Indian Journal of Animal Research

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Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 54 issue 2 (february 2020) : 177-184

Gross Morphological and Sex wise Morphometrical Studies on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

S. Sathapathy1,*, B.S. Dhote2, D. Mahanta2, S. Tamilselvan2, I. Singh2, M. Mrigesh2, S.K. Joshi3
1Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, CVSc. and A.H., Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Orissa, India.
2Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, India.
3Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jharsuguda, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Orissa, India.
Cite article:- Sathapathy S., Dhote B.S., Mahanta D., Tamilselvan S., Singh I., Mrigesh M., Joshi S.K. (2019). Gross Morphological and Sex wise Morphometrical Studies on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(2): 177-184. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3746.

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The first, second and third thoracic vertebrae were characterized by long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but shorter centrum. The arch presented shallow notches and was perforated by intervertebral foramina at its caudal aspect. They also presented cranial and caudal facets on their bodies. The length and breadth of supra spinous processes was observed to decrease from T7 to T9. The transverse process was reported to be thick, strong and presented a rounded non-articular mammillary process and a facet ventrally, which in turn articulated with the facet of the tubercle of the corresponding rib. The dorsal suprasinous process presented two surfaces, two borders and a summit. The costal facets were placed on either side at the end of the articular extremities of the centrum. The cranial articular processes were represented by oval facets on the anterior part of the arch and faced upwards, whereas the caudal ones sprang from the base of the dorsal supraspinous process. However, the cranial and caudal articular facets of T8 were human foot print like in Blue bull. The Biometrical observations on different parameters of seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae reflected significant (P<0.05) differences between the sexes of this species.

INTRODUCTION

The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is known to be one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and is widely found in both the forests and adjoining villages with enough green grass (Sathapathy et al., 2017). Blue bull is considered sacred as per Hindu religion sincep Vedic period (1500-500 BC). The Blue bull belongs to the family Bovidae and comes under the genus Boselaphus (Sathapathy et al., 2018a). The German Zoologist Scientist Peter Simon Pallas explained this species for the first time in 1766. English Zoologist Scientist Philips for the first time in 1833 narrated the binomial combination of the Blue bull. It is quite prevalent in northern and central parts of India especially in the foothills of Himalayas, eastern part of Pakistan and southern part of Nepal, but has vanished from Bangladesh (Sathapathy et al., 2018b). The adult male appears like ox and so called as Blue bull. They are usually seen in day times in the meadow pasture, timberland areas and agricultural land area. It prefers mostly plain or grassy plain and low hilly areas with shrubs, small bushes, scrub forests with scattered trees and does not usually found in dense forest areas, dense compact wood, etc. The Blue bulls are safeguarded beneath the IUCN since 2003 and also under safeguard of ‘Schedule III’ of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Bagchi et al., 2004). The Blue bull is safeguarded in various parts of India such as Gir National Park (Gujarat), Kumbhalgarh Santuary (Rajasthan) and Panchamarahi Biosphere Reserve, India. The massive body of the Blue bull can be attributed to the large skeleton of the antelope. Further, the skeleton comprises of large and massive bones of axial and appendicular skeleton that not only protects the viscera, but also provides shape and support to the heavy musculature of the Blue bull (Sathapathy et al., 2018c, Sathapathy et al., 2018d, Sathapathy et al., 2018e, Sathapathy et al., 2018f, Sathapathy et al., 2018g, Sathapathy et al., 2018h, Sathapathy et al., 2018i and Sathapathy et al., 2018j). The present osteo-morphological study developed a baseline data on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of adult Blue bull that would immensely help the wild life anatomists and Veterinarians in species identification and solving forensic and vetero-legal cases as no previous work has been done in this field on the Blue bull.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was carried out on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bulls (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The permission for the collection of bones was acquired from the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF), Government of Rajasthan. The bones were possessed from the Jodhpur zoo, Rajasthan getting authentic confirmation from the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF), Government of Rajasthan. The skeletons were taken out from the burial ground that was located in the premises of the office of the Deputy Conservator of Forest Wildlife (WL), Jodhpur. Afterwards, the specimens were boiled and air dried. The gross study was conducted under the supervision of the Zoo Authority, Jodhpur, India. The different parameters of seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull were measured and subjected to routine statistical analysis as per standard technique given by Snedecor and Cochran (1994) and independent samples t-Test with Systat Software Inc, USA and SPSS 16.0 version software.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The thoracic vertebrae were thirteen in number in the Blue bull irrespective of sex (Fig 1). The seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae were characterized by long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but shorter centrum (Fig 2). The centrum was distinctly constricted in the middle. It presented a thin-edged ventral crest. The arch presented shallow notches and was perforated by intervertebral foramina at its caudal aspect. They also presented cranial and caudal facets on their bodies. The length and breadth of supra spinous processes was observed to decrease from T7 to T9. The transverse process was reported to be thick, strong and presented a rounded non-articular mammillary process and a facet ventrally, which in turn articulated with the facet of the tubercle of the corresponding rib. The dorsal suprasinous process presented two surfaces, two borders and a summit. The lateral surfaces were found to be convex and the borders were nearly straight. The present findings obeyed the observations made by Getty et al., (1930) in ox and sheep, Brelend (1943) in cat, Raghavan (1964) in ox, Miller et al., (1964), Dyce et al., (2006) in dog, Ozkan (2007) in mole-rats and Meena (2012) in chital. As per some earlier reports, there were eighteen numbers of thoracic vertebrae in horse (Getty et al., 1930), twelve numbers of thoracic vertebrae in camel (Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1987), fifteen numbers in porcupine (Yilmaz, 1998) and fourteen numbers in otters (Yilmaz et al., 2000). The costal facets were placed on either side at the end of the articular extremities of the centrum. However, the cranial and caudal articular facets of T8 were human foot print like in Blue bull. Each articular facet was a demi-facet that articulated with the half the part of the head of the rib. The cranial vertebral notches were found to be shallower and smaller, but the caudal ones were deeper. The caudal arch was perforated by an additional intervertebral foramen on either side. The cranial articular processes were represented by oval facets on the anterior part of the arch and faced upwards, whereas the caudal ones sprang from the base of the dorsal supraspinous process.
 

