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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 53 issue 9 (september 2019) : 1239-1242,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3637

Comparative pathogenicity analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans RAPD types

A
Aniruddha Banerjee
S
Saktipada Pradhan
C
Chanchal Debnath
N
Nimai Chand Patra
R
Rabindra Nath Hansda
S
Samiran Mondal
R
Rakesh Kumar
A
Abhishek Dharam Singh
1Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India.
Cite article:- Banerjee Aniruddha, Pradhan Saktipada, Debnath Chanchal, Patra Chand Nimai, Hansda Nath Rabindra, Mondal Samiran, Kumar Rakesh, Singh Dharam Abhishek (2018). Comparative pathogenicity analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans RAPD types. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(9): 1239-1242. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3637.

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the major causes of Cryptococcosis, an invasive fungal infection of human and animals. Few data have been reported on the pathophysiology of Pattern I (PI) and Pattern IV (PIV) of C. neoformans with context of their clinical outcome. In this study an extensive comparison of PI and PIV was conducted to provide a more complete and reliable assessment of their biological and clinical behaviour. Representative strains of PI and PIV of C. neoformans were collected from Outreach Programme on Zoonotic Diseases (OPZD) at Department of Veterinary Public Health of West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences and infective inoculum was prepared by adjusting the number of Cryptococci at 3.25X 105 / ml in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4). Mice were challenged with 0.2 ml of inoculum at lateral tail vein and infected mice were examined for histopathological study and survivability study for 21 days. This present study showed that PIV produced more cystic structure in brain (c2 =4.22, P< 0.05) and granuloma in liver (c2=4.05, P<0.05) with lower mean survival time (P= 0.044) but lack a statistical significance in micro-abscess formation in kidney (c2=0.017, P> 0.05). PIV was associated with an approximate 4-fold increase in risk of death as compared with PI (P< 0.05, OR= 4.38, 95% CL= 1.32 to 14.50). Our study suggested that Pattern IV produced more severe Cryptococcosis in murine model due to its difference in genotype.

