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Research Article

volume 52 issue 8 (august 2018) : 1180-1184,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3331

Effect of supplementing Aegle marmelos leaves on in vitro rumen fermentation  and methanogenesis of diets varying in roughage to concentrate ratio

S
Srobana Sarkar
M
Madhu Mohini
G
Goutam Mondal
S
Sujata Pandita
V
Vinu M. Nampoothiri
M
Mayank Gautam
1Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India.
Cite article:- Sarkar Srobana, Mohini Madhu, Mondal Goutam, Pandita Sujata, Nampoothiri M. Vinu, Gautam Mayank (2017). Effect of supplementing Aegle marmelos leaves on in vitro rumen fermentation and methanogenesis of diets varying in roughage to concentrate ratio. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(8): 1180-1184. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3331.

ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken to observe the effect of supplementing Aegle marmelos leaves on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production of different diets containing varied proportion of roughage (R) to concentrate (C). Aegle marmelos (Bael) leaves was supplemented at 4 levels (0, 5, 10 & 15%) to three diets having roughage (R) and concentrate (C) (wheat straw and concentrate mixture) in the ratio 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70. Inclusion of Aegle leaves at different levels showed significant rise in total gas (mL/g DM) among different diets. Similarly, Aegle marmelos leaves at the rate of 15% improved (P<0.05) the IVTDMD and IVTOMD (%) of the experimental diets. Among the VFA’s acetate concentration (mM) was significantly enhanced at 15% of Aegle marmelos supplementation.  No significant effect was observed in the values of CH4 (%, mL/24h and mL/100mg DDM) and NH3-N (mg/dL) on supplementation of Aegle leaves if   any of the diets. Therefore, it can be concluded from the present findings that supplementation of Aegle marmelos leaves enhances the digestibility hence it can be used to improve the nutritive value of diets.

