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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 53 issue 4 (april 2019) : 528-532,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3436

Clinico-pathologic observations of spontaneous hepatic coccidiosis in broiler rabbits maintained in Bannerghatta biological park in Karnataka state of India

V
V. Manjunatha
M
M. Rout
C
C.S Sujay
N
N. Jaisingh
N
Nikitha Salin
S
S.M. Byregowda
1Wild Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bannerghatta, Bangalore-560 083, Karnataka, India.
Cite article:- Manjunatha V., Rout M., Sujay C.S, Jaisingh N., Salin Nikitha, Byregowda S.M. (2019). Clinico-pathologic observations of spontaneous hepatic coccidiosis in broiler rabbits maintained in Bannerghatta biological park in Karnataka state of India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(4): 528-532. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3436.

ABSTRACT

The present study reports the clinico-pathologic changes observed in spontaneous hepatic coccidiosis caused by Eimeria stiedae in rabbits at Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP) in Karnataka state of India. The clinical signs observed in the affected rabbits included sudden death, stunted growth, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Increased liver enzymes and bilirubin was noticed upon biochemical examination. At necropsy, lesions included grossly enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) with presence of discrete yellowish-white nodules ranging from 1mm to 5mm size throughout the parenchyma containing a thick creamy white fluid. Faecal sample examination demonstrated the presence of Eimeria oocyts. The impression smears from the liver and intestinal mucosa also showed Eimeria oocysts, degenerative changes, necrotic cells and mononuclear cell aggregation to form oocyst granuloma. Histological observation revealed distension of bile duct, hyperplasia of epithelium along with numerous coccidian oocysts at the centre. Granulomatous tissues were observed to have encircled the bile duct with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Microscopic examination of exudates from liver also revealed numerous oocysts of E. stiedae. Multiple areas of coagulative necrosis of hepatic cells surrounded with inflammatory cells were also found. 

