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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 54 issue 7 (july 2020) : 895-899,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3842

Parasitological surveillance and successful treatment of gastrointestinal parasites of captive wild animals with albendazole in a zoological collection

P
P.D. Pawar
M
M.W. Khasnis
N
N.K. Nighot
A
Ajay Deshmukh
V
V.G. Nimbalkar
L
L.D. Singla
1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Shirwal-412 801, Maharashtra, India.
Cite article:- Pawar P.D., Khasnis M.W., Nighot N.K., Deshmukh Ajay, Nimbalkar V.G., Singla L.D. (2019). Parasitological surveillance and successful treatment of gastrointestinal parasites of captive wild animals with albendazole in a zoological collection. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(7): 895-899. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3842.

ABSTRACT

The present report describes the work conducted on captive wild animals (n =42)  between 1 – 15 years of age, during a period of one year to know the prevalence and chemotherapeutic management of gastrointestinal parasites from the captive facility of  Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park and Wildlife Animal Research Center, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra. Fecal samples of the animals were analyzed by use of classical parasitological techniques including sedimentation and floatation and quantitative Mc Master egg counting technique. Out of the total (n=42) fecal samples screened 17 (40.50%; 95% CI 25.3-54.7%)) samples were positive for gastrointestinal parasitic infection. The prevalence of nematodes was highest (70.58%), followed by cestodes (23.52%) and coccidia (5.80%). No trematode infection was seen in the present study. The eggs/oocysts of seven different types of intestinal parasites viz., strongyle, coccidia, Toxocara spp., Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., Diphylidium spp. and Moniezia spp.,  were observed with an intensity of + to +++ and eggs/oocysts  per gram of faeces as 850±585.15 in the current study. All the positive cases were administered with albendazole @ 20mg/kg body weight orally in the feed. Fecal samples of all animals were found negative for developmental stages after 15 days of treatment. Out of total 40.47 % (95% CI 25.3-54.7%) infected animals, 58.82 % animals were found infected with single infection while 41.14 % showed mixed infection. The copro-prevalence of single and mixed gastrointestinal parasites without overt clinical signs of disease or mortality as observed in the study is suggestive of subclinical infection.

