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Research Article

volume 54 issue 12 (december 2020) : 1558-1564,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-1205

The Role of Bone Phosphorus, Calcium and Magnesium on Bone Reserves of Indigenous Mixed Breed Cattle Grazing Natural Pasture during Times of Mineral Stress Induced by Drought in Mogosane Village of North West Province, South Africa

B
B.G. Mokolopi
1Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa. 
Cite article:- Mokolopi B.G. (2020). The Role of Bone Phosphorus, Calcium and Magnesium on Bone Reserves of Indigenous Mixed Breed Cattle Grazing Natural Pasture during Times of Mineral Stress Induced by Drought in Mogosane Village of North West Province, South Africa. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(12): 1558-1564. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-1205.

ABSTRACT

Background: Bone consists of Ca and P deposited within an organic collagen matrix.  The highly porous nature of this matrix provides bone with an extensive surface area, making bone a highly labile source of both Ca and P and serves as metabolic reservoir for Ca, P and other minerals. Phosphorus in the skeleton provides large reserve, which may be mobilized when the diet is deficient in phosphorus, the measurement of bone minerals is important to evaluate bone reserves such as bone volume, bone specific gravity and bone thickness. 
Methods: Ten male mix breed cattle between the ages of 6 and 12 months therefore, were randomly selected from a herd feeding exclusively on communal grazing and receiving no supplements and were used to determine the role of bone phosphorus, calcium and magnesium on bone reserves in cattle grazing natural pasture. Bone samples were analysed for P through the FASPac II Version R2MI Auto- Analyzer and were analysed for Ca and Mg through an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. 
Results: Bone volume, bone specific gravity and bone thickness were reacting with same pattern almost throughout research. Grass phosphorus was positively correlated to bone Mg (r2= 0.466) with the P value of 0.053. Concentration of Ca in the grass was positively correlated to bone Mg (r2= 0.524) and bone specific gravity (r2= 0.593) with the P values of 0.051 and 0.048 respectively. The rainfall measured during the research shown to have positive correlation on the concentration of P in the grass r2= 0.690) and of Mg (r2= 0.848) with the P values of 0.04 and 0.001 respectively. 

