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volume 48 issue 5 (october 2014) : 473-479,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2014.00014.4

SEARCH FOR A HERBICIDE SUITABLE FOR CONTROLLING SUBMERGED AQUATIC WEEDS UNDER INDIAN CONDITION

S
Subhendu Datta*
B
Bijaykali Mahapatra
P
Parimal Sardar
1Central Institute of Fisheries Education 32-GN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata- 700 091, India
Cite article:- Datta* Subhendu, Mahapatra Bijaykali, Sardar Parimal (2025). SEARCH FOR A HERBICIDE SUITABLE FOR CONTROLLING SUBMERGED AQUATIC WEEDS UNDER INDIAN CONDITION. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(5): 473-479. doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2014.00014.4.

ABSTRACT

It was observed that glyphosate and different types of 2,4-D which are being used extensively for controlling floating aquatic weeds could not produce any significant effect on any of the test weeds even at higher than the recommended doses. Fluridone, a new systemic herbicide, worked well in controlling rooted submerged aquatic weeds. Experiment was conducted under indoor condition for 90 days and tested at different doses from 0 to 90 µgL-1 on three rooted submerged weeds i.e. Vallisneria, Najas, Hydrilla and one non-rooted weed i.e. Ceratophyllum. Fingerlings of rohu were released at higher doses of fluridone (30 to 90 µgL-1). Herbicidal symptoms of fluridone appeared within seven days and slowly killed the rooted submerged weeds over 45 to 90 days. Because of this, it didn’t pollute the environment and fish didn’t suffer from oxygen deficiency. Efficacy of fluridone in controlling four tested submerged weeds was of this order: Najas > Hydrilla = Vallisneria > Ceratophyllum. Analysis of blood biochemical parameters of fish revealed that fluridone had no toxic effect on fish at the doses in which it killed the weeds. Presently management of aquatic ecosystem is the only option to control submerged weeds as herbicides available in India are not effective on submerged aquatic weeds. Fluridone has the potentiality to be an ideal herbicide to solve the problem of submerged aquatic weeds in India.