REFERENCES

  1. Abbas, S.M. (2009). Field study of some endoparasites in local rabbits. In: Proc. 9th Veterinary Scientific Conference, 1: 157-160.
  2. Al-Mathal, E.M. (2008). Hepatic coccidiosis of the domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus L. in Saudi Arabia. World J. Zool., 3(1): 30-35.
  3. Al-Naimi, R.A.S., Khalaf, O.H., Tano, S.Y. and Al-Taee, E.H. (2012). Pathological study of hepatic coccidiosis in naturally infected rabbits. AL-Qadisiya J. Vet. Med. Sci., 11(1): 63-69. 
  4. Barriga, O.O. and Arnoni, J.V. (1981). Patho-physiology of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. Vet. Parasitol., 8: 201-210.
  5. Becha, B.B. and Devi, S.S. (2014). Management of severe hepatic coccidiosis in domestic rabbits. Indian J. Vet. Anim. Sci. Res., 43(1): 44-48. 
  6. Cavalcante, A.C.R., Teixeira, M., Monteiro, J.P. and Lopes, C.W.G. (2012). Eimeria species in dairy goats in Brazil. Vet. Parasitol., 183: 356-358.
  7. D’Souza, P.E., Rajeshwari, Y.B., Jagannath, M.S. and Rahman, S.A. (1992). Coccidiosis in rabbits. Livestock Adv., 17: 26-28.
  8. El-Akabawy, L.M., Zayan, K.A., Tantawy, A.A. and Omar, R.E.M. (2004). Anticoccidial efficacy of propolis and Toltrazuril against Eimeria stiedae in New Zealand White Rabbit’s. Zagazig Vet. J., 32(1): 129-145.
  9. Erdogmus, Z.S. and Eroksuz, Y. (2006). DS hepatic coccidiosis in Angora rabbits. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 5(6): 462-463.
  10. Gavhane, D.S., Mhase, A.K., Moregaonkar, S.D., Sawale, G.K., Kadam, D.P. and Meshram, P.V. (2015). Hepatic coccidiosis with concurrent infection of pasteurellosis in rabbits. Indian J. Vet. Pathol., 39(3): 269-271.
  11. Gonzalez-Redondo, P., Finzi, A., Negretti, P. and Micci, M. (2008). Incidence of coccidiosis in different rabbit keeping systems. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., 60: 1267-1270.
  12. Gupta, S.K. and Singla, L.D. (2012) Diagnostic trends in parasitic diseases of animals. In: Veterinary Diagnostics: Current Trends. Gupta RP, Garg SR, Nehra V and Lather D (Eds), Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, pp 81-112.
  13. Hauptman, K., Tichy, F. and Knotek, Z. (2001). Clinical diagnostics of hepathopathies in small mammals: Evaluation of importance of individual methods. Acta. Vet. Brno., 70: 297-311.
  14. Hein, B. and Lämmmmler, G. (1978). Alteration of enzyme activities in serum of rabbits infected with Eimeria stiedae. Parasitol. Res., 57: 199-211.
  15. Jithendran, K.P. and Bhat, T.K. (1995). Subclinical coccidiosis in Angora rabbits: A field survey in Himachal Pradesh. World Rabbit Sci., 4: 29-32.
  16. Kim, D.Y., Reilly, T.J., Schommer, S.K. and Spagnoli, S.T. (2010). Rabbit tularemia and hepatic coccidiosis in wild rabbit. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 16(12): 2016-2017.
  17. Laha, R., Das, M. and Goswami, A. (2015). Coccidiosis in rabbits in a subtropical hilly region. Indian J. Anim. Res., 9(2): 231-233.
  18. Lakshmanan, B., Ravindran, R., Vasudeven, V.N. and Devada, K. (2011). Hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits in Kerala. J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., 9(2): 56-57.
  19. Li, M. and Ooi, H. (2009). Fecal occult blood manifestation of intestinal Eimeria spp. infection in rabbit. Vet. Parasitol., 161: 327-329.
  20. Luna, L.G. (1968). Manual of Histological Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of pathology. 3rd. ed Mcgrow-Hill book company New York.
  21. Magray, A.A., Khan, A.R. and Rasheed, M. (2010). Study on fatal hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits of Kashmir Valley. J. Env. Bio. Sci., 24: 243-245.