REFERENCES

  1. Arunachalam, K., Senthilvel, K. and Anbarasi, P. (2015). Endo parasitic infections in free living rhesus macaque (Macacamulatta) of Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India. Zoo’s Print Journal. 30(6):20-21.
  2. Atanaskova, E. (2011). Endoparasites in wild animals at the zoological garden in Skopje, Macedonia. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 3 (7):1955-1958.
  3. Bal, M.S., Sharma, A., Ashuma, Bath, B.K., Kaur, P. and Singla, L.D. (2014). Detection and management of latent infection of Trypanosoma evansi in a cattle herd. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(1): 31-37.
  4. Cordon, G.P., Prados, A.H., Romero, D., Moreno, S.M., Pontes, A., Osuna, A. and Rosales, M.J. (2008). Intestinal parasitism in the animals of the zoological garden “Pena Escrita”(Almunecar, Spain). Veterinary Parasitology. 156: 302-309. 
  5. Coles, G.C., Bauerm C., Borgsteede, F.H.M.,Geerts, S., Klei, T.R., Taylor,M.A., Waller, P.J. (1992). World association for the advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Veterinary Parasitololgy. 44: 35-44.
  6. Deshmukh, S.S., Rewatkar, S.G, Agrawal, A.M., Maske, D.M, Bhangale, G.N. and Shrikhande, G.B. (2009). Endoparasitism in wild animals in captivity. Zoo’s Print Journal. 24(10): 11.
  7. Gaur, S.N.S., Sethi, M.S., Tewari, H.C. and Prakash, O. (1979). A note on the prevalence of helminth parasites in wild and zoo animals in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 46:159-161.
  8. Ghoshal, S.B., Garg, U.K., Misraulia,K.S. and Jain, P.C. (1988). Helminth parasites in zoo animals of Kamla Nehru Park, Indore, MP. Livestock Adviser. 13(1): 34-36.
  9. Gracenea, M., Gómez, M.S., Torres, J., Carné, E. and Fernández-Morán, J. (2002). Transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium in primates and herbivores at the Barcelona zoo: a long-term study. Veterinary Parasitology. 104(1): 19-26.
  10. Islam, S. (2006). Parasites and parasitic diseases of wildlife. Proceedings of XVII National Congress of Veterinary Parasitology and National Symposium on “Strengths, Challenges and Opportunities in Veterinary Parasitology.” 43-52 p.
  11. Kagira J.M., Oluoch, G., Waititu, K., Mulei, I., Maingi,N. and Ngotho, M. (2011). High Efficacy of combined albendazole and ivermectin treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in Vervet monkeys and baboons. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science. 38: 187-193.
  12. Kashid, K.P., Shrikhande, G.B. and Bhojne, G.R (2002). Incidence of gastrointestinal helminths in captive wild animals at different locations. Zoo’s Print Journal. 18(3): 1053-1054.
  13. Kaur, P., Juyal, P.D., Sharma, A., Bal, M.S. and Singla, L.D. (2016). Seroprevalence of Babesia bigemina in dairy animals from low lying regions of Punjab. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 50(3): 406-410. 
  14. Kaur, S., Singla, L.D., Sandhu, B.S., Bal, M.S. and Kaur, P. (2019). Coccidiosis in goats: Pathological observations on intestinal developmental stages and anticoccidial efficacy of amprolium. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(02): 245-249.
  15. Malan, F.S., Horak, I.G., Vos, V. and Van Wik, J.A. (1997). Wildlife parasites: lessons for parasites control in livestock. Veterinary Parasitolology. 71: 137-153.
  16. Maske, D.K., Bhilegaonkar,N.C. and Sardey,M.R. (1990). Helminth parasites in zoo animals of Maharajbagh, Nagpur, Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 5: 277-278.
  17. Mir, A.Q., Dua, K., Singla, L.D., Shrama, S. and Singh, M.P. (2016). Prevalence of parasitic infection in captive wild animals in Bir Moti Bagh mini zoo (Deer Park), Patiala, Punjab.Veterinary World. 9(6): 540-543.
  18. Moudgil, A.D and Singla, L.D. (2013). Role of neglected wildlife disease ecology in emergence and resurgence of parasitic diseases. Trends in Parasitology Research. 2(2): 18-23.
