

    Molecular and Virulence Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus in Fowls and Pigeons From Jammu, India

    M
    Mehroon Chowdhary
    N
    Nawab Nashiruddullah
    P
    Parimal Roychoudhury
    A
    Altaf Bhat
    J
    Jafrin Ara Ahmed
    K
    Kawardeep Kour
    S
    Shilpa Sood
    1Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura-181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
    Cite article:- Chowdhary Mehroon, Nashiruddullah Nawab, Roychoudhury Parimal, Bhat Altaf, Ahmed Ara Jafrin, Kour Kawardeep, Sood Shilpa (2019). Molecular and Virulence Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus in Fowls and Pigeons From Jammu, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(10): 1279-1284. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3885.

    ABSTRACT

    Occurrence of Newcastle disease (ND) and characterization of the Avian Paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) amongst backyard fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) and pigeon (Columba livia domestica) was studied. ND was suspected in two fowl flocks (100% morbidity, 86% mortality) and six pigeon flocks (21.68% morbidity, 14.16% mortality) with respiratory and/or enteric clinical signs in fowls and predominantly neurological signs in pigeons was observed. Cloacal swabs, tissue lysates or infected allantoic fluid could haemagglutinate (HA) chicken erythrocytes and pigeon convalescent serum inhibited haemagglutination (antibody titres >1/16). A 534 bp product was amplified from clinical samples and infected allantoic fluids by Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting a partial Fusion protein gene including its cleavage site. The fowl and pigeon isolate was found to be velogenic and lentogenic respectively by virulence characterization. Fowl isolate grown in chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) showed 10-8.68 Embryo Infectious Dose (EID50) with a Mean Death Time (MDT) of 51.43 h and the Intra-Cerebral Pathogenicity Index (ICPI) in day-old chicks was 1.51. Pigeon isolate had corresponding values of 10-7.20 EID50, MDT of 92.00 h and ICPI of 0.43. Deduced amino acid sequence at Fusion protein cleavage site showed 112R-R-R-K-R*F117 velogenic motif for the fowl isolate and 112G-R-Q-G-R*L117 lentogenic motif for the pigeon isolate. Both isolates were found to be 84.1% related phylogenetically, while fowl isolate clustered with genotype XIII, the pigeon isolate clustered with genotype II and vaccine strains of APMV-1. This is the first instance of APMV-1 characterization in the region with the possibility of a vaccine spill over in pigeons.

    REFERENCES

    1. Aldous, E.W., Mynn, J.K., Banks, J. and Alexander, D.J. (2003). A molecular epidemiological study of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease virus) isolates by phylogenetic analysis of a partial nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene. Avian Pathol. 32: 239-56.
    2. Alexander, D.J. and Senne, D.A. (2008). Newcastle Disease, other Avian Paramyxoviruses and Pneumovirus Infections. In: [Saif YM, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Swayne DE, editors]. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. pp: 75-116.
    3. Alexander, D.J., Russell, P.H. and Collins, M.S. (1984). Paramyxovirus type 1 infections of racing pigeons: 1. Characterization of isolated viruses. Vet Rec. 114: 444-446.
    4. Ayala, A.J., Dimitrov, K.M., Becker, C.R., Goraichuk, I.V., Arns, C.W., Bolotin, V.I., Arns, (2016). Presence of vaccine-derived Newcastle disease viruses in wild birds. PLoS ONE. 11: 1-19.
    5. Benson, D.A., Clark, K., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D.J., Ostell, J. and Sayers, E.W. (2015). GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 43: D30-D35.
    6. Cattoli, G., Susta, L., Terregino, C. and Brown, C. (2011). Newcastle disease: a review of field recognition and current methods of laboratory detection. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 23: 637-656.
    7. Das, M. and Kumar, S. (2017). Evidence of independent evolution of genotype XIII Newcastle disease viruses in India. Arch. Virol. 162: 997-1007.
    8. Dimitrov, K.M., Ramey, A.M., Qiu, X., Bahl, J. and Afonso, C.L. (2016). Temporal, geographic and host distribution of avian paramyxovirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus). Infect. Genet. Evol. 39: 22-34.
    9. FAO (2002). A Basic Laboratory Manual for the Small-Scale Production and Testing of I-2 Newcastle Disease Vaccine. [Sally E. Grimes]. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) Publication, Bangkok, Thailand. 
    10. Han, G.Z., He, C.Q., Ding, N.Z. and Ma, L.Y. (2008). Identification of a natural multi-recombinant of Newcastle disease virus. Virology. 371: 54-60. 
    11. Lien, Y.Y., Lee, J.W., Su, H.Y., Tsai, H.J., Tsai, M.C., Hsieh, C.Y. and Tsai, S.S. (2007). Phylogenetic characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Taiwan during 2003-2006. Vet. Microbiol. 123(1-3): 194-202. 
    12. Maqbool, R. (2016). Detection and characterization of Newcastle disease virus in chicken reared in Kashmir valley. MVSc thesis presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
    13. Mehmood, S. (2017). Pathological conditions affecting the domestic pigeons (Columba livia) in Jammu region. MVSc thesis presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. 
    14. Miller, P.J., King, D.J., Afonso, C.L. and Suarez, D.L. (2007). Antigenic differences among Newcastle disease virus strains of different genotypes used in vaccine formulation affect viral shedding after a virulent challenge. Vaccine. 25: 7238-7246.
    15. OIE (2012). Newcastle disease. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Chapter 2.3.14. http://www.oie.int/ fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.03.14_NEWCASTLE_DIS.pdf. Accessed on 20 Jan 2017.
    16. Sambrook, J. and Russell, D.W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. New York.
    17. Sangha, N. (2017). Etio-pathomorphological studies on gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens in Jammu. MVSc thesis presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
    18. Teske, L., Ryll, M. and Rautenschein, S. (2013). Epidemiological investigations on the role of clinically healthy racing pigeons as a reservoir for avian paramyxovirus-1 and avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol. 42: 557-565.
    19. Werner, O., Romer-Oberdorfer, A., Kollner, B., Manvell, R.J. and Alexander, D.J. (1999). Characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 strains isolated in Germany during 1992 to 1996. Avian Pathol. 28: 79-88.
    20. Westbury, H.A., Parsons, G. and Allan, W.H. (2008). Comparison of the immunogenicity of Newcastle disease virus strains V4, B1 and LaSota in chickens. Aust. Vet. J. 61: 5-9.
    21. Yang, C.Y., Shieh, H.K., Lin, Y.L. and Chang, P.C. (1999). Newcastle disease virus isolated from recent outbreaks in Taiwan phylogenetically related to viruses (genotype VII) from recent outbreaks in Western Europe. Avian Dis. 43: 125-130.
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