REFERENCES

  1. AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
  2. Baliga, M. S., Bhat, H. P., Joseph, N. and Fazal, F. (2011). Phytochemistry and medicinal uses of the bael fruit (Aegle marmelos Correa): A concise review. Food Res. Int., 44(7) : 1768-1775.
  3. Beuvink, J.M.W. and Spoelstra, S.F. (1992). Interactions between substrate, fermentation end products, buffering systems and gas production upon fermentation of different carbohydrates by mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 37: 505–509.
  4. Blummel, M., Givens, D.I. and Moss, A.R. (2005). Comparison of methane produced by straw fed sheep in open-circuit respiration with methane predicted by fermentation characterstics measured by an in vitro gas procedure. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 123: 379-390.
  5. Blummel, M., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. (1997). In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 77: 24–34.
  6. Blummel, M., Mgomezulu, R., Chen, X.B., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K. and Orskov, E.R. (1999). The modification of an in vitro gas production test to detect roughage related differences in in vivo microbial protein synthesis as estimated by the excretion of purine derivatives. J. Agric. Sci., 133: 335-340.
  7. Bodas, R., Lopez, S., Fernandez, M., Garcia-Gonzalez, R., Rodriguez, A. B., Wallace, R. J., & González, J. S. (2008). In vitro screening of the potential of numerous plant species as antimethanogenic feed additives for ruminants. Anim. Feed. Sci.Technol., 145(1): 245-258.
  8. Chevallier, A. (1996). The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley Limited, London, pp. 336.
  9. Delgado, D. C., Galindo, J., González, R., González, N., Scull, I., Dihigo, L., Cairo, J., Aldama, A. I. and Moreira, O. (2011). Feeding of tropical trees and shrub foliages as a strategy to reduce ruminal methanogenesis: studies conducted in Cuba. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 44: 1097–1104.
  10. Delgado, D. C., Galindo, J., González, R., Savón, L., Scull, I., González, N. and Marrero, Y. (2010). In: Sustainable Improve of animal Production and health. E. Odongo, M. García and G.J.Viljoen (eds). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2010. 49-54.
  11. Dey, A., Paul, S. S., Pandey, P. and Rathore, R. (2014). Potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in modulating in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of wheat straw in buffalo. Ind. J. Anim. Sci., 84(5): 533-538.
  12. Erwin, E.S., Macro, G. A. and Emery, E. M. (1961). Volatile fatty acid analysis of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatograph. J. Dairy. Sci., 44: 1768-1771.
  13. Eun, J.S., Fellner, V. and Gumpertz, M. (2004). Methane production by mixed ruminal cultures incubated in dual-flow fermentors. J Dairy Sci., 87:112–121.
  14. Goel, G., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. (2008). Changes in microbial community structure, methanogenesis and rumen fermentation in response to saponin-rich fractions from different plant materials. J. App. Microbiol., 105: 770–777.
  15. Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Diaz, T. E., Lascano, C. E., Carulla, J. E., Soliva, C. R. and Machmuller, A. (2003). Saponin rich tropical fruits affect fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 109: 79–94.
  16. Hoover, W. H. and Stokes, S. R. (1991). Balancing carbohydrates and proteins for optimum rumen microbial yield. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3630-3644.
  17. IPCC. 2007. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Solomon, S. D., Qin, M., Manning, Z., Chen, M., Marquis, K. B, Averyt, M. T., & Miller, H. L. (Eds.). Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  18. Jayanegara, A., Togtokhbayar, N., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. (2009). Tannins determined by various methods as predictors of methane production reduction potential of plants by an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 150: 230–237.
  19. Kamra, D. N., Patra, A. K., Chatterjee, P. N., Kumar, R., Agarwal, N. and Chaudhary, L. C. (2008). Effect of plant extract on methanogenesis and microbial profile of the rumen of buffalo: A brief overview. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 48: 175–178.
  20. Kumar, R., Kamra, D. N., Agarwal, N., Chaudhary, L. C., & Zadbuke, S. S. (2011). Effect of tree leaves containing plant secondary metabolites on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Anim. Nutr. Feed. Technol., 11(1): 103-114.
  21. Kumar, S., Dagar, S. S., Sirohi, S. K., Upadhyay, R. C., and Puniya, A. K. (2013). Microbial profiles, in vitro gas production and dry matter digestibility based on various ratios of roughage to concentrate. Ann. Microbiol.,63(2): 541-545.
  22. Madhu Mohini, Mondal, G., Thakur, S. S. and Gupta, S. (2016). Trends in methane emissions from Indian livestock. XVI Biennial Animal nutrition conference on innovative approaches for animal feeding and nutritional research, Invited papers. 17-20.
  23. Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev., 28: 7-55.
  24. Patra, A. K. and Saxena, J. (2010). A new perspective on the use of plant secondary metabolites to inhibit methanogenesis in the rumen. Phytochem.,71: 1198–1222.
  25. Patra, A.K. (2010). Effects of supplementing low quality roughages with tree foliages on digestibility, nitrogen utilization and rumen characteristics in sheep: a meta-analysis. J.Anim.Physiol.Anim.Nutr., 94:338–353.
  26. Santra, A. and Karim, S.A. (2009). Effect of dietary roughage and concentrate ratio on nutrient utilization and performance of ruminant animals.J Anim Nutr Feed Technol.,9:113–135.
  27. Satter, L.D. and Slyter, L.L. (1974). Effect of ammonia concentration on microbial production in vitro. Br. J. Nutr., 32: 194-201.
  28. Snedecor, G.W and Cochran, W. G. (1968). Statistical Methods. 5th edn. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.
  29. Sekar, D. K., Kumar, Karthik, G. L., and Bhaskara Rao, K.V. (2011). A review on pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae). Asian. J. Plant. Sci. Res., 1: 8-17.
  30. Sharma, G. N., Dubey, S. K., Sharma, P., and Sati, N. (2011). Medicinal values of bael (Aegle marmelos) (L.) corr.: a review. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res., 2(1): 12-22.
  31. Siddique, N. A., Mujeeb, M., Najmi, A. K., and Akram, M. (2010). Evaluation of antioxidant activity, quantitative estimation of phenols and flavonoids in different parts of Aegle marmelos. Afr. J. Plant. Sci., 4(1): 001-005.
  32. Singh, G.P., Nagpal, A.K. and Saini, N. (2005). Methane production in relation to productivity of livestock and environment: a review. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 75: 143-148.
  33. SPSS. 2010. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences 16.0. 2010. SPSS Inc., 233, South Walker Drive, 11th floor, Chicago, USA.II.60606.
  34. Tan, H. Y., Sieo, C. C., Abdullah, N., Liang, J. B., Huang, X. D. and Ho, Y. W. (2011). Effects of condensed tannins from Leucaena on methane production, rumen fermentation and populations of methanogens and protozoa in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. and Technol., 169: 185-193.
  35. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583-3597.
  36. Yanez-Ruiz, D.R., Hart, K., Martin-Garcia, A., Ramos, S. and Newbold, C.J. (2008). Diet composition at weaning affects the rumen microbial population and methane emissions by lambs. Aust J Exp Agr., 48:186–188.
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 52 issue 8 (august 2018) : 1180-1184,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3331