  19. Moudgil, A, Singla, L.D. and Pallavi (2015). Parasitosis in wild felids of India: an overview. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 7(10): 7641-    7648. 
  20. Moudgil, A.D., Singla, L.D. and Singh, M.P. (2016). Zoonotic parasitic diseases at human-animal interface: a comprehensive study at oological garden in Punjab, India. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 45 (Supplement 1): 367. 
  21. Moudgil, A.D., Singla, L.D. and Gupta, K. (2018). Morpho-pathological description of fatal concurrent intestinal and renal parasitism in Columba livia domestica in India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(7): 1063-1067.
  22. Otegbade, A.C and Morenikeji, O.A. (2014). Gastrointestinal parasites of birds in zoological gardens in southwest Nigeria. Tropical Biomedicine. 31(1): 54-62.
  23. Panayotova-Pencheva M.S. (2013). Parasites in captive animals: A review of studies in some European Zoos. Der Zoologische Garten. 82: 60-71.
  24. Patel, P.V., Patel, A.I, Sabapara, R.H., Sahu, R.K. and Vyas,R. (2003). Helminthic infection in wild canids in zoological gardens of Gujarat. Zoo’s Print Journal. 18(4): 1084.
  25. Sahoo, N., Roy, P.K., Das, A., Samantaray, R.K., Dehuri, M. and Bharti, K.M.N. (2009). Gastrointestinal helminthic infection in animals of Nandankanan zoological park. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 23(1): 95 -96.
  26. Schulte-Hostedde, A.I. and Mastromonaco, G.F. (2015). Integrating evolution in the management of captive zoo populations. Evolutionary Applications. 8 (5): 413-422. 
  27. Shrikhande, G.B., Ashlesha, S.K., Suhasini, Z.S. and Maske, D.K. (2008). Helminth parasites in captive wild animals of Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park, Nagpur. Veterinary World. 1(7): 207.
  28. Singh, P., Gupta, M.P., Singla, L.D., Sharma, S., Sandhu, B.S. and Sharma, D.R. (2006a). Parasitic infections in wild herbivores in the MahendraChoudhury zoological park, Chhatbir, Punjab.Zoo’s Print Journal. 21(11): 2459-2461.
  29. Singh, P., Gupta, M.P., Singla, L.D., Singh,N.and Sharma, D.R. (2006b).  Prevalence and chemotherapy of gastrointestinal helminthic infections in wild carnivores in Mahendra Choudhury Zoological Park, Punjab. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 20: 17-23.
  30. Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7th ed. London: BaillièreTindall~ study. Veterinary Parasitology. 104: 19-26. 
  31. Thawait, V.K., Maiti,S.K. and Dixit,A.A. (2014). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive wild animals of Nandan Van Zoo, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.Veterinary World. 7(7): 448-451.
  32. Varadharajan, A. and Pythal, C. (1999). A preliminary investigation on the parasites of wild animals at the Zoological Garden, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Zoo’s Print Journal. 14: 159-164.
  33. Varadharajan, A., Ramesh, V. and Pythal, C. (2000). Does sex influence prevalence of parasitic infection among captive wild mammals? An observation at the zoological garden, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Zoo’s Print Journal. 15(7): 307-308.
  34. Wadhawa, A., Tanwar, R.K.,Singla, L.D., Eda, S., Kumar,N. and Kumar Y. (2011). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in cattle and buffaloes in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. Veterinary World. 4(9): 417-419. Arunachalam, K., Senthilvel, K. and Anbarasi, P. (2015). Endo parasitic infections in free living rhesus macaque (Macacamulatta) of Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India. Zoo’s Print Journal. 30(6):20-21.
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 7 (july 2020) : 895-899,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3842