Fig 1: Lateral view of thoracic vertebrae (T1 – T13) of adult female Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus).


 

Fig 2: Cranial view of ninth thoracic vertebra of adult female Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) showing


 
Biometrical observations
 
The biometrical observations revealed characteristic differences between the sexes of the Blue bull as follows.
 
Seventh thoracic vertebra
 
The biometrical studies revealed that the average weight was found to be 91.27±1.49 gm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 89.28±1.57 gm and 93.26±2.17 gm in females and males respectively. The average length of the body was found to be 4.15±0.08 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 4.03±0.09 cm and 4.27±0.09 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average width of the body at the middle was found to be 1.95±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.91±0.02 cm and 1.99±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. Pandey et al., (2016) in tiger (Panthera tigris) reported that the average widths of the body of T7 at the anterior, middle and posterior aspects were 2.70±0.04 cm, 2.36±0.08 cm and 4.16±0.04 cm respectively.
        
The average height of the body was found to be 1.87±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.83±0.01 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.91±0.02 cm. The average vertical diameter of vertebral canal was found to be 1.94±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.90±0.01 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.99±0.02 cm. The average transverse diameter of vertebral canal found to be 2.77±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.73±0.03 cm and 2.80±0.03 cm in females and males respectively. The average width of dorsal supraspinous process at the summit was found to be 1.88±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.86±0.02 cm and 1.91±0.02 cm females and males respectively. Similarly, the average width of dorsal supraspinous process at the middle was found to be 2.77±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.74±0.02 cm and 2.80±0.01 cm in females and males respectively. The average width of dorsal supraspinous process at the base was found to be 3.04±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 3.00±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 3.09±0.02 cm.
        
The average height of the dorsal supraspinous process was found to be 10.12±0.08 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 10.00±0.12 cm and 10.23±0.09 cm in females and males respectively. The average length of transverse process was found to be 1.56±0.05 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.52±0.07 cm and 1.59±0.08 cm in females and males respectively. The average diameter of intervertebral foramen was found to be 0.16±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.12±0.01 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.19±0.02 cm. The average length of cranial articular facet was found to be 1.00±0.03 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.92±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.07±0.03 cm. Similarly, the average width of cranial articular facet was found to be 0.80±0.03 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.74±0.03 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.86±0.04 cm. The average length of caudal articular facet was found to be 1.24±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.20±0.03 cm and 1.27±0.03 cm in females and males respectively. The average width of caudal articular facet was found to be 0.82±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.78±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.86±0.02 cm.
        
