Indian Journal of Animal Research

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Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 54 issue 2 (february 2020) : 249-253

Clinical study on short axis M-mode echocardiography in Crossbred Holstein Friesian Cows

C.K. Singh1,*, N. Singh2, T. Singh1, P. Singh3, J. Mohindroo1, S.K. Mahajan1
1Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.
2Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.
3Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.
Cite article:- Singh C.K., Singh N., Singh T., Singh P., Mohindroo J., Mahajan S.K. (2019). Clinical study on short axis M-mode echocardiography in Crossbred Holstein Friesian Cows . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(2): 249-253. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3762.

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted in apparently healthy Crossbred Holstein Friesian cows (n=40) to establish normal echocardiographic indices. The short axis M-mode echocardiography was conducted in non-sedated standing Crossbred Holstein Friesian cow using cardiac probe of 2.8 to 3.6 MHz from right parasternal short axis view. The clinico-physiological parameters were within the normal ranges. The mean ± SE of RVIDd was 3.40 ± 0.06 (2.61 - 4.42) cm,  IVSd 1.88 ± 0.06 (0.95 -3.17) cm, IVSs 2.72 ± 0.07 (1.77-3.81) cm, LVIDd 7.35 ± 0.14 (4.82-9.23) cm, LVIDs 4.37 ± 0.12 (2.04-5.87) cm, LVPWd 1.76 ± 0.06 (1.03-2.56) cm, LVPWs 2.80 ± 0.08 (1.58-3.96) cm, RWTd  0.50 ± 0.02 (0.35-0.85) cm, RWTs 1.31 ± 0.06 (0.84-2.83) cm, MWTd 1.89 ± 0.06 (1.23-3.03) cm, MWTs 2.76 ± 0.06 (1.85-3.74) cm,  IVS % (46.17 ± 2.46), LVPW % (60.39 ± 2.64 ), LVM (1007.35 ± 53.78) g, LV myocardial fraction (0.33 ± 0.01), EPSS (0.86 ± 0.02) cm, FS % (40.68 ± 1.20), heart rate (66.15 ± 0.96) beats /min and body weight was  426.78 ± 7.79 kg. The correlation with the body weight revealed negative correlation (p< 0.01) for the parameters viz RWTs.

INTRODUCTION

Echocardiography is a noninvasive diagnostic modality to study the anatomy, physiology and disease related to heart. Echocardiography is economical, highly sensitive, field applicable and feasible diagnostic modality for the study of heart and its abnormality. It is most suitable and practical diagnostic modality for detecting functional and morphological changes of heart (Dudas-Gyorki et al., 2011). It is a well-established and rapidly growing method for diagnosis of congenital and acquired cardiac disease in cattle (Zarifi et al., 2012; Buczinski et al., 2013), endocarditis (Hollenberg et al., 2002), pericarditis (Braun, 2008). The economic loss due to heart diseases can be prevented or reduced by early diagnosis of heart disease and initiation of suitable treatment or culling of the animal (Buczinski et al., 2010). The diagnosis of abnormality related to heart can be successfully interpreted only when the knowledge of normal echocardiographic anatomical dimensions and physiology are available (Torad et al., 2016).
        
Echocardiography has been studied in dogs (Muzzi et al., 2006; Schober and Baade, 2000), horses (Collins et al., 2010; Hughes, 2006), sheep (Acorda and Pajas, 2015) and cattle (Hallowell et al., 2007). Crossbred Holstein Friesian cattle are popular among dairy farmers in Southeast Asia for their higher milk producing trait. Perusal of literature revealed limited works done on M-mode echocardiography in cattle and especially in Crossbred Holstein Friesian cows. The present study was designed to determine the echocardiographic indices in Crossbred Holstein Friesian cow and further correlate it with the body weight.
 
