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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 49 issue 3 (june 2015) : 336-342,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00141.7

Biochemical and leucocytic response study of herbal immunomodulators against levamisole in Toxocara canis infected mice

A
Aman D. Moudgil*
S
S. Mittra
D
D. Sen
R
R. K. Agnihotri
D
D. Sharma
1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur 176 062, India.
Cite article:- Moudgil* D. Aman, Mittra S., Sen D., Agnihotri K. R., Sharma D. (2025). Biochemical and leucocytic response study of herbal immunomodulators against levamisole in Toxocara canis infected mice. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 49(3): 336-342. doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00141.7.

ABSTRACT

Toxocara canis owns an exceptional ability to withstand host’s immune system by encystment of larval stages into host’s tissue and thus, paving way for anthelmintic ineffectiveness against the larval stages of the parasite. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of three herbal (methanolic extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides, H. salicifolia and Piper longum) and one allopathic (levamisole) immunomodulators on the migratory behaviour of T. canis larvae in tissues of Swiss albino mice, experimentally infected with T. canis embryonated eggs on day 14 of immunomodulatory medication. On the basis of biochemical and leukocyte observations on days 14 and 28 post infection, H. salicifolia and H. rhamnoides were recorded as superior immunomodulators followed by levamisole and Piper longum in Swiss albino mice.

REFERENCES

  1. Agarwal, A.K., Saxena, R., Gupta, N., Saxena, R. P., Puri, A., Singh, M., Misra, R. N., Dubey, C. B. and Saxena, K. C. (1996). Management of giardiasis by immuno-modulation: clinical and experimental study with a herbal drug - “Pippalli Rasayana”. Herbal medicines, bio diversity and conservation strategies Proceedings, New Delhi, India.pp.1-17
  2. Aguiar-Santos, A.M., Andrade, L.D., Medeiros, Z., Chieffi, P.P., Lescano, S.Z. and Perez, E.P. (2004). Human toxocariasis: frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children and adolescents from an outpatient clinic for lymphatic filariasis in Recife, Northeast Brazil. Rev. Ins. Med. Trop. São Paulo, 46:81-85.
  3. Akyol, A., Bicerol, B., Ertug, S., Ertabaklar, H. and Kiylioglu, N. (2007). Epilepsy and seropositivity rates of Toxocara canis and Toxoplasma gondii. Seizure, 16:233-237.
  4. Alonso, J.M., Bojanich, M.V., Chamorro, M. and Gorodner, J.O. (2000). Toxocara seroprevalence in children from a subtropical city in Argentina. Rev. Ins. Med. Trop. São Paulo, 42:235-237.
  5. Bisalla, M., Adamu, S., Ibrahim, N. D. G., Lawal, I.A and Esievo, K. A. N. (2009). Effect of immunomodulation with levamisole on the course and pathogenesis of acute experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection in sheep. Afr. J. Biotechnol.,8:827-834.
  6. Buijs, J., Borsboom, G., van Gemund, J.J., Hazebroek, A., van Dongen, P.A. and van Knapen, F. (1994). Toxocara seroprevalence in 5-year-old elementary schoolchildren: relation with allergic asthma. Am. J. Epidemiol., 140:839-847.
  7. Fan, C.K, Lan, H.S., Hung, C.C., Chung, W.C., Liao, C.W. and Du, W.Y. (2004). Seroepidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among mountain aboriginal adults in Taiwan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 71:216-221.
  8. Fan, C.K., Liao, C.W., Kao, T.C., Li, M.H., Du, W.Y. and Su, K.E. (2005). Sero-epidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among aboriginal school children in the mountainous areas of north-eastern Taiwan. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 99:593-600.
  9. Good, B., Holland, C.V., Taylor, M.R., Larragy, J., Moriarty, P. and O’Regan, M. (2004). Ocular toxocariasis in school children. Clin. Infect. Dis., 39:173-178.
  10. Hassan, J.O. and Curtis, R. (1994). Salmonella typhi induced lymphocyte depletion and immunosupression in chickens. Infec. Immun., 62:2027-2036.
  11. Holland, C.V., O’Lorcain, P., Taylor, M.R. and Kelly, A. (1995). Sero-epidemiology of toxocariasis in school children. Parasitol., 10:535-45.
  12. Liu, E.Q., Wang, F.J., Shen, L.J., Wand, F.J. and Shen, L.J. (1996). Effect of Hippophae rhamnoides oils on the recovery of immunological function in mice injured by irradiation. Chin. J. Vet. Sci. Technol., 26:30-31.
  13. Logar, J., Soba, B., Kraut, A. and Stirn-Kranjc, B. (2004). Seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies among patients suspected of ocular toxocariasis in Slovenia. Korean J. Parasitol., 42:137-40.
  14. Loukas, A.C., Doedens, A., Hintz, M. and Maizels, R.M. (2000). Identification of a new C Type lectin, TES-70, secreted by infective larvae of Toxocara canis, which binds to host ligands. Parasitol., 121:545-554.
  15. Lukas AM and Jamroz C. (1961). Atlas of Avian Hematology. Govt. Printer, Washington DC Malla, N., Aggarwal, A.K. and Mahajan, R.C. (2002). A serological study of human toxocariasis in North India. Natl. Med. J. India, 15:145-147.
  16. Mittra, S. and Sasmal, N. K. (1985). Experimental infection of pups with Ancylostoma caninum- infected mouse tissues. Vet. Parasitol., 18:51-57.
  17. Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7thedn. Baillere Tindall, London.
  18. Sunila ES and KuttanG. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Piper longum and piperine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 90: 339-346.
  19. Werner, P. C. F. (1782). Vermium intestinalium brevis expositionis continunuatio. In: Systema Helminthum, 3:579.
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    volume 49 issue 3 (june 2015) : 336-342,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00141.7

    Biochemical and leucocytic response study of herbal immunomodulators against levamisole in Toxocara canis infected mice

    A
    Aman D. Moudgil*
    S
    S. Mittra
    D
    D. Sen
    R
    R. K. Agnihotri
    D
    D. Sharma
    1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur 176 062, India.
    Cite article:- Moudgil* D. Aman, Mittra S., Sen D., Agnihotri K. R., Sharma D. (2025). Biochemical and leucocytic response study of herbal immunomodulators against levamisole in Toxocara canis infected mice. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 49(3): 336-342. doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00141.7.