REFERENCES

  1. APHA (2005). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st edn. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington.
  2. Gupta O. P. (1987). Aquatic Weed Management - Their Menace and Control. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers. New Delhi, 300p
  3. Hamelink J., Buckler D., Mayer F., Palawski D. and Sanders H. (1986). Toxicity of fluridone to aquatic invertebrates and fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:87-94.
  4. Harper P., Chisholm B. and Chandrasena N. (2007). Herbicide trial for the control of submerged aquatic weeds. http:/ /www.chisholm.co.nz/Documents/WoolongongConf_ Hydrogel_Aquatic_Weeds_ Final_June2007.pdf
  5. Hofstra D. E. and Clayton J. S. (2001). Evaluation of selected herbicides for the control of exotic submerged weeds in New Zealand: 1. The use of Endothall, Trichlopyr and Dichlobenil. J. Aquat. Plant Manage., 30: 20-24.
  6. Joyce J. C. and Ramey V. (1986). Aquatic Herbicide Residue Literature Review.Center for Aquatic Weeds. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida.
  7. Lancer L. and Krake K. (2002). Aquatic Weeds and Their Management. ICID-CIID. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. 66p.
  8. McCowen M. C. C., Young L., West S. D., Parra S. J. and Arnold W. R. (1979). Fluridone: A new herbicide for aquatic plant management. Journal of Aquat. Plant Manage., 17: 27-30.
  9. McLaren/Hart Environmental Engineering Corporation (1995). Use of the Registered Aquatic Herbicide Fluridone (Sonar) and the Use of the Registered Aquatic Herbicide Glyphosate (Rodeo and Accord) in the State of New York - Final Generic Environmental Impact Statement. (prepared for Dow-Elanco and Monsanto).
  10. Mitra E. (1977). A report on copper sulphate treatments of fishery ponds for the control of weeds.1952–1970.Central Inland Fishery Research Institute Bulletin No. 26, pp 1–26.
  11. Moolani M. K. and Vats O. P. (1966). The control of aquatic vegetation with 2,4-D. Proceedings of 2nd Weed Control Seminar, Hissar. p.29.
  12. Netherland M. D. (2009). Chemical Control of Aquatic Weeds. Biology and Control of Aquatic Plants: A Best Management Practices Handbook. (Eds.) Gettys, L A, Haller, W T and Bellaud, M. pp. 65-77. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation. Marietta, GA
  13. Patnaik S. and Das K. M. (1981). Efficacy of paraquat for control of submerged weeds. Proceedings of 8th Pacific Weed Science Society Conference. Vol. II, pp. 169–73.
  14. Philipose M. T. (1963). Making fish ponds weed free. Indian Livestock, 1(2): 20 – 21& 34 – 36.
  15. Ramachandran V. (1960). Observations on the use of ammonia for the eradication of aquatic vegetation. J. Scient. Ind. Res (C), 19 (11): 49 – 55.
  16. Senseman S. (Ed). (2007). Herbicide Handbook, 9th Edition. Weed Science Society of America, Lawrence KS. 458p.
  17. Tietz N. W. (1994). Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 2nd edn, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA
  18. Varshney C. K. and Singh K. P. (1976). A survey of Aquatic weed problem in India. Aquatic Weeds in South East Asia, (Eds).Varshney, C K and Rzóska, J., pp. 31-42. Dr. W. Junk B.V. Publication., The Hague.
  19. Walia U. S. (2003). Weed Management. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, 396p.
  20. Walker C. R. (1964). Toxicological effects of herbicides on the fish environment Part 1.Water and Sewage Works 111(3): 113-116.
  21. Wiley M. J., Gorden R. W., Waite S. W. and Powless T. (1984). The relationship between aquatic macrophyte and sport fish production in Illinois ponds: A simple model. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4 (1): 111-19.
  22. WSDOE (Washington State Department of Ecology). (1992). Aquatic Plants Management Program for Washington State. Vol 1: Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement and Responsiveness Summary; and Vol. 2: Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement: Appendices. Olympia, Washington.
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    volume 48 issue 5 (october 2014) : 473-479,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2014.00014.4

    SEARCH FOR A HERBICIDE SUITABLE FOR CONTROLLING SUBMERGED AQUATIC WEEDS UNDER INDIAN CONDITION

    S
    Subhendu Datta*
    B
    Bijaykali Mahapatra
    P
    Parimal Sardar
    1Central Institute of Fisheries Education 32-GN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata- 700 091, India
    Cite article:- Datta* Subhendu, Mahapatra Bijaykali, Sardar Parimal (2025). SEARCH FOR A HERBICIDE SUITABLE FOR CONTROLLING SUBMERGED AQUATIC WEEDS UNDER INDIAN CONDITION. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 48(5): 473-479. doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2014.00014.4.

    ABSTRACT

    It was observed that glyphosate and different types of 2,4-D which are being used extensively for controlling floating aquatic weeds could not produce any significant effect on any of the test weeds even at higher than the recommended doses. Fluridone, a new systemic herbicide, worked well in controlling rooted submerged aquatic weeds. Experiment was conducted under indoor condition for 90 days and tested at different doses from 0 to 90 µgL-1 on three rooted submerged weeds i.e. Vallisneria, Najas, Hydrilla and one non-rooted weed i.e. Ceratophyllum. Fingerlings of rohu were released at higher doses of fluridone (30 to 90 µgL-1). Herbicidal symptoms of fluridone appeared within seven days and slowly killed the rooted submerged weeds over 45 to 90 days. Because of this, it didn’t pollute the environment and fish didn’t suffer from oxygen deficiency. Efficacy of fluridone in controlling four tested submerged weeds was of this order: Najas > Hydrilla = Vallisneria > Ceratophyllum. Analysis of blood biochemical parameters of fish revealed that fluridone had no toxic effect on fish at the doses in which it killed the weeds. Presently management of aquatic ecosystem is the only option to control submerged weeds as herbicides available in India are not effective on submerged aquatic weeds. Fluridone has the potentiality to be an ideal herbicide to solve the problem of submerged aquatic weeds in India.