  22. Manser, M.M., Santos Saez, A.C. and Chiodini, P.L. (2016). Faecal parasitology: concentration methodology needs to be better standardised. PLoS Negl Trop Dis., 10(4): e0004579.
  23. Okumu, P.O., Gathumbi, P.K., Karanja, D.N., Mande, J.D., Wanyoike, M.M., Gachuiri, C.K., Kiarie, N., Mwanza, R.N. and Borter, D.K. (2014). Prevalence, pathology and risk factors for coccidiosis in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in selected regions in Kenya. Vet. Quart., 34(4): 205-210. 
  24. Oncel, T., Gulegen, E., Senlik, B. and Bakirci, S. (2011). Intestinal coccidiosis in Angora rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) caused by Eimeria intestinalis, Eimeria perforans and Eimeria coecicola. Yüzüncü Yýl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi., 22(1): 27-29.
  25. Pakandl, M. (2009). Coccidia of rabbit: a review. Folia Parasit., 563: 153-166.
  26. Palanivel, K.M., Sureshkumar, K. and Rishikesavan, R. (2013). Prevalence of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits - A postmortem analysis. Indian Vet. J., 90(11): 72-73.
  27. Pangasa, A., Singla, L.D., Sood, N., Singh, A. and Juyal, P.D. (2007). Histopathological evaluation of anticoccidial activity of an ayurvedic coccidiostat, in induced Eimeria tenella infection in chicken. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77(3): 214-216.
  28. Papeschi, C., Fichi, G. and Perrucci, S. (2013). Oocyst excretion pattern of three intestinal Eimeria species in female rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 21: 77-83.
  29. Rajkhowa, C. (1996). Incidence of rabbit coccidiosis in Meghalaya and its control. J. Vet. Parasitol., 10: 175-178.
  30. Rashwan, A.A. and Marai, I.F.M. (2000). Mortality in young rabbits: a review. World Rabbit Sci., 8: 111-124.
  31. Raymond, J.L. and Detrick, F. (2001). Pathology of rabbits. U.S Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease. Raymonde det. Amedd. Army. Mil.
  32. Rehman, T.U., Khan, M.N., Khan, I.A. and Ahmad, M. (2011). Epidemiology and economic benefits of treating goat coccidiosis. Pakistan Vet. J., 31(3): 227-230.
  33. Rosell, J.M., de la Fuente, L.F., Badiola, J.I., Fernandez de Luco, D., Casal, J. and Saco, M. (2010). Study of urgent visits to commercial rabbit farms in Spain and Portugal during 1997-2007. World Rabbit Sci., 17: 101-127.
  34. Sanyal, P.K. and Sharma, S.C. (1990). Clinicopathology of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 60: 924-928. 
  35. Satyanarayana, N.V.V., Madhekar, D. and Rao, C.R.S. (1982). Observations on an outbreak of coccidiosis in rabbits and its treatment. Livestock Adv., 7: 1-57.
  36. Singla, L.D., Juyal, P.D. and Sandhu, B.S. (2000). Pathology and therapy in naturally Eimeria stiedae infected rabbits. J. Protozool. Res., 10: 185-191.
  37. Sivajothi, S., Reddy, B.S. and Rayulu, V.C. (2016). Study on impression smears of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. J. Parasitic Dis., 40(3): 906-909.
  38. Toula, F.H. (2000). Efficacy of water Suspension of Dried leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica) in the Control of hepatic coccidiosis in Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) in Jeddah (Western Region of Saudi Arabia). J. Egyptian-German Soc. Zool., 33: 107-128.
  39. Varga, I. (1982). Large-scale management systems and parasite populations: coccidia in rabbits. Vet. Parasitol., 11: 69-84.
  40. Wessels, J., Wessels, M.E., Wood, R. and Quayle, J. (2011). Hepatic coccidiosis in red lechwe (Kobus leche leche). Vet. Rec., 168: 338. 
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    Research Article