The average distance between two cranial articular facets was found to be 1.15±0.04 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.09±0.05 cm and 1.21±0.01 cm in females and males respectively. The average distance between two caudal articular facets was found to be 0.86±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.82±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.91±0.02 cm. The average distance between two cranial costal facets was found to be 3.12±0.04 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 3.09±0.04 cm and 3.15±0.06 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average distance between two caudal costal facets was found to be 2.88±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.85±0.03 cm and 2.91±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. The average diameter of tubercular facet was found to be 0.97±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.93±0.03 cm and 1.00±0.03 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average distance between the tubercular facet and costal facet was found to be 1.21±0.04 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.18±0.05 cm and 1.24±0.05 cm in females and males respectively (Table 1).
 

Table 1: Measurements of seventh thoracic vertebra of Blue bull in cm.


 
Eighth thoracic vertebra
 
The biometrical studies revealed that the average weight was found to be 83.60±1.17 gm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 82.35±1.59 gm and 84.85±1.67 gm in females and males respectively. The average length of the body was found to be 3.95±0.10 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 3.80±0.12 cm and 4.10±0.12 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average width of the body at the middle was found to be 3.13±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 3.09±0.02 cm and 3.16±0.03 cm in females and males respectively. Pandey et al., (2016) in tiger (Panthera tigris) reported that the average widths of the body of T8 at the anterior, middle and posterior aspects were 2.74±0.06 cm, 2.38±0.04 cm and 4.18±0.07 cm respectively.
        
The average height of the body was found to be 2.66±0.03 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.62±0.04 cm and 2.70±0.04 cm in females and males respectively. The average vertical diameter of vertebral canal was found to be 1.18±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull.
        
Further, it was measured to be 1.14±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.21±0.01 cm. The average transverse diameter of vertebral canal found to be 2.15±0.03 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.11±0.03 cm and 2.19±0.05 cm in females and males respectively. The average width of dorsal supraspinous process at the summit was found to be 1.94±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.89±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.99±0.01 cm. The average width of dorsal supraspinous process at the middle was found to be 2.42±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.37±0.02 cm and 2.46±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average width of dorsal supraspinous process at the base was found to be 2.50±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.46±0.03 cm and 2.54±0.01 cm in females and males respectively.
 
        
The average height of the dorsal supraspinous process was found to be 9.05±0.10 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 8.87±0.09 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 9.23±0.09 cm.
        
The average length of transverse process was found to be 1.31±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.28±0.01 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.34±0.02 cm. Similarly, the average diameter of intervertebral foramen was found to be 0.38±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.35±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.40±0.01 cm.
        
The average length of cranial articular facet was found to be 2.73±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.71±0.02 cm and 2.74±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average width of cranial articular facet was found to be 1.15±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.13±0.02 cm and 1.18±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. The average length of caudal articular facet was found to be 2.24±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.21±0.01 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.27±0.01 cm. The average width of caudal articular facet was found to be 0.90±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.88±0.02 cm and 0.93±0.02 cm in females and males respectively.
 
        
The average distance between two cranial articular facets was found to be 1.29±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.28±0.03 cm and 1.30±0.03 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average distance between two caudal articular facets was found to be 1.09±0.03 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.05±0.03 cm and 1.14±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. The average distance between two cranial costal facets was found to be 2.63±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.60±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.67±0.01 cm. The average distance between two caudal costal facets was found to be 2.57±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.54±0.03 cm and 2.60±0.03 cm in females and males respectively. The average diameter of tubercular facet was found to be 1.01±0.04 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.98±0.06 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.04±0.06 cm. The average distance tubercular facet and costal facet was found to be 1.57±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.54±0.02 cm and 1.60±0.03 cm in females and males respectively (Table 2).
 

Table 2: Measurements of eighth thoracic vertebra of Blue bull in cm.