REFERENCES

  1. Banerjee, A., Pradhan, S., Debnath, C., Baidya, S., Patra, N. C., Hansda, R. N. and Mukhopadhayay, S. K. (2017). In-Vitro and In-    Vivo Pathogenicity Study of Cryptococcus Species. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 6: 2495-2503.
  2. Buchanan, K.L. and Murphy,J.W.(1998). What makes Cryptococcus neoformans a pathogen?.Emerging Infect. Dis.,4: 71.
  3. Casadevall, A. and Perfect, J.R.(1998).Cryptococcus neoformans (Vol. 595). Washington, DC: ASM press.
  4. Culling, C. F. A. (1963). Handbook of histopathological and histochemical techniques. 3rd edition. Butter Worths and Co. (publishers), Ltd., London.
  5. Fisher, S. K., Novak, J. E. and Agranoff, B. W. (2002). Inositol and higher inositol phosphates in neural tissues: homeostasis, metabolism and functional significance. J. Neurochem. 82: 736-754.
  6. Healy, M.E., Dillavou, C.L. and Taylor, G.E.(1977). Diagnostic medium containing inositol, urea, and caffeic acid for selective growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 6: 387-391.
  7. Jung, W. H. and Kronstad, J.W.(2008). Iron and fungal pathogenesis: a case study with Cryptococcus neoformans. Cell. Microbiol. 10:277-284.
  8. Jung, W.H., Sham, A, White,R.and Kronstad, J. W. (2006). Iron regulation of the major virulence factors in the AIDS-associated pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS biology4e410.
  9. Kaplan, E.L.and Meier, P.(1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc, 53:457-481.
  10. Kumarasamy, N., Solomon, S., Flanigan T.P., Hemalatha, R., Thyagarajan, S.P., Mayer, K.H. (2003). Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus disease in Southern India. Clin Infect Dis36: 79-85.
  11. Kwon-Chung, K. J., Boekhout, T., Fell, J. W. and Diaz, M. (2002). (1557) Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. bacillisporus (Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Tremellomycetidae). Taxon.,51: 804-806.
  12. Nishimura, K., and Miyaji, M. (1979). Histopathological studies on experimental cryptococcosis in nude mice. Mycopathologia, 68: 145-153.
  13. Park, B. J., Wannemuehler, K. A., Marston, B. J., Govender, N., Pappas, P. G., and Chiller, T. M. (2009). Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. Aids, 23: 525-530.
  14. Schoell, A. R., Heyde, B. R., Weir, D. E., Chiang, P. C., Hu, Y. and Tung, D. K. (2009). Euthanasia method for mice in rapid time-    course pulmonary pharmacokinetic studies. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci., 48: 506-511.
  15. Smith, A. and Morgan, W. T. (1979). Haem transport to the liver by haemopexin. Receptor-mediated uptake with recycling of the protein. Biochem. J, 182: 47-54.
  16. UNAIDS. (2006). Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic[Online] Available at: http://data.unaids.org/pub/Global Report/2006/    2006_gr_ch02_en.pdf. Accessed on 4 May 2011.
  17. Vajpayee, M., Kanswal, S., Seth, P. and Wlg, N. (2003). Spectrum of opportunistic infections and profile of CD4+ counts among AIDS patients in North India. Infection, 31: 336-340.
  18. Xue, C., Liu, T., Chen, L., Li, W., Liu, I., Kronstad, J. W. and Heitman, J. (2010). Role of an expanded inositol transporter repertoire in Cryptococcus neoformans sexual reproduction and virulence. MBio, 1 e00084-10.
  19. Yamamoto, Y., Kohno, S., Koga, H., Kakeya, H., Tomono, K., Kaku, M., ... and Hara, K. (1995). Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of clinically and environmentally isolated Cryptococcus neoformans in Nagasaki. J Clin Microbiol., 33: 3328-3332. 
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 53 issue 9 (september 2019) : 1239-1242,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3637

    Comparative pathogenicity analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans RAPD types

    A
    Aniruddha Banerjee
    S
    Saktipada Pradhan
    C
    Chanchal Debnath
    N
    Nimai Chand Patra
    R
    Rabindra Nath Hansda
    S
    Samiran Mondal
    R
    Rakesh Kumar
    A
    Abhishek Dharam Singh
    1Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India.
    Cite article:- Banerjee Aniruddha, Pradhan Saktipada, Debnath Chanchal, Patra Chand Nimai, Hansda Nath Rabindra, Mondal Samiran, Kumar Rakesh, Singh Dharam Abhishek (2018). Comparative pathogenicity analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans RAPD types. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(9): 1239-1242. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3637.

    ABSTRACT

    Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the major causes of Cryptococcosis, an invasive fungal infection of human and animals. Few data have been reported on the pathophysiology of Pattern I (PI) and Pattern IV (PIV) of C. neoformans with context of their clinical outcome. In this study an extensive comparison of PI and PIV was conducted to provide a more complete and reliable assessment of their biological and clinical behaviour. Representative strains of PI and PIV of C. neoformans were collected from Outreach Programme on Zoonotic Diseases (OPZD) at Department of Veterinary Public Health of West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences and infective inoculum was prepared by adjusting the number of Cryptococci at 3.25X 105 / ml in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4). Mice were challenged with 0.2 ml of inoculum at lateral tail vein and infected mice were examined for histopathological study and survivability study for 21 days. This present study showed that PIV produced more cystic structure in brain (c2 =4.22, P< 0.05) and granuloma in liver (c2=4.05, P<0.05) with lower mean survival time (P= 0.044) but lack a statistical significance in micro-abscess formation in kidney (c2=0.017, P> 0.05). PIV was associated with an approximate 4-fold increase in risk of death as compared with PI (P< 0.05, OR= 4.38, 95% CL= 1.32 to 14.50). Our study suggested that Pattern IV produced more severe Cryptococcosis in murine model due to its difference in genotype.