    volume 53 issue 4 (april 2019) : 528-532,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3436

    Clinico-pathologic observations of spontaneous hepatic coccidiosis in broiler rabbits maintained in Bannerghatta biological park in Karnataka state of India

    V
    V. Manjunatha
    M
    M. Rout
    C
    C.S Sujay
    N
    N. Jaisingh
    N
    Nikitha Salin
    S
    S.M. Byregowda
    1Wild Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bannerghatta, Bangalore-560 083, Karnataka, India.
    Cite article:- Manjunatha V., Rout M., Sujay C.S, Jaisingh N., Salin Nikitha, Byregowda S.M. (2019). Clinico-pathologic observations of spontaneous hepatic coccidiosis in broiler rabbits maintained in Bannerghatta biological park in Karnataka state of India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 53(4): 528-532. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3436.

    ABSTRACT

    The present study reports the clinico-pathologic changes observed in spontaneous hepatic coccidiosis caused by Eimeria stiedae in rabbits at Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP) in Karnataka state of India. The clinical signs observed in the affected rabbits included sudden death, stunted growth, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Increased liver enzymes and bilirubin was noticed upon biochemical examination. At necropsy, lesions included grossly enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) with presence of discrete yellowish-white nodules ranging from 1mm to 5mm size throughout the parenchyma containing a thick creamy white fluid. Faecal sample examination demonstrated the presence of Eimeria oocyts. The impression smears from the liver and intestinal mucosa also showed Eimeria oocysts, degenerative changes, necrotic cells and mononuclear cell aggregation to form oocyst granuloma. Histological observation revealed distension of bile duct, hyperplasia of epithelium along with numerous coccidian oocysts at the centre. Granulomatous tissues were observed to have encircled the bile duct with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Microscopic examination of exudates from liver also revealed numerous oocysts of E. stiedae. Multiple areas of coagulative necrosis of hepatic cells surrounded with inflammatory cells were also found. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Abbas, S.M. (2009). Field study of some endoparasites in local rabbits. In: Proc. 9th Veterinary Scientific Conference, 1: 157-160.
    2. Al-Mathal, E.M. (2008). Hepatic coccidiosis of the domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus L. in Saudi Arabia. World J. Zool., 3(1): 30-35.
    3. Al-Naimi, R.A.S., Khalaf, O.H., Tano, S.Y. and Al-Taee, E.H. (2012). Pathological study of hepatic coccidiosis in naturally infected rabbits. AL-Qadisiya J. Vet. Med. Sci., 11(1): 63-69. 
    4. Barriga, O.O. and Arnoni, J.V. (1981). Patho-physiology of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. Vet. Parasitol., 8: 201-210.
    5. Becha, B.B. and Devi, S.S. (2014). Management of severe hepatic coccidiosis in domestic rabbits. Indian J. Vet. Anim. Sci. Res., 43(1): 44-48. 
    6. Cavalcante, A.C.R., Teixeira, M., Monteiro, J.P. and Lopes, C.W.G. (2012). Eimeria species in dairy goats in Brazil. Vet. Parasitol., 183: 356-358.
    7. D’Souza, P.E., Rajeshwari, Y.B., Jagannath, M.S. and Rahman, S.A. (1992). Coccidiosis in rabbits. Livestock Adv., 17: 26-28.
    8. El-Akabawy, L.M., Zayan, K.A., Tantawy, A.A. and Omar, R.E.M. (2004). Anticoccidial efficacy of propolis and Toltrazuril against Eimeria stiedae in New Zealand White Rabbit’s. Zagazig Vet. J., 32(1): 129-145.
    9. Erdogmus, Z.S. and Eroksuz, Y. (2006). DS hepatic coccidiosis in Angora rabbits. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 5(6): 462-463.
    10. Gavhane, D.S., Mhase, A.K., Moregaonkar, S.D., Sawale, G.K., Kadam, D.P. and Meshram, P.V. (2015). Hepatic coccidiosis with concurrent infection of pasteurellosis in rabbits. Indian J. Vet. Pathol., 39(3): 269-271.
    11. Gonzalez-Redondo, P., Finzi, A., Negretti, P. and Micci, M. (2008). Incidence of coccidiosis in different rabbit keeping systems. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., 60: 1267-1270.
    12. Gupta, S.K. and Singla, L.D. (2012) Diagnostic trends in parasitic diseases of animals. In: Veterinary Diagnostics: Current Trends. Gupta RP, Garg SR, Nehra V and Lather D (Eds), Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, pp 81-112.
    13. Hauptman, K., Tichy, F. and Knotek, Z. (2001). Clinical diagnostics of hepathopathies in small mammals: Evaluation of importance of individual methods. Acta. Vet. Brno., 70: 297-311.
    14. Hein, B. and Lämmmmler, G. (1978). Alteration of enzyme activities in serum of rabbits infected with Eimeria stiedae. Parasitol. Res., 57: 199-211.
