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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 49 issue 2 (april 2015) : 168-172,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00043.6

In vitro degradability of forage legumes using the AnkomRF gas technique

S
S. Katsande*
J
J. J. Baloyi
F
F.V. Nherera-Chokuda
N
N.T. Ngongoni
G
G. Matope
1Agriculture Research Centre, Private Bag X2, Irene, Pretoria, South Africa, 0062.
Cite article:- Katsande* S., Baloyi J. J., Nherera-Chokuda F.V., Ngongoni N.T., Matope G. (2025). In vitro degradability of forage legumes using the AnkomRF gas technique. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 49(2): 168-172. doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00043.6.

ABSTRACT

The AnkomRF gas production technique was used to assess rumen degradability of Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean), Vigna unguiculata Walp (L) (cowpea) and Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf desmodium) forage legumes. Forage samples of 1.0 g/DM were placed into 250ml glass jar and incubated at 390C over 72 hours. Rumen liquor that was taken from 2 fistulated Friesian cows on a dairy ration was mixed with saliva in the ratio of 4:1. Most but not all of the gas in the three legume forages was produced within the first 48 hours post-incubation. The volumes of gases produced ranged from 61.38 to 70.37 ml, with an average of 64.16ml, whilst the fractional rate of gas production varied between 4.6 and 5.6%/h with a mean of 5%/h. Cowpea produced the highest amount of gas followed by velvet bean.

REFERENCES

  1. AnkomRF. (2008). Gas Production System Operator’s Manual. Macedon New York, USA. http://www.ankom.com/media/    documents/RF_Manual_RevF_112912.pdfAccessed21/06/201.
  2. AOAC. (2000). Ofûcial Methods of Analysis, 17th ed. Association of Ofûcial Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD.
  3. Baloyi, J.J., Hamudikuwanda, H. and Ngongoni, N.T. (2009). Estimation of true intestinal digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids of cowpea and silverleaf desmodium forage legumes and Brachystegia spiciformis (musasa) browse legume. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 26(2): 51–57.
  4. Baloyi, J.J., Ngongoni, N.T. and Hamudikuwanda, H. (2008). Chemical composition and ruminal degradability of cowpea and silverleaf desmodium forage legumes harvested at different stages of maturity. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 8: 81-91.
  5. Beuvink, J.M.W. and Spoelstra, S.F. (1992). Interactions between substrate, fermentation end-products, buffering systems and gas production upon fermentation of different carbohydrates by mixed rumen micro-organisms in vitro. Applied Microbiology and Technology 37: 505-509.
  6. Chai, W.Z., van Gelder, A. H. and Cone, J.W. (2004). Relationship between gas production and starch degradation in feed samples. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114: 195-204.
  7. Champ, M., Berot, S., Kozlowski, F., Lecannu, G. and Delort-Laval, J. (1991). Volatile fatty acid production from lupin meal in the caecum of the rat: the role of cell-wall polysaccharides and cu-galactosides. Animal Feed Science Technology 32: 177-184.
  8. Danovaro, R. (2009). Total organic carbon, total nitrogen and organic phosphorus in marine sediments: In Methods for the study of deep-sea sediments, their functioning and biodiversity. Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
  9. Dzowela, B.H., Hove, L. and Mafongoya, P. (1995). Effect of drying method on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of multi-purpose tree and shrub fodders. Tropical Grasslands 29: 263-269.
  10. Edmunds, B., Südekum, K. H., Spiekers, H., Schuster, M. and Schwarz, F. (2012). Estimating utilisable crude protein at the duodenum, a precursor to metabolisable protein for ruminants, from forages using a modified gas test. Submitted for publication (ANIFEE-11-3704).
  11. France, J., Dijkstra, J., Dhanoa, M.S., L´opez, S., Bannink, A. (2000). Estimating the extent of degradation of ruminant feeds from a description of their gas production profiles observed in vitro: derivation of models and other mathematical considerations. British Journal of Nutrition 83: 143–150.
  12. Getachew, G., DePeters, E.J., Robinson, P.H. and Fadel, J.G. (2005). Use of an in vitro rumen gas production technique to evaluate microbial fermentation of ruminant feeds and its impact on fermentation products. Animal Feed Science Technology 123–124: 547–559
  13. Getachew, G., DePeters, E.J., Robinson, P.H., Taylor, S.J., (2001). In vitro rumen fermentation and gas production: influence of yellow grease, tallow, corn oil and their potassium soaps. Animal Feed Science Technology 93, 1–15.
  14. Getachew, G., Robinson, P.H., DePeters, E.J., Taylor, S.J. (2004). Relationships between chemical composition, dry matter degradation and in vitro gas production of several ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 111: 57–71
  15. Kaur, D. (2007). Development of a cheap and rapid method to determine calcium in milk fraction in an industrial environment, Master of Applied Science Thesis Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
  16. L´opez, S., Dhanoa, M. S., Dijkstra, J., Bannink, A., Kebreab, E., France, J. (2007). Some methodological and analytical considerations regarding application of the gas production technique. Animal Feed Science and Technology 135: 139–156
  17. Longland, A.C., Theodorou, M.K., Sanderson, R., Lister, S.J., Powell, C.J. and Morris, P. (1995). Non-starch polysaccharide composition and in vitro fermentability of tropical forage legumes varying in phenolic content. Animal Feed Science Technology 55: 161-177.
  18. McDonald, I. (1981) A revised model for the estimation of protein degradability in the rumen. Journal of Agricultural Science    (Cambridge) 96: 251 -252.
  19. Mustafa, A.B., and Alamin, A.A.M. (2012). Chemical Composition and Protein Degradability of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Seeds Cake grown in Western Sudan. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences 6 (1): 33-37. DOI: 10.3923/    ajas.2012.33.37.
  20. Ndlovu, L.R and Nherera, F.V. (1997). Chemical composition and relationship to in vitro gas production of Zimbabwean browsable indigenous tree species. Animal Feed Science Technology 69: 121-129.
  21. Ørskov, E.R., and McDonald, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science Cambridge 92: 499-503.
  22. Ravhuhali, K.E., Ng’ambi, J.W., Norris, D. and Ayodele, V.I. (2011). The feeding value of four cowpea hay cultivars and effect of their supplementation on intake and digestibility of buffalo grass hay fed to Pedi goats. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 6(9): 909-922.
  23. Rezai, F., Zamani, F. and Vatankhah, M. (2012). Effect of Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) on Colostrum Quality and Growth of Lori Bakhtiari Lambs. Global Veterinaria 8 (1): 93-100.
  24. SAS Institute. (2013). SAS 9.3 Design of Experiments. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
  25. Tagliapietra, F., Cattani, M., Hansen, H.H., Hindrichsen, I.K, Bailoni, L. and Schiavon, S. (2011). Metabolizable energy content of feeds based on 24 or 48 h in situ CF digestibility and on in vitro 24 h gas production methods. Animal Feed Science Technology 170: 182-191.
  26. Wulf, M., and Südekum, K.H. (2005). Effects of chemically treated soybeans and expeller rapeseed meal on in vivo and in situ crude fat and crude protein disappearance from the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology 118:215-227.
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    volume 49 issue 2 (april 2015) : 168-172,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00043.6