    REFERENCES

    1. APHA (2005). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st edn. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington.
    2. Gupta O. P. (1987). Aquatic Weed Management - Their Menace and Control. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers. New Delhi, 300p
    3. Hamelink J., Buckler D., Mayer F., Palawski D. and Sanders H. (1986). Toxicity of fluridone to aquatic invertebrates and fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:87-94.
    4. Harper P., Chisholm B. and Chandrasena N. (2007). Herbicide trial for the control of submerged aquatic weeds. http:/ /www.chisholm.co.nz/Documents/WoolongongConf_ Hydrogel_Aquatic_Weeds_ Final_June2007.pdf
    5. Hofstra D. E. and Clayton J. S. (2001). Evaluation of selected herbicides for the control of exotic submerged weeds in New Zealand: 1. The use of Endothall, Trichlopyr and Dichlobenil. J. Aquat. Plant Manage., 30: 20-24.
    6. Joyce J. C. and Ramey V. (1986). Aquatic Herbicide Residue Literature Review.Center for Aquatic Weeds. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida.
    7. Lancer L. and Krake K. (2002). Aquatic Weeds and Their Management. ICID-CIID. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. 66p.
    8. McCowen M. C. C., Young L., West S. D., Parra S. J. and Arnold W. R. (1979). Fluridone: A new herbicide for aquatic plant management. Journal of Aquat. Plant Manage., 17: 27-30.
    9. McLaren/Hart Environmental Engineering Corporation (1995). Use of the Registered Aquatic Herbicide Fluridone (Sonar) and the Use of the Registered Aquatic Herbicide Glyphosate (Rodeo and Accord) in the State of New York - Final Generic Environmental Impact Statement. (prepared for Dow-Elanco and Monsanto).
    10. Mitra E. (1977). A report on copper sulphate treatments of fishery ponds for the control of weeds.1952–1970.Central Inland Fishery Research Institute Bulletin No. 26, pp 1–26.
    11. Moolani M. K. and Vats O. P. (1966). The control of aquatic vegetation with 2,4-D. Proceedings of 2nd Weed Control Seminar, Hissar. p.29.
    12. Netherland M. D. (2009). Chemical Control of Aquatic Weeds. Biology and Control of Aquatic Plants: A Best Management Practices Handbook. (Eds.) Gettys, L A, Haller, W T and Bellaud, M. pp. 65-77. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation. Marietta, GA
    13. Patnaik S. and Das K. M. (1981). Efficacy of paraquat for control of submerged weeds. Proceedings of 8th Pacific Weed Science Society Conference. Vol. II, pp. 169–73.
    14. Philipose M. T. (1963). Making fish ponds weed free. Indian Livestock, 1(2): 20 – 21& 34 – 36.
    15. Ramachandran V. (1960). Observations on the use of ammonia for the eradication of aquatic vegetation. J. Scient. Ind. Res (C), 19 (11): 49 – 55.
    16. Senseman S. (Ed). (2007). Herbicide Handbook, 9th Edition. Weed Science Society of America, Lawrence KS. 458p.
    17. Tietz N. W. (1994). Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 2nd edn, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA
    18. Varshney C. K. and Singh K. P. (1976). A survey of Aquatic weed problem in India. Aquatic Weeds in South East Asia, (Eds).Varshney, C K and Rzóska, J., pp. 31-42. Dr. W. Junk B.V. Publication., The Hague.
    19. Walia U. S. (2003). Weed Management. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, 396p.
    20. Walker C. R. (1964). Toxicological effects of herbicides on the fish environment Part 1.Water and Sewage Works 111(3): 113-116.
    21. Wiley M. J., Gorden R. W., Waite S. W. and Powless T. (1984). The relationship between aquatic macrophyte and sport fish production in Illinois ponds: A simple model. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4 (1): 111-19.
    22. WSDOE (Washington State Department of Ecology). (1992). Aquatic Plants Management Program for Washington State. Vol 1: Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement and Responsiveness Summary; and Vol. 2: Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement: Appendices. Olympia, Washington.
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