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Research Article

volume 52 issue 8 (august 2018) : 1190-1194,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3344

Effect of carnitine supplementation on growth performance and economics in pigs fed high fat diet

A
Arathy Saseendran
K
K. Ally
K
K. George Sherin
A
A.P. Usha
1Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur – 680 651, Kerala, India.
Cite article:- Saseendran Arathy, Ally K., Sherin George K., Usha A.P. (2017). Effect of carnitine supplementation on growth performance and economics in pigs fed high fat diet. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(8): 1190-1194. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3344.

ABSTRACT

Thirty two weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups allotted to the three dietary treatments, T1- control ration, T2- control ration plus 5 per cent fat and T3- T2 plus 150 mg/kg carnitine. The total dry matter intake, fortnightly body weight of each individual animal and economics were recorded. There was a significant improvement (P<0.01; and 0.05) observed for pigs under supplemented group (T2 and T3) than that of control group (T1) with regards to all growth parameters studied during growing phase than finisher phase and overall period. The cost of feed per kg weight gain during the overall period was found to be comparable among treatments (T1, T2, and T3). It may be concluded that primary response of pigs to dietary supplements were more during growing stage than finisher and inclusion of 5 % fat would be beneficial for improving growth in weaned LWY piglets.

REFERENCES

  1. AOAC. (2012). Official Methods of Analysis. 19th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA 
  2. Apple, J.K., Maxwell, C.V., Kutz, B.R., Rakes, L.K., Sawyer, J.T., Johnson, Z.B., Armstrong, T.A. and Carr, S.N. (2008). Interactive effect of ractopamine and dietary fat source on pork quality characteristics of fresh pork chops during simulated retail display. J. Anim. Sci. [online]. Available: http://jas.fass.org/content/early /jas.2007-0327.[23 May 2008].
  3. Baudon, E.C., Hancock, J.D. and Llanes, N. (2003). Added fat in diets for pigs in early and late finishing. Swine Day 9: 155-158.
  4. Brumm, M.C. and Peo, E.R. (1994). Effect of fat source in receiving diets and reduced nocturnal temperatures on commingled feeder pig performance. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 1522-1529.
  5. Campbell, R.G. (2005). Fats in pig diets: beyond their contribution to energy content. Recent Adv. Anim. Nutr. Aust. 15: 15-19.
  6. Chen, Y.J., Kim, I.H., Cho, J.H., Yoo, J.S., Wang, Q., Wang, Y. and Huang, Y. (2008). Evaluation of dietary L-carnitine or garlic powder on growth performance, dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities, blood profiles and meat quality in finishing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 141: 141-152.
  7. Eder, K., Ramanau, A. and Kluge, H. (2002). Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on performance parameters in gilts and sows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 85: 73-80.
  8. Han, Y. and Thacker, P.A. (2006). Effects of L-carnitine, selenium-enriched yeast, jujube fruit and hwangto (red clay) supplementation on performance and carcass measurements of finishing pigs. Asian- Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19(2): 217-223.