    Parasitological surveillance and successful treatment of gastrointestinal parasites of captive wild animals with albendazole in a zoological collection

    P
    P.D. Pawar
    M
    M.W. Khasnis
    N
    N.K. Nighot
    A
    Ajay Deshmukh
    V
    V.G. Nimbalkar
    L
    L.D. Singla
    1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Shirwal-412 801, Maharashtra, India.
    Cite article:- Pawar P.D., Khasnis M.W., Nighot N.K., Deshmukh Ajay, Nimbalkar V.G., Singla L.D. (2019). Parasitological surveillance and successful treatment of gastrointestinal parasites of captive wild animals with albendazole in a zoological collection. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(7): 895-899. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3842.

    ABSTRACT

    The present report describes the work conducted on captive wild animals (n =42)  between 1 – 15 years of age, during a period of one year to know the prevalence and chemotherapeutic management of gastrointestinal parasites from the captive facility of  Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park and Wildlife Animal Research Center, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra. Fecal samples of the animals were analyzed by use of classical parasitological techniques including sedimentation and floatation and quantitative Mc Master egg counting technique. Out of the total (n=42) fecal samples screened 17 (40.50%; 95% CI 25.3-54.7%)) samples were positive for gastrointestinal parasitic infection. The prevalence of nematodes was highest (70.58%), followed by cestodes (23.52%) and coccidia (5.80%). No trematode infection was seen in the present study. The eggs/oocysts of seven different types of intestinal parasites viz., strongyle, coccidia, Toxocara spp., Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., Diphylidium spp. and Moniezia spp.,  were observed with an intensity of + to +++ and eggs/oocysts  per gram of faeces as 850±585.15 in the current study. All the positive cases were administered with albendazole @ 20mg/kg body weight orally in the feed. Fecal samples of all animals were found negative for developmental stages after 15 days of treatment. Out of total 40.47 % (95% CI 25.3-54.7%) infected animals, 58.82 % animals were found infected with single infection while 41.14 % showed mixed infection. The copro-prevalence of single and mixed gastrointestinal parasites without overt clinical signs of disease or mortality as observed in the study is suggestive of subclinical infection.