REFERENCES

  1. Ateba, T.P. and Beighle, D.E. (2011). Effect of layer chicken litter and yellow maize meal on mineral status of bovine. Life Science Journal. 8(S2): 8-11 http://www.lifesciencesite.com
  2. Bairwa, K.C, Varadan, J.R., Jhajharia, A. and Meena, D.K. (2013). An economic appraisal of livestock sector in India. Indian J. Anim. Res. 47(2): 105-112.
  3. Bashir, H., Ahmad, K. and Khan, Z.I. (2019). Effect of saptio- temporal variation on availability of trace element from soil, forage to small ruminants of semi- arid environment. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 28(12): 9252-9259. 
  4. Bhat, M.S., Shaheen, M., Zaman, R. and Muhee, A. (2011). Mineral Inter-relationship among soil, forage and dairy cattle in Kashmir, India. Vet. World. 4(12): 550-553.
  5. Beighle, D.E., Boyazoglu, P.A and Hemken, R.W. (1993). Use of bovine rib bone in serial sampling for mineral analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 1047-1052.
  6. Beighle, D.E., Tucker, W.B. and Hemken, R.W. (1990). Interactions of dietary cation-anion balance and phosphorus: Effects on blood, bone and faecal phosphorus concentration in dairy calves. J. S. Afr. Vet. Ass. 61(1): 5-8.
  7. Beighle, D.E. (2000). Bone, blood and faecal response to an acidogenic lick for range cattle using different concentrations of ammonium chloride. J. S. Afr. Vet. Ass. 71(4): 215-218.
  8. Blanco- Penedo, I., Shore, R.F., Miranda, M., Benedito, J.L and Lopez- Alonso, M. (2009). Factors affecting trace element status in calves in NW Spain. Livest. Sci. 123: 198-208.
  9. Choucair, N., Laporte, V., Levy, R., Tranchant, C., Gies, J.P., Poindron, P. and Lombard, Y. (2006). The role of calcium and magnesium ions uptake of â- Amyloid Peptides by Microglial cells. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 19(3): 683-696.
  10. Cohen, R.D.H. (1973a). Phosphorus nutrition of beef cattle. 2. Relation of pasture phosphorus to phosphorus content of blood, hair and bone of grazing steers. Austr. J. of Exp Agric. and Animal Husbandry. 13: 5-8.
  11. Clausen, T. and Everts, M.E. (1989). Regulation of the Na, K- pump in skeletal muscle. Kidney Int. 35: 1-13.
  12. Dixon, R.M., Kidd, L.J., Coates, D.B. anderson, S.T., Benvenutti, M.A., Fletcher, M.T. and McNeill, D.M. (2017). Utilising mobilisation of body reserves to improve the management of phosphorus nutrition of breeder cows. Animal Production Science. 57(11): 2280-2290.
  13. Dixon, R.M., Coates, D.B., Mayer, R.J. and Miller, C.P. (2019). Alternative rib bone biopsy measurements to estimate changes in skeletal mineral reserves in cattle. Animal. 13(1): 119-126.
  14. Fiske, C.H. and Subarrow, Y. (1925). The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 66: 375-400.
  15. Geisert, B.G., Erickson, G.E., Klopfenstein, T.J., Macken, C.N., Luebbe, M.K. and MacDonald, J.C. (2010). Phosphorus requirement and excretion of finishing beef cattle fed different concentrations of phosphorus. J Anim Sci. 88: 2393-2402.
  16. Geissler, B., Michael, C., Mewa, M.C. and Steiner, G. (2019). Phosphate supply security for importing countries: Developments and the current situation. Science of the Total Environment. 677: 511-523
  17. Grünberg, W., Constable, P., Schröder, U., Staufenbiel, R., Morin, D. and Rohn, M. (2005). Phosphorus homeostasis in dairy cows with abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus. J Vet Intern Med. 19: 894-898.
  18. Grzegorczyk, S., Grabowski, K. and Olszewska, M. (2019). Content of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sodium in meadow sward irrigated with wastewater. J. Elem. 25(1): 249-257
  19. Hale, C. and Olson, K.C. (2001). Mineral supplements for beef cattle. University of Missouri Extension Services Bulletin no. G2081.
  20. Hasanat, F., Chakroborty, P.K., Nahar, D.N., Bishwash, S., Hena, K.N. and Mollika, R. (2017). Status of serum calcium and magnesium in women taking oral contraceptives. Bangladesh J Med Biochem. 10(2): 64-68.
  21. Kathiravan, G. and Selvam, S. (2011). Analysis of constraints to livestock production in Tamil Nadu. Indian J. Anim. Res. 45(1): 56-59.
  22. Khan, Z.I., Hussain, A., Ashraf, M. and McDowell, L.R. (2006). Mineral Status of Soils and Forages in Southwestern Punjab-Pakistan: Micro-minerals. Asian-Aust. J. Anim Sci. 19(8): 1139-1147.
  23. Keene, B.E., Knowlton, K.F., McGilliard, M.L., Lawrence, L.A., Nickols-Richardson, S.M., Wilson, J.H., Rutledge, A.M., McDowell, L.R. and Van Amburgh, M.E. (2004). Measures of bone mineral content in mature dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 3816-3825. 
  24. Khan ZI, Hussain A, Ashraf M, Ahmad K, Danish M and McDowell LR (2008). Effect of seasonal variation on the copper status in a soil-plant-animal system. Acta Agron. Hung. 56: 55-67. 
  25. Knowlton, K.F., Radcliffe, J.S., Novak, C.L. and Emmerson, D.A. (2004). Animal management to reduce phosphorus losses to the environment. J. Anim. Sci. 82: E173-E195. 
  26. Loveridge, N. (1999). Bone: More than a stick. J. Anim. Sci. 77(2): 190-196.
  27. Madke, P.K., Murkute, J.S, Upadhye, S.V. and Vedpathak, C.P. (2006). Adoption of scientific feeding practices by dairy farmers. Indian J. Anim. Res. 40(2): 155-157
  28. Malafaia, P., Magnoli, C.R., Brito, M.F., Peixoto, P.V., Barbosa, J.D., Tokarnia, C.H. and Döbereiner, J. (2014). Equívocos arraigados no meio pecuário sobre deficiências e suplementação minerais em bovinos no Brasil. Pesq Vet Bras. 34: 244-249.
  29. Malafaia, P., Salcedo, Y.T.G., Uscategui, R.A.R., Souza, V.C., Costa, D.F.A. and Berchielli, T.T. (2017