    In vitro degradability of forage legumes using the AnkomRF gas technique

    S
    S. Katsande*
    J
    J. J. Baloyi
    F
    F.V. Nherera-Chokuda
    N
    N.T. Ngongoni
    G
    G. Matope
    1Agriculture Research Centre, Private Bag X2, Irene, Pretoria, South Africa, 0062.
    Cite article:- Katsande* S., Baloyi J. J., Nherera-Chokuda F.V., Ngongoni N.T., Matope G. (2025). In vitro degradability of forage legumes using the AnkomRF gas technique. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 49(2): 168-172. doi: 10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00043.6.

    ABSTRACT

    The AnkomRF gas production technique was used to assess rumen degradability of Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean), Vigna unguiculata Walp (L) (cowpea) and Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf desmodium) forage legumes. Forage samples of 1.0 g/DM were placed into 250ml glass jar and incubated at 390C over 72 hours. Rumen liquor that was taken from 2 fistulated Friesian cows on a dairy ration was mixed with saliva in the ratio of 4:1. Most but not all of the gas in the three legume forages was produced within the first 48 hours post-incubation. The volumes of gases produced ranged from 61.38 to 70.37 ml, with an average of 64.16ml, whilst the fractional rate of gas production varied between 4.6 and 5.6%/h with a mean of 5%/h. Cowpea produced the highest amount of gas followed by velvet bean.