  9. Heo, K. (2000). Nutritional and metabolic assessment of carnitine for young pigs. Graduate Thesis. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC. 232p.
  10. Heo, K., Odle, J. and Han, I.K. (2000a). Effects of dietary L-carnitine and protein level on plasma carnitine, energy and carnitine balance, and carnitine biosynthesis of 20 kg pigs. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 1568-1575.
  11. James, B.W., Tokach, M.D., Goodband, R.D., Nelssen, J.L., Dritz, S.S., Owen, K.Q., Woodworth, J.C. (2014). Interactive effects of dietary ractopamine HCl and L-carnitine on finishing pigs: É. Growth performance. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 3265-3271.
  12. James, B.W., Tokach, M.D., Goodband, R.D., Nelssen, J.L., Dritz, S.S., Owen, K.Q., Woodworth, J.C. and Sulabo, R.C. (2013). Effects of dietary L-carnitine and ractopamine HCl on the metabolic response to handling in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 4426-4439.
  13. Lauridsen, C., Christensen, T.B., Halekoh, U. and Jensen, S.K. (2007). Alternative fat sources to animal fat for pigs. Lipid Technol. 19(7): 156-159.
  14. Leibbrandt, V.D., Hays, V.W, Ewan, R.C. and Speer, V.C. (1975). Effect of fat on performance of baby and growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 40(6): 1081-1085.
  15. Mendoza, S.M. and Heugten, E. (2014). Effects of dietary lipid sources on performance and apparent total tract digestibility of lipids and energy when fed to nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 627-636.
  16. Mitchaothai, J., Everts, H., Yuangklang, C., Wittayakun, S., Vasupen, K., Wongsuthavas, S., Srenanul, P., Hovenier, R. and Beynen, A.C. (2008a). Digestion and deposition of individual fatty acids in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either beef tallow or sunflower oil. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 92(4): 502-510.
  17. NRC [National Research Council]. (1998). Nutrient Requirement of Swine (10th Ed.). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 210p.
  18. Overland, M. and Sundstol, F. (1995). Effects of lecithin on fat utilization by weanling pigs. Livestock. Prod. Sci. 41: 217-224.
  19. Piao, X.S., Jin, J., Kim, J.H., Kim, J.D., Shin, I.S. and Han, I.K. (2000). Utilization of fat sources in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci. 13(9): 1255-1262.
  20. Rekiel, A. and Zackiewic, U. (2004). Production results of fatteners fed a diet supplemented with L-carnitine. Annu. Anim.Sci. Supplement. 2: 181-185.
  21. Rincker, M.J., Carter, S.D., Real, D.E., Nelssen, J.L., Tokach, M.D., Goodband, R.D., Dritz, S.S., Senne, B.W., Fent, R.W., Pettey, L.A. and Owen, K.Q. (2003). Effects of increasing dietary L-carnitine on growth performance of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 2259-2269.
  22. Shurson, G.C., Kerr, B.J. and Hanson, A.R. (2015). Evaluating the quality of feed fats and oils and their effects on pig growth performance. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 6: 10-18.
  23. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical Methods. (8th Ed.). The Iowa State University press, Ames, IA. 314p.
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 8 (august 2018) : 1190-1194,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3344