 
Ninth thoracic vertebra
 
The biometrical studies revealed that the average weight was found to be 90.53±1.10 gm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 88.19±0.55 gm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 92.86±0.55 gm. The average length of the body was found to be 3.95±0.11 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 3.77±0.12 cm and 4.13±0.12 cm in females and males respectively. The average width of the body at the middle was found to be 3.38±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 3.35±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 3.41±0.01 cm. Pandey et al., (2016) in tiger (Panthera tigris) reported that the average widths of the body of T9 at the anterior, middle and posterior aspects were 2.78±0.04 cm, 2.48±0.04 cm and 4.34±0.08 cm respectively.
        
The average height of the body was found to be 2.30±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.27±0.01 cm and 2.33±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. The average vertical diameter of vertebral canal was found to be 1.36±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.32±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.40±0.02 cm. The average transverse diameter of vertebral canal found to be 2.14±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.11±0.03 cm and 2.17±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. The average width of dorsal supraspinous process at the summit was found to be 1.77±0.03 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.74±0.04 cm and 1.79±0.04 cm in females and males respectively. The average width of dorsal supraspinous process at the middle was found to be 1.96±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.94±0.01 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.98±0.01 cm. The average width of dorsal supraspinous process at the base was found to be 2.33±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.31±0.02 cm and 2.35±0.01 cm in females and males respectively.
        
The average height of the dorsal supraspinous process was found to be 7.75±0.10 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 7.57±0.09 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 7.93±0.09 cm. The average length of transverse process was found to be 1.45±0.05 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.42±0.07 cm and 1.48±0.07 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average diameter of intervertebral foramen was found to be 0.41±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.39±0.01 cm and 0.44±0.02 cm in females and males respectively. The average length of cranial articular facet was found to be 1.25±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.21±0.01 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.29±0.01 cm. Similarly, the average width of cranial articular facet was found to be 0.86±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.83±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.88±0.01 cm. The average length of caudal articular facet was found to be 1.05±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.02±0.02 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.08±0.02 cm. The average width of caudal articular facet was found to be 0.79±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.77±0.02 cm and 0.82±0.03 cm in females and males respectively.
        
The average distance between two cranial articular facets was found to be 1.31±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.28±0.01 cm in females that was significantly lesser (P<0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.34±0.01 cm. The average distance between two caudal articular facets was found to be 0.60±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.56±0.02 cm and 0.63±0.03 cm in females and males respectively. The average distance between two cranial costal facets was found to be 2.80±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.77±0.02 cm and 2.83±0.01 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average distance between two caudal costal facets was found to be 2.67±0.02 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 2.64±0.03 cm and 2.70±0.03 cm in females and males respectively. The average diameter of tubercular facet was found to be 0.94±0.04 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 0.90±0.06 cm and 0.99±0.06 cm in females and males respectively. Similarly, the average distance between the tubercular facet and costal facet was found to be 1.04±0.04 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured to be 1.01±0.05 cm and 1.07±0.06 cm in females and males respectively (Table 3).
 

Table 3: Measurements of ninth thoracic vertebra of Blue bull in cm.

CONCLUSION

The seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull were characterized by long supraspinous process, thick transverse process, cranial and caudal articular facets and cylindrical, but shorter centrum. Further, the various parameters of the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae like average length, width and height of body, average width and height of dorsal supraspinous process, average length and width of cranial and caudal articular facets, average length of transverse process, average diameter of tubercular facet, average diameter of intervertebral foramen, average distance between cranial and caudal costal facets and articular facets, average transverse and vertical diameters of vertebral canal showed characteristic sexual variations in the Blue bull. There is no previous information on these parameters in the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae neither of Blue bull, nor in any other domestic animals with which comparisons could be made. Hence, it is believed that the data presented above would form a baseline for further work especially when the  comparability and compatibility are now desirable traits as efforts are geared up towards massive improvement in the livestock sector of the international economy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to the Dean, CVASc., GBPUA&T, Pantngar, Uttarakhand and Ministry of Environment of Forests (MoEF), New Delhi and Jodhpur Zoo, Rajasthan, India for providing facilities and support for carrying out research on the bones of Blue bull. The funding provided by Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi and Indian Council of Agricultural research, New Delhi, India as Ph.D. grant (DST-INSPIRE Fellowship and ICAR-SRF (PGS) to the first author is also gratefully acknowledged.

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