    REFERENCES

    1. AnkomRF. (2008). Gas Production System Operator’s Manual. Macedon New York, USA. http://www.ankom.com/media/    documents/RF_Manual_RevF_112912.pdfAccessed21/06/201.
    2. AOAC. (2000). Ofûcial Methods of Analysis, 17th ed. Association of Ofûcial Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD.
    3. Baloyi, J.J., Hamudikuwanda, H. and Ngongoni, N.T. (2009). Estimation of true intestinal digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids of cowpea and silverleaf desmodium forage legumes and Brachystegia spiciformis (musasa) browse legume. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 26(2): 51–57.
    4. Baloyi, J.J., Ngongoni, N.T. and Hamudikuwanda, H. (2008). Chemical composition and ruminal degradability of cowpea and silverleaf desmodium forage legumes harvested at different stages of maturity. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 8: 81-91.
    5. Beuvink, J.M.W. and Spoelstra, S.F. (1992). Interactions between substrate, fermentation end-products, buffering systems and gas production upon fermentation of different carbohydrates by mixed rumen micro-organisms in vitro. Applied Microbiology and Technology 37: 505-509.
    6. Chai, W.Z., van Gelder, A. H. and Cone, J.W. (2004). Relationship between gas production and starch degradation in feed samples. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114: 195-204.
    7. Champ, M., Berot, S., Kozlowski, F., Lecannu, G. and Delort-Laval, J. (1991). Volatile fatty acid production from lupin meal in the caecum of the rat: the role of cell-wall polysaccharides and cu-galactosides. Animal Feed Science Technology 32: 177-184.
    8. Danovaro, R. (2009). Total organic carbon, total nitrogen and organic phosphorus in marine sediments: In Methods for the study of deep-sea sediments, their functioning and biodiversity. Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
    9. Dzowela, B.H., Hove, L. and Mafongoya, P. (1995). Effect of drying method on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of multi-purpose tree and shrub fodders. Tropical Grasslands 29: 263-269.
    10. Edmunds, B., Südekum, K. H., Spiekers, H., Schuster, M. and Schwarz, F. (2012). Estimating utilisable crude protein at the duodenum, a precursor to metabolisable protein for ruminants, from forages using a modified gas test. Submitted for publication (ANIFEE-11-3704).
    11. France, J., Dijkstra, J., Dhanoa, M.S., L´opez, S., Bannink, A. (2000). Estimating the extent of degradation of ruminant feeds from a description of their gas production profiles observed in vitro: derivation of models and other mathematical considerations. British Journal of Nutrition 83: 143–150.
    12. Getachew, G., DePeters, E.J., Robinson, P.H. and Fadel, J.G. (2005). Use of an in vitro rumen gas production technique to evaluate microbial fermentation of ruminant feeds and its impact on fermentation products. Animal Feed Science Technology 123–124: 547–559
    13. Getachew, G., DePeters, E.J., Robinson, P.H., Taylor, S.J., (2001). In vitro rumen fermentation and gas production: influence of yellow grease, tallow, corn oil and their potassium soaps. Animal Feed Science Technology 93, 1–15.
    14. Getachew, G., Robinson, P.H., DePeters, E.J., Taylor, S.J. (2004). Relationships between chemical composition, dry matter degradation and in vitro gas production of several ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 111: 57–71
    15. Kaur, D. (2007). Development of a cheap and rapid method to determine calcium in milk fraction in an industrial environment, Master of Applied Science Thesis Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
    16. L´opez, S., Dhanoa, M. S., Dijkstra, J., Bannink, A., Kebreab, E., France, J. (2007). Some methodological and analytical considerations regarding application of the gas production technique. Animal Feed Science and Technology 135: 139–156
    17. Longland, A.C., Theodorou, M.K., Sanderson, R., Lister, S.J., Powell, C.J. and Morris, P. (1995). Non-starch polysaccharide composition and in vitro fermentability of tropical forage legumes varying in phenolic content. Animal Feed Science Technology 55: 161-177.
    18. McDonald, I. (1981) A revised model for the estimation of protein degradability in the rumen. Journal of Agricultural Science    (Cambridge) 96: 251 -252.
    19. Mustafa, A.B., and Alamin, A.A.M. (2012). Chemical Composition and Protein Degradability of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Seeds Cake grown in Western Sudan. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences 6 (1): 33-37. DOI: 10.3923/    ajas.2012.33.37.
    20. Ndlovu, L.R and Nherera, F.V. (1997). Chemical composition and relationship to in vitro gas production of Zimbabwean browsable indigenous tree species. Animal Feed Science Technology 69: 121-129.
    21. Ørskov, E.R., and McDonald, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science Cambridge 92: 499-503.
    22. Ravhuhali, K.E., Ng’ambi, J.W., Norris, D. and Ayodele, V.I. (2011). The feeding value of four cowpea hay cultivars and effect of their supplementation on intake and digestibility of buffalo grass hay fed to Pedi goats. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 6(9): 909-922.
    23. Rezai, F., Zamani, F. and Vatankhah, M. (2012). Effect of Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) on Colostrum Quality and Growth of Lori Bakhtiari Lambs. Global Veterinaria 8 (1): 93-100.
    24. SAS Institute. (2013). SAS 9.3 Design of Experiments. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
    25. Tagliapietra, F., Cattani, M., Hansen, H.H., Hindrichsen, I.K, Bailoni, L. and Schiavon, S. (2011). Metabolizable energy content of feeds based on 24 or 48 h in situ CF digestibility and on in vitro 24 h gas production methods. Animal Feed Science Technology 170: 182-191.
    26. Wulf, M., and Südekum, K.H. (2005). Effects of chemically treated soybeans and expeller rapeseed meal on in vivo and in situ crude fat and crude protein disappearance from the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology 118:215-227.
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