    Effect of carnitine supplementation on growth performance and economics in pigs fed high fat diet

    A
    Arathy Saseendran
    K
    K. Ally
    K
    K. George Sherin
    A
    A.P. Usha
    1Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur – 680 651, Kerala, India.
    Cite article:- Saseendran Arathy, Ally K., Sherin George K., Usha A.P. (2017). Effect of carnitine supplementation on growth performance and economics in pigs fed high fat diet. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(8): 1190-1194. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3344.

    ABSTRACT

    Thirty two weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups allotted to the three dietary treatments, T1- control ration, T2- control ration plus 5 per cent fat and T3- T2 plus 150 mg/kg carnitine. The total dry matter intake, fortnightly body weight of each individual animal and economics were recorded. There was a significant improvement (P<0.01; and 0.05) observed for pigs under supplemented group (T2 and T3) than that of control group (T1) with regards to all growth parameters studied during growing phase than finisher phase and overall period. The cost of feed per kg weight gain during the overall period was found to be comparable among treatments (T1, T2, and T3). It may be concluded that primary response of pigs to dietary supplements were more during growing stage than finisher and inclusion of 5 % fat would be beneficial for improving growth in weaned LWY piglets.

    REFERENCES

    1. AOAC. (2012). Official Methods of Analysis. 19th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA 
    2. Apple, J.K., Maxwell, C.V., Kutz, B.R., Rakes, L.K., Sawyer, J.T., Johnson, Z.B., Armstrong, T.A. and Carr, S.N. (2008). Interactive effect of ractopamine and dietary fat source on pork quality characteristics of fresh pork chops during simulated retail display. J. Anim. Sci. [online]. Available: http://jas.fass.org/content/early /jas.2007-0327.[23 May 2008].
    3. Baudon, E.C., Hancock, J.D. and Llanes, N. (2003). Added fat in diets for pigs in early and late finishing. Swine Day 9: 155-158.
    4. Brumm, M.C. and Peo, E.R. (1994). Effect of fat source in receiving diets and reduced nocturnal temperatures on commingled feeder pig performance. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 1522-1529.
    5. Campbell, R.G. (2005). Fats in pig diets: beyond their contribution to energy content. Recent Adv. Anim. Nutr. Aust. 15: 15-19.
    6. Chen, Y.J., Kim, I.H., Cho, J.H., Yoo, J.S., Wang, Q., Wang, Y. and Huang, Y. (2008). Evaluation of dietary L-carnitine or garlic powder on growth performance, dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities, blood profiles and meat quality in finishing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 141: 141-152.
    7. Eder, K., Ramanau, A. and Kluge, H. (2002). Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on performance parameters in gilts and sows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 85: 73-80.
    8. Han, Y. and Thacker, P.A. (2006). Effects of L-carnitine, selenium-enriched yeast, jujube fruit and hwangto (red clay) supplementation on performance and carcass measurements of finishing pigs. Asian- Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19(2): 217-223.
    9. Heo, K. (2000). Nutritional and metabolic assessment of carnitine for young pigs. Graduate Thesis. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC. 232p.
    10. Heo, K., Odle, J. and Han, I.K. (2000a). Effects of dietary L-carnitine and protein level on plasma carnitine, energy and carnitine balance, and carnitine biosynthesis of 20 kg pigs. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 1568-1575.
    11. James, B.W., Tokach, M.D., Goodband, R.D., Nelssen, J.L., Dritz, S.S., Owen, K.Q., Woodworth, J.C. (2014). Interactive effects of dietary ractopamine HCl and L-carnitine on finishing pigs: É. Growth performance. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 3265-3271.
    12. James, B.W., Tokach, M.D., Goodband, R.D., Nelssen, J.L., Dritz, S.S., Owen, K.Q., Woodworth, J.C. and Sulabo, R.C. (2013). Effects of dietary L-carnitine and ractopamine HCl on the metabolic response to handling in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 4426-4439.
    13. Lauridsen, C., Christensen, T.B., Halekoh, U. and Jensen, S.K. (2007). Alternative fat sources to animal fat for pigs. Lipid Technol. 19(7): 156-159.
    14. Leibbrandt, V.D., Hays, V.W, Ewan, R.C. and Speer, V.C. (1975). Effect of fat on performance of baby and growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 40(6): 1081-1085.
    15. Mendoza, S.M. and Heugten, E. (2014). Effects of dietary lipid sources on performance and apparent total tract digestibility of lipids and energy when fed to nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 627-636.
    16. Mitchaothai, J., Everts, H., Yuangklang, C., Wittayakun, S., Vasupen, K., Wongsuthavas, S., Srenanul, P., Hovenier, R. and Beynen, A.C. (2008a). Digestion and deposition of individual fatty acids in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either beef tallow or sunflower oil. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 92(4): 502-510.
    17. NRC [National Research Council]. (1998). Nutrient Requirement of Swine (10th Ed.). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 210p.
    18. Overland, M. and Sundstol, F. (1995). Effects of lecithin on fat utilization by weanling pigs. Livestock. Prod. Sci. 41: 217-224.
    19. Piao, X.S., Jin, J., Kim, J.H., Kim, J.D., Shin, I.S. and Han, I.K. (2000). Utilization of fat sources in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci. 13(9): 1255-1262.
    20. Rekiel, A. and Zackiewic, U. (2004). Production results of fatteners fed a diet supplemented with L-carnitine. Annu. Anim.Sci. Supplement. 2: 181-185.
    21. Rincker, M.J., Carter, S.D., Real, D.E., Nelssen, J.L., Tokach, M.D., Goodband, R.D., Dritz, S.S., Senne, B.W., Fent, R.W., Pettey, L.A. and Owen, K.Q. (2003). Effects of increasing dietary L-carnitine on growth performance of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 2259-2269.
    22. Shurson, G.C., Kerr, B.J. and Hanson, A.R. (2015). Evaluating the quality of feed fats and oils and their effects on pig growth performance. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 6: 10-18.
    23. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical Methods. (8th Ed.). The Iowa State University press, Ames, IA. 314p.
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