    REFERENCES

    1. Banerjee, A., Pradhan, S., Debnath, C., Baidya, S., Patra, N. C., Hansda, R. N. and Mukhopadhayay, S. K. (2017). In-Vitro and In-    Vivo Pathogenicity Study of Cryptococcus Species. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 6: 2495-2503.
    2. Buchanan, K.L. and Murphy,J.W.(1998). What makes Cryptococcus neoformans a pathogen?.Emerging Infect. Dis.,4: 71.
    3. Casadevall, A. and Perfect, J.R.(1998).Cryptococcus neoformans (Vol. 595). Washington, DC: ASM press.
    4. Culling, C. F. A. (1963). Handbook of histopathological and histochemical techniques. 3rd edition. Butter Worths and Co. (publishers), Ltd., London.
    5. Fisher, S. K., Novak, J. E. and Agranoff, B. W. (2002). Inositol and higher inositol phosphates in neural tissues: homeostasis, metabolism and functional significance. J. Neurochem. 82: 736-754.
    6. Healy, M.E., Dillavou, C.L. and Taylor, G.E.(1977). Diagnostic medium containing inositol, urea, and caffeic acid for selective growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 6: 387-391.
    7. Jung, W. H. and Kronstad, J.W.(2008). Iron and fungal pathogenesis: a case study with Cryptococcus neoformans. Cell. Microbiol. 10:277-284.
    8. Jung, W.H., Sham, A, White,R.and Kronstad, J. W. (2006). Iron regulation of the major virulence factors in the AIDS-associated pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS biology4e410.
    9. Kaplan, E.L.and Meier, P.(1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc, 53:457-481.
    10. Kumarasamy, N., Solomon, S., Flanigan T.P., Hemalatha, R., Thyagarajan, S.P., Mayer, K.H. (2003). Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus disease in Southern India. Clin Infect Dis36: 79-85.
    11. Kwon-Chung, K. J., Boekhout, T., Fell, J. W. and Diaz, M. (2002). (1557) Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. bacillisporus (Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Tremellomycetidae). Taxon.,51: 804-806.
    12. Nishimura, K., and Miyaji, M. (1979). Histopathological studies on experimental cryptococcosis in nude mice. Mycopathologia, 68: 145-153.
    13. Park, B. J., Wannemuehler, K. A., Marston, B. J., Govender, N., Pappas, P. G., and Chiller, T. M. (2009). Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. Aids, 23: 525-530.
    14. Schoell, A. R., Heyde, B. R., Weir, D. E., Chiang, P. C., Hu, Y. and Tung, D. K. (2009). Euthanasia method for mice in rapid time-    course pulmonary pharmacokinetic studies. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci., 48: 506-511.
    15. Smith, A. and Morgan, W. T. (1979). Haem transport to the liver by haemopexin. Receptor-mediated uptake with recycling of the protein. Biochem. J, 182: 47-54.
    16. UNAIDS. (2006). Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic[Online] Available at: http://data.unaids.org/pub/Global Report/2006/    2006_gr_ch02_en.pdf. Accessed on 4 May 2011.
    17. Vajpayee, M., Kanswal, S., Seth, P. and Wlg, N. (2003). Spectrum of opportunistic infections and profile of CD4+ counts among AIDS patients in North India. Infection, 31: 336-340.
    18. Xue, C., Liu, T., Chen, L., Li, W., Liu, I., Kronstad, J. W. and Heitman, J. (2010). Role of an expanded inositol transporter repertoire in Cryptococcus neoformans sexual reproduction and virulence. MBio, 1 e00084-10.
    19. Yamamoto, Y., Kohno, S., Koga, H., Kakeya, H., Tomono, K., Kaku, M., ... and Hara, K. (1995). Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of clinically and environmentally isolated Cryptococcus neoformans in Nagasaki. J Clin Microbiol., 33: 3328-3332. 
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