    ABSTRACT

    Toxocara canis owns an exceptional ability to withstand host’s immune system by encystment of larval stages into host’s tissue and thus, paving way for anthelmintic ineffectiveness against the larval stages of the parasite. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of three herbal (methanolic extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides, H. salicifolia and Piper longum) and one allopathic (levamisole) immunomodulators on the migratory behaviour of T. canis larvae in tissues of Swiss albino mice, experimentally infected with T. canis embryonated eggs on day 14 of immunomodulatory medication. On the basis of biochemical and leukocyte observations on days 14 and 28 post infection, H. salicifolia and H. rhamnoides were recorded as superior immunomodulators followed by levamisole and Piper longum in Swiss albino mice.

    REFERENCES

    1. Agarwal, A.K., Saxena, R., Gupta, N., Saxena, R. P., Puri, A., Singh, M., Misra, R. N., Dubey, C. B. and Saxena, K. C. (1996). Management of giardiasis by immuno-modulation: clinical and experimental study with a herbal drug - “Pippalli Rasayana”. Herbal medicines, bio diversity and conservation strategies Proceedings, New Delhi, India.pp.1-17
    2. Aguiar-Santos, A.M., Andrade, L.D., Medeiros, Z., Chieffi, P.P., Lescano, S.Z. and Perez, E.P. (2004). Human toxocariasis: frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children and adolescents from an outpatient clinic for lymphatic filariasis in Recife, Northeast Brazil. Rev. Ins. Med. Trop. São Paulo, 46:81-85.
    3. Akyol, A., Bicerol, B., Ertug, S., Ertabaklar, H. and Kiylioglu, N. (2007). Epilepsy and seropositivity rates of Toxocara canis and Toxoplasma gondii. Seizure, 16:233-237.
    4. Alonso, J.M., Bojanich, M.V., Chamorro, M. and Gorodner, J.O. (2000). Toxocara seroprevalence in children from a subtropical city in Argentina. Rev. Ins. Med. Trop. São Paulo, 42:235-237.
    5. Bisalla, M., Adamu, S., Ibrahim, N. D. G., Lawal, I.A and Esievo, K. A. N. (2009). Effect of immunomodulation with levamisole on the course and pathogenesis of acute experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection in sheep. Afr. J. Biotechnol.,8:827-834.
    6. Buijs, J., Borsboom, G., van Gemund, J.J., Hazebroek, A., van Dongen, P.A. and van Knapen, F. (1994). Toxocara seroprevalence in 5-year-old elementary schoolchildren: relation with allergic asthma. Am. J. Epidemiol., 140:839-847.
    7. Fan, C.K, Lan, H.S., Hung, C.C., Chung, W.C., Liao, C.W. and Du, W.Y. (2004). Seroepidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among mountain aboriginal adults in Taiwan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 71:216-221.
    8. Fan, C.K., Liao, C.W., Kao, T.C., Li, M.H., Du, W.Y. and Su, K.E. (2005). Sero-epidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among aboriginal school children in the mountainous areas of north-eastern Taiwan. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 99:593-600.
    9. Good, B., Holland, C.V., Taylor, M.R., Larragy, J., Moriarty, P. and O’Regan, M. (2004). Ocular toxocariasis in school children. Clin. Infect. Dis., 39:173-178.
    10. Hassan, J.O. and Curtis, R. (1994). Salmonella typhi induced lymphocyte depletion and immunosupression in chickens. Infec. Immun., 62:2027-2036.
    11. Holland, C.V., O’Lorcain, P., Taylor, M.R. and Kelly, A. (1995). Sero-epidemiology of toxocariasis in school children. Parasitol., 10:535-45.
    12. Liu, E.Q., Wang, F.J., Shen, L.J., Wand, F.J. and Shen, L.J. (1996). Effect of Hippophae rhamnoides oils on the recovery of immunological function in mice injured by irradiation. Chin. J. Vet. Sci. Technol., 26:30-31.
    13. Logar, J., Soba, B., Kraut, A. and Stirn-Kranjc, B. (2004). Seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies among patients suspected of ocular toxocariasis in Slovenia. Korean J. Parasitol., 42:137-40.
    14. Loukas, A.C., Doedens, A., Hintz, M. and Maizels, R.M. (2000). Identification of a new C Type lectin, TES-70, secreted by infective larvae of Toxocara canis, which binds to host ligands. Parasitol., 121:545-554.
    15. Lukas AM and Jamroz C. (1961). Atlas of Avian Hematology. Govt. Printer, Washington DC Malla, N., Aggarwal, A.K. and Mahajan, R.C. (2002). A serological study of human toxocariasis in North India. Natl. Med. J. India, 15:145-147.
    16. Mittra, S. and Sasmal, N. K. (1985). Experimental infection of pups with Ancylostoma caninum- infected mouse tissues. Vet. Parasitol., 18:51-57.
    17. Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7thedn. Baillere Tindall, London.
    18. Sunila ES and KuttanG. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Piper longum and piperine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 90: 339-346.
    19. Werner, P. C. F. (1782). Vermium intestinalium brevis expositionis continunuatio. In: Systema Helminthum, 3:579.
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