Ethical Approval
 
The present study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethical Committee.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apparently healthy Crossbred Holstein Friesian cows (n=40) presented to department of surgery and radiology were taken into study. The cows included in the study were selected if they fulfill the preset criteria of respiration rate (<50/min), heart rate (<85/min), rectal temperature (<102°F).The electrocardiography should reveal normal heart rate and sinus rhythm by using Base apex (Lead II) in a single channel electrocardiography machine (108T, BPL Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India) at a paper speed of 25mm/sec calibrated at 10mm/mV. The routine hematology studied were red blood cells (×106), total leucocyte count (× 103), differential leucocyte count (neutrophils %, lymphocytes %, monocytes % and basophils %), packed cell volume (%), hemoglobin (g/dL).The echocardiography was studied on non-sedated standing cows.
        
The echocardiography was performed by a cardiac probe of frequency ranging from 2.8- 3.6 MHz in a LogiqIII GE ultrasound machine. The 3- 5 ICS on both side of thorax was shaved after wetting the hair coat with chlorhexidine (0.05%). Liberal amounts of isopropyl alcohol were sprayed over the shaved area followed by application of ultrasound gel. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed in long axis and short axis from both sides of thorax to identify different structures of heart and to note any abnormality, if present (Fig 1 and Fig 2). From the right parasternal caudal long axis view the transducer was rotated 90° to visualize the heart in short axis and M-mode was selected. The M-mode cursor was placed when both the papillary muscles were seen. The M-mode measurements were taken when the M-mode cursor divided the left ventricle into two equal halves (Fig 3). The standard left ventricular measurements of interventricular septum thickness at end diastole (IVSd) and end systole (IVSs), left ventricular internal diameter at end diastole (LVIDd) and end systole (LVIDs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole(LVPWd) and end systole (LVPWs) were obtained. Right ventricular internal diameter at end diastole (RVIDd) was also measured (Fig 3). The E point septal separation (EPSS) was measured by placing the M-mode cursor at the level of mitral valve (Fig 4). The measurements were done by digital caliper by “trailing- inner to leading edge” technique. These measurements obtained were used to calculate different indices based on Teichholz equation and by equation used by the authors (Boon, 2011; Hendchen et al., 1983; Feigenbaum 1986).
 

Fig 1: Showing long axis image of RV, TV, LV, MV, LA.


 

Fig 2: Showing Short axis image at the level of papillary muscle.


 

Fig 3: Showing short axis m-mode echocardiography for the car diac parameters.


 

Fig 4: Showing maximum excursion of the mitral valve (EPSS).


 
Left ventricular fractional shortening (FS %) =
                           (LVIDd-LVIDs)/LVIDd × 100
 
Percentage of systolic thickening of the interventricular septum (IVS %) =
                            (IVSs – IVSd / IVSd) × 100
 
Percentage of systolic thickening of left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW %) =
                            LVPWs-LVPWd/ LVPWd) ×100
 
Relative wall thickness at end diastole (RWTd) =
                            (IVSd + LVPWd)/ LVIDd
 
Relative wall thickness at end systole (RWTs) =
                            (IVSs + LVPWs)/ LVIDs
 
The mean wall thickness at end diastole (MWTd) =
                            (IVSd +LVPWd)/ 2
 
The mean wall thickness at end systole (MWTs) =
                             (IVSs + LVPWs) / 2
Left ventricular mass (LVM) in gram =
    [1.04 × (LVIDd + IVSd + LVPWd)3 – (LVIDd)3- 13.6]
 
Left ventricular myocardial fraction (LV fracd) =
            (IVSd + LVPWd) / (IVSd +LVPWd + LVIDd)
 