    REFERENCES

    1. Arunachalam, K., Senthilvel, K. and Anbarasi, P. (2015). Endo parasitic infections in free living rhesus macaque (Macacamulatta) of Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India. Zoo’s Print Journal. 30(6):20-21.
    2. Atanaskova, E. (2011). Endoparasites in wild animals at the zoological garden in Skopje, Macedonia. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 3 (7):1955-1958.
    3. Bal, M.S., Sharma, A., Ashuma, Bath, B.K., Kaur, P. and Singla, L.D. (2014). Detection and management of latent infection of Trypanosoma evansi in a cattle herd. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(1): 31-37.
    4. Cordon, G.P., Prados, A.H., Romero, D., Moreno, S.M., Pontes, A., Osuna, A. and Rosales, M.J. (2008). Intestinal parasitism in the animals of the zoological garden “Pena Escrita”(Almunecar, Spain). Veterinary Parasitology. 156: 302-309. 
    5. Coles, G.C., Bauerm C., Borgsteede, F.H.M.,Geerts, S., Klei, T.R., Taylor,M.A., Waller, P.J. (1992). World association for the advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Veterinary Parasitololgy. 44: 35-44.
    6. Deshmukh, S.S., Rewatkar, S.G, Agrawal, A.M., Maske, D.M, Bhangale, G.N. and Shrikhande, G.B. (2009). Endoparasitism in wild animals in captivity. Zoo’s Print Journal. 24(10): 11.
    7. Gaur, S.N.S., Sethi, M.S., Tewari, H.C. and Prakash, O. (1979). A note on the prevalence of helminth parasites in wild and zoo animals in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 46:159-161.
    8. Ghoshal, S.B., Garg, U.K., Misraulia,K.S. and Jain, P.C. (1988). Helminth parasites in zoo animals of Kamla Nehru Park, Indore, MP. Livestock Adviser. 13(1): 34-36.
    9. Gracenea, M., Gómez, M.S., Torres, J., Carné, E. and Fernández-Morán, J. (2002). Transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium in primates and herbivores at the Barcelona zoo: a long-term study. Veterinary Parasitology. 104(1): 19-26.
    10. Islam, S. (2006). Parasites and parasitic diseases of wildlife. Proceedings of XVII National Congress of Veterinary Parasitology and National Symposium on “Strengths, Challenges and Opportunities in Veterinary Parasitology.” 43-52 p.
    11. Kagira J.M., Oluoch, G., Waititu, K., Mulei, I., Maingi,N. and Ngotho, M. (2011). High Efficacy of combined albendazole and ivermectin treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in Vervet monkeys and baboons. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science. 38: 187-193.
    12. Kashid, K.P., Shrikhande, G.B. and Bhojne, G.R (2002). Incidence of gastrointestinal helminths in captive wild animals at different locations. Zoo’s Print Journal. 18(3): 1053-1054.
    13. Kaur, P., Juyal, P.D., Sharma, A., Bal, M.S. and Singla, L.D. (2016). Seroprevalence of Babesia bigemina in dairy animals from low lying regions of Punjab. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 50(3): 406-410. 
    14. Kaur, S., Singla, L.D., Sandhu, B.S., Bal, M.S. and Kaur, P. (2019). Coccidiosis in goats: Pathological observations on intestinal developmental stages and anticoccidial efficacy of amprolium. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(02): 245-249.
    15. Malan, F.S., Horak, I.G., Vos, V. and Van Wik, J.A. (1997). Wildlife parasites: lessons for parasites control in livestock. Veterinary Parasitolology. 71: 137-153.
    16. Maske, D.K., Bhilegaonkar,N.C. and Sardey,M.R. (1990). Helminth parasites in zoo animals of Maharajbagh, Nagpur, Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 5: 277-278.
    17. Mir, A.Q., Dua, K., Singla, L.D., Shrama, S. and Singh, M.P. (2016). Prevalence of parasitic infection in captive wild animals in Bir Moti Bagh mini zoo (Deer Park), Patiala, Punjab.Veterinary World. 9(6): 540-543.
    18. Moudgil, A.D and Singla, L.D. (2013). Role of neglected wildlife disease ecology in emergence and resurgence of parasitic diseases. Trends in Parasitology Research. 2(2): 18-23.
    19. Moudgil, A, Singla, L.D. and Pallavi (2015). Parasitosis in wild felids of India: an overview. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 7(10): 7641-    7648. 
    20. Moudgil, A.D., Singla, L.D. and Singh, M.P. (2016). Zoonotic parasitic diseases at human-animal interface: a comprehensive study at oological garden in Punjab, India. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 45 (Supplement 1): 367. 
    21. Moudgil, A.D., Singla, L.D. and Gupta, K. (2018). Morpho-pathological description of fatal concurrent intestinal and renal parasitism in Columba livia domestica in India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(7): 1063-1067.
    22. Otegbade, A.C and Morenikeji, O.A. (2014). Gastrointestinal parasites of birds in zoological gardens in southwest Nigeria. Tropical Biomedicine. 31(1): 54-62.
    23. Panayotova-Pencheva M.S. (2013). Parasites in captive animals: A review of studies in some European Zoos. Der Zoologische Garten. 82: 60-71.
    24. Patel, P.V., Patel, A.I, Sabapara, R.H., Sahu, R.K. and Vyas,R. (2003). Helminthic infection in wild canids in zoological gardens of Gujarat. Zoo’s Print Journal. 18(4): 1084.
    25. Sahoo, N., Roy, P.K., Das, A., Samantaray, R.K., Dehuri, M. and Bharti, K.M.N. (2009). Gastrointestinal helminthic infection in animals of Nandankanan zoological park. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 23(1): 95 -96.
    26. Schulte-Hostedde, A.I. and Mastromonaco, G.F. (2015). Integrating evolution in the management of captive zoo populations. Evolutionary Applications. 8 (5): 413-422. 
    27. Shrikhande, G.B., Ashlesha, S.K., Suhasini, Z.S. and Maske, D.K. (2008). Helminth parasites in captive wild animals of Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park, Nagpur. Veterinary World. 1(7): 207.
    28. Singh, P., Gupta, M.P., Singla, L.D., Sharma, S., Sandhu, B.S. and Sharma, D.R. (2006a). Parasitic infections in wild herbivores in the MahendraChoudhury zoological park, Chhatbir, Punjab.Zoo’s Print Journal. 21(11): 2459-2461.
    29. Singh, P., Gupta, M.P., Singla, L.D., Singh,N.and Sharma, D.R. (2006b).  Prevalence and chemotherapy of gastrointestinal helminthic infections in wild carnivores in Mahendra Choudhury Zoological Park, Punjab. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 20: 17-23.
    30. Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7th ed. London: BaillièreTindall~ study. Veterinary Parasitology. 104: 19-26. 
    31. Thawait, V.K., Maiti,S.K. and Dixit,A.A. (2014). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive wild animals of Nandan Van Zoo, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.Veterinary World. 7(7): 448-451.
    32. Varadharajan, A. and Pythal, C. (1999). A preliminary investigation on the parasites of wild animals at the Zoological Garden, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Zoo’s Print Journal. 14: 159-164.
    33. Varadharajan, A., Ramesh, V. and Pythal, C. (2000). Does sex influence prevalence of parasitic infection among captive wild mammals? An observation at the zoological garden, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Zoo’s Print Journal. 15(7): 307-308.
    34. Wadhawa, A., Tanwar, R.K.,Singla, L.D., Eda, S., Kumar,N. and Kumar Y. (2011). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in cattle and buffaloes in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. Veterinary World. 4(9): 417-419. Arunachalam, K., Senthilvel, K. and Anbarasi, P. (2015). Endo parasitic infections in free living rhesus macaque (Macacamulatta) of Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India. Zoo’s Print Journal. 30(6):20-21.
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