    Effect of supplementing Aegle marmelos leaves on in vitro rumen fermentation  and methanogenesis of diets varying in roughage to concentrate ratio

    S
    Srobana Sarkar
    M
    Madhu Mohini
    G
    Goutam Mondal
    S
    Sujata Pandita
    V
    Vinu M. Nampoothiri
    M
    Mayank Gautam
    1Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India.
    Cite article:- Sarkar Srobana, Mohini Madhu, Mondal Goutam, Pandita Sujata, Nampoothiri M. Vinu, Gautam Mayank (2017). Effect of supplementing Aegle marmelos leaves on in vitro rumen fermentation and methanogenesis of diets varying in roughage to concentrate ratio. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52(8): 1180-1184. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3331.

    ABSTRACT

    The present study was undertaken to observe the effect of supplementing Aegle marmelos leaves on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production of different diets containing varied proportion of roughage (R) to concentrate (C). Aegle marmelos (Bael) leaves was supplemented at 4 levels (0, 5, 10 & 15%) to three diets having roughage (R) and concentrate (C) (wheat straw and concentrate mixture) in the ratio 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70. Inclusion of Aegle leaves at different levels showed significant rise in total gas (mL/g DM) among different diets. Similarly, Aegle marmelos leaves at the rate of 15% improved (P<0.05) the IVTDMD and IVTOMD (%) of the experimental diets. Among the VFA’s acetate concentration (mM) was significantly enhanced at 15% of Aegle marmelos supplementation.  No significant effect was observed in the values of CH4 (%, mL/24h and mL/100mg DDM) and NH3-N (mg/dL) on supplementation of Aegle leaves if   any of the diets. Therefore, it can be concluded from the present findings that supplementation of Aegle marmelos leaves enhances the digestibility hence it can be used to improve the nutritive value of diets.