 
The data obtained were statistically analyzed to obtain the mean ± standard error (SE) using IBM SPPS 22 software for Windows. The cardiac parameters obtained were then correlated with the body weight using Pearson’s correlation test.The significance level was considered at 5 %.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The mean ± SE of age 4.21 ± 0.20 (2.4-6) years, body weight was 426.78 ± 7.79 (268 – 480) kg, respiration rate was 40 (26 - 44) per min, heart rate 66 (51- 74) beats /min, rectal temperature 100.41 ± 0.09 (99.6- 101 8) °F. The hematology revealed red blood cells (× 106) 7.98 ± 1.00 (6.88 – 9.5), total leucocyte count (× 103) 10.01 ± 0.33 (6.99 – 14.21),neutrophils (%) 45.28 ± 2.35 (20-68), lymphocyte (%) 45.88 ± 2.18 (22-71), monocyte (%) 2.68 ± 0.18 (2-3.4), hemoglobin (g/dL) 10.80 ± 0.18 (8.43 – 14.34) and packed cell volume (%) 36.58 ± 0.66 (27-42.2).The clinico-physiological, hematology parameters were within the normal reference ranges for cattle (Radostits et al., 2007).The electrocardiography revealed sinus rhythm and heart rate was within the preset criteria.
        
The two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography could be performed in all the cows as the intercostal spaces were wide enough, however to obtain good quality image certain force was applied especially for the right parasternal cranial long axis view (RVOT). This might be because the transducer was pushed cranially into the axilla so that the skeletal muscle is moved out of the scanning area. Torad et al., (2016) has reported that certain force is required to acquire good quality image in buffaloes. A common phenomenon was noted while imaging, as the body weight of the animal increased the images obtain were of inferior quality. This might be because of the increase distance between the chest wall and the transducer as the higher body weight cows might have thicker chest wall. The cause of variation in the image quality has been attributed to the size of the animal by Strattner et al., (2002) however restlessness as a cause was attributed by Braun et al., (2001). The aorta and left atrium could not be imaged in M-mode (right parasternal short axis), it might be due to the hindrances caused by the air present in the lungs to the ultrasound waves when the transducer was directed dorsally from the mitral valve. The findings are contrary to that of  Torad et al., (2016); Hallowell et al., ( 2007); Acorda et al., (2016). In these studies by Torad et al., (2016); Hallowell et al., (2007); Acorda et al., (2016) the authors were able to take the M-mode measurement of aorta and LA and further calculated the LA: Ao ratio.
        
The correlation of the cardiac parameters with the body weight revealed non-significant correlation for RVIDd, IVSd, VSs, LVPWd, LVPWs, IVS%, RWTd, LVM, LV myocardial fracd, EPSS, FS %, MWTd, MWTs, LVIDd, LVIDs, LVPW %. There was significant negative correlation (p< 0.01) for the parameters such as RWTs. Non-significant difference was observed in echocardiographic variable in national Hunt horse with wide weight range (Long et al., 1992). However, increase in echocardiographic measurement was observed with increase in weight in small and large ponies and horses (Slater and Herrtage, 1995). Strong relationship between body weight and echocardiographic dimensions was observed in buffaloes by (Torad et al., 2016). Linear regression with body weight was observed for left ventricle internal dimension in Beagle dogs by (Crippa et al., 1992). They also observed significant difference between sexes in left ventricular wall thickness in systole and diastole (Crippa et al., 1992). To the authors knowledge no report is available where body weight is correlated with the echocardiographic parameters in cross bred cows.

CONCLUSION

From the present study it can be concluded that echocardiography can be conducted in non-sedated crossbred cow in standing. Significant negative correlation for the parameters RWTs was observed in Crossbred Holstein Friesian cow. The present study will aid in evaluating the normal range of echocardiographic indices in Crossbred Holstein Friesian cow.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author (Chandan Kumar Singh) is thankful to Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India for the granting INSPIRE fellowship to the author during PhD as Junior Research Fellow later upgraded to Senior Research Fellow. The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for providing facilities under the All India Network Project on “Diagnostic Imaging and Management of Surgical affections in Animals”. The author (C.K. Singh) would like to acknowledge Dr. Parampal Singh, Veterinary Officer, Veterinary Polyclinic Bathinda, Punjab for valuable suggestion in conducting short axis m-mode echocardiography.

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