    15. Jithendran, K.P. and Bhat, T.K. (1995). Subclinical coccidiosis in Angora rabbits: A field survey in Himachal Pradesh. World Rabbit Sci., 4: 29-32.
    16. Kim, D.Y., Reilly, T.J., Schommer, S.K. and Spagnoli, S.T. (2010). Rabbit tularemia and hepatic coccidiosis in wild rabbit. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 16(12): 2016-2017.
    17. Laha, R., Das, M. and Goswami, A. (2015). Coccidiosis in rabbits in a subtropical hilly region. Indian J. Anim. Res., 9(2): 231-233.
    18. Lakshmanan, B., Ravindran, R., Vasudeven, V.N. and Devada, K. (2011). Hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits in Kerala. J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., 9(2): 56-57.
    19. Li, M. and Ooi, H. (2009). Fecal occult blood manifestation of intestinal Eimeria spp. infection in rabbit. Vet. Parasitol., 161: 327-329.
    20. Luna, L.G. (1968). Manual of Histological Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of pathology. 3rd. ed Mcgrow-Hill book company New York.
    21. Magray, A.A., Khan, A.R. and Rasheed, M. (2010). Study on fatal hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits of Kashmir Valley. J. Env. Bio. Sci., 24: 243-245.
    22. Manser, M.M., Santos Saez, A.C. and Chiodini, P.L. (2016). Faecal parasitology: concentration methodology needs to be better standardised. PLoS Negl Trop Dis., 10(4): e0004579.
    23. Okumu, P.O., Gathumbi, P.K., Karanja, D.N., Mande, J.D., Wanyoike, M.M., Gachuiri, C.K., Kiarie, N., Mwanza, R.N. and Borter, D.K. (2014). Prevalence, pathology and risk factors for coccidiosis in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in selected regions in Kenya. Vet. Quart., 34(4): 205-210. 
    24. Oncel, T., Gulegen, E., Senlik, B. and Bakirci, S. (2011). Intestinal coccidiosis in Angora rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) caused by Eimeria intestinalis, Eimeria perforans and Eimeria coecicola. Yüzüncü Yýl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi., 22(1): 27-29.
    25. Pakandl, M. (2009). Coccidia of rabbit: a review. Folia Parasit., 563: 153-166.
    26. Palanivel, K.M., Sureshkumar, K. and Rishikesavan, R. (2013). Prevalence of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits - A postmortem analysis. Indian Vet. J., 90(11): 72-73.
    27. Pangasa, A., Singla, L.D., Sood, N., Singh, A. and Juyal, P.D. (2007). Histopathological evaluation of anticoccidial activity of an ayurvedic coccidiostat, in induced Eimeria tenella infection in chicken. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77(3): 214-216.
    28. Papeschi, C., Fichi, G. and Perrucci, S. (2013). Oocyst excretion pattern of three intestinal Eimeria species in female rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 21: 77-83.
    29. Rajkhowa, C. (1996). Incidence of rabbit coccidiosis in Meghalaya and its control. J. Vet. Parasitol., 10: 175-178.
    30. Rashwan, A.A. and Marai, I.F.M. (2000). Mortality in young rabbits: a review. World Rabbit Sci., 8: 111-124.
    31. Raymond, J.L. and Detrick, F. (2001). Pathology of rabbits. U.S Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease. Raymonde det. Amedd. Army. Mil.
    32. Rehman, T.U., Khan, M.N., Khan, I.A. and Ahmad, M. (2011). Epidemiology and economic benefits of treating goat coccidiosis. Pakistan Vet. J., 31(3): 227-230.
    33. Rosell, J.M., de la Fuente, L.F., Badiola, J.I., Fernandez de Luco, D., Casal, J. and Saco, M. (2010). Study of urgent visits to commercial rabbit farms in Spain and Portugal during 1997-2007. World Rabbit Sci., 17: 101-127.
    34. Sanyal, P.K. and Sharma, S.C. (1990). Clinicopathology of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 60: 924-928. 
    35. Satyanarayana, N.V.V., Madhekar, D. and Rao, C.R.S. (1982). Observations on an outbreak of coccidiosis in rabbits and its treatment. Livestock Adv., 7: 1-57.
    36. Singla, L.D., Juyal, P.D. and Sandhu, B.S. (2000). Pathology and therapy in naturally Eimeria stiedae infected rabbits. J. Protozool. Res., 10: 185-191.
    37. Sivajothi, S., Reddy, B.S. and Rayulu, V.C. (2016). Study on impression smears of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. J. Parasitic Dis., 40(3): 906-909.
    38. Toula, F.H. (2000). Efficacy of water Suspension of Dried leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica) in the Control of hepatic coccidiosis in Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) in Jeddah (Western Region of Saudi Arabia). J. Egyptian-German Soc. Zool., 33: 107-128.
    39. Varga, I. (1982). Large-scale management systems and parasite populations: coccidia in rabbits. Vet. Parasitol., 11: 69-84.
    40. Wessels, J., Wessels, M.E., Wood, R. and Quayle, J. (2011). Hepatic coccidiosis in red lechwe (Kobus leche leche). Vet. Rec., 168: 338. 
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