    REFERENCES

    1. AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
    2. Baliga, M. S., Bhat, H. P., Joseph, N. and Fazal, F. (2011). Phytochemistry and medicinal uses of the bael fruit (Aegle marmelos Correa): A concise review. Food Res. Int., 44(7) : 1768-1775.
    3. Beuvink, J.M.W. and Spoelstra, S.F. (1992). Interactions between substrate, fermentation end products, buffering systems and gas production upon fermentation of different carbohydrates by mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 37: 505–509.
    4. Blummel, M., Givens, D.I. and Moss, A.R. (2005). Comparison of methane produced by straw fed sheep in open-circuit respiration with methane predicted by fermentation characterstics measured by an in vitro gas procedure. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 123: 379-390.
    5. Blummel, M., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. (1997). In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 77: 24–34.
    6. Blummel, M., Mgomezulu, R., Chen, X.B., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K. and Orskov, E.R. (1999). The modification of an in vitro gas production test to detect roughage related differences in in vivo microbial protein synthesis as estimated by the excretion of purine derivatives. J. Agric. Sci., 133: 335-340.
    7. Bodas, R., Lopez, S., Fernandez, M., Garcia-Gonzalez, R., Rodriguez, A. B., Wallace, R. J., & González, J. S. (2008). In vitro screening of the potential of numerous plant species as antimethanogenic feed additives for ruminants. Anim. Feed. Sci.Technol., 145(1): 245-258.
    8. Chevallier, A. (1996). The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley Limited, London, pp. 336.
    9. Delgado, D. C., Galindo, J., González, R., González, N., Scull, I., Dihigo, L., Cairo, J., Aldama, A. I. and Moreira, O. (2011). Feeding of tropical trees and shrub foliages as a strategy to reduce ruminal methanogenesis: studies conducted in Cuba. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 44: 1097–1104.
    10. Delgado, D. C., Galindo, J., González, R., Savón, L., Scull, I., González, N. and Marrero, Y. (2010). In: Sustainable Improve of animal Production and health. E. Odongo, M. García and G.J.Viljoen (eds). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2010. 49-54.
    11. Dey, A., Paul, S. S., Pandey, P. and Rathore, R. (2014). Potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in modulating in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of wheat straw in buffalo. Ind. J. Anim. Sci., 84(5): 533-538.
    12. Erwin, E.S., Macro, G. A. and Emery, E. M. (1961). Volatile fatty acid analysis of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatograph. J. Dairy. Sci., 44: 1768-1771.
    13. Eun, J.S., Fellner, V. and Gumpertz, M. (2004). Methane production by mixed ruminal cultures incubated in dual-flow fermentors. J Dairy Sci., 87:112–121.
    14. Goel, G., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. (2008). Changes in microbial community structure, methanogenesis and rumen fermentation in response to saponin-rich fractions from different plant materials. J. App. Microbiol., 105: 770–777.
    15. Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Diaz, T. E., Lascano, C. E., Carulla, J. E., Soliva, C. R. and Machmuller, A. (2003). Saponin rich tropical fruits affect fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 109: 79–94.
    16. Hoover, W. H. and Stokes, S. R. (1991). Balancing carbohydrates and proteins for optimum rumen microbial yield. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3630-3644.
    17. IPCC. 2007. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Solomon, S. D., Qin, M., Manning, Z., Chen, M., Marquis, K. B, Averyt, M. T., & Miller, H. L. (Eds.). Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    18. Jayanegara, A., Togtokhbayar, N., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. (2009). Tannins determined by various methods as predictors of methane production reduction potential of plants by an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 150: 230–237.
    19. Kamra, D. N., Patra, A. K., Chatterjee, P. N., Kumar, R., Agarwal, N. and Chaudhary, L. C. (2008). Effect of plant extract on methanogenesis and microbial profile of the rumen of buffalo: A brief overview. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 48: 175–178.
    20. Kumar, R., Kamra, D. N., Agarwal, N., Chaudhary, L. C., & Zadbuke, S. S. (2011). Effect of tree leaves containing plant secondary metabolites on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Anim. Nutr. Feed. Technol., 11(1): 103-114.
    21. Kumar, S., Dagar, S. S., Sirohi, S. K., Upadhyay, R. C., and Puniya, A. K. (2013). Microbial profiles, in vitro gas production and dry matter digestibility based on various ratios of roughage to concentrate. Ann. Microbiol.,63(2): 541-545.
    22. Madhu Mohini, Mondal, G., Thakur, S. S. and Gupta, S. (2016). Trends in methane emissions from Indian livestock. XVI Biennial Animal nutrition conference on innovative approaches for animal feeding and nutritional research, Invited papers. 17-20.
    23. Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev., 28: 7-55.
    24. Patra, A. K. and Saxena, J. (2010). A new perspective on the use of plant secondary metabolites to inhibit methanogenesis in the rumen. Phytochem.,71: 1198–1222.
    25. Patra, A.K. (2010). Effects of supplementing low quality roughages with tree foliages on digestibility, nitrogen utilization and rumen characteristics in sheep: a meta-analysis. J.Anim.Physiol.Anim.Nutr., 94:338–353.
    26. Santra, A. and Karim, S.A. (2009). Effect of dietary roughage and concentrate ratio on nutrient utilization and performance of ruminant animals.J Anim Nutr Feed Technol.,9:113–135.
    27. Satter, L.D. and Slyter, L.L. (1974). Effect of ammonia concentration on microbial production in vitro. Br. J. Nutr., 32: 194-201.
    28. Snedecor, G.W and Cochran, W. G. (1968). Statistical Methods. 5th edn. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.
    29. Sekar, D. K., Kumar, Karthik, G. L., and Bhaskara Rao, K.V. (2011). A review on pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae). Asian. J. Plant. Sci. Res., 1: 8-17.
    30. Sharma, G. N., Dubey, S. K., Sharma, P., and Sati, N. (2011). Medicinal values of bael (Aegle marmelos) (L.) corr.: a review. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res., 2(1): 12-22.
    31. Siddique, N. A., Mujeeb, M., Najmi, A. K., and Akram, M. (2010). Evaluation of antioxidant activity, quantitative estimation of phenols and flavonoids in different parts of Aegle marmelos. Afr. J. Plant. Sci., 4(1): 001-005.
    32. Singh, G.P., Nagpal, A.K. and Saini, N. (2005). Methane production in relation to productivity of livestock and environment: a review. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 75: 143-148.
    33. SPSS. 2010. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences 16.0. 2010. SPSS Inc., 233, South Walker Drive, 11th floor, Chicago, USA.II.60606.
    34. Tan, H. Y., Sieo, C. C., Abdullah, N., Liang, J. B., Huang, X. D. and Ho, Y. W. (2011). Effects of condensed tannins from Leucaena on methane production, rumen fermentation and populations of methanogens and protozoa in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. and Technol., 169: 185-193.
    35. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583-3597.
    36. Yanez-Ruiz, D.R., Hart, K., Martin-Garcia, A., Ramos, S. and Newbold, C.J. (2008). Diet composition at weaning affects the rumen microbial population and methane emissions by lambs. Aust J Exp Agr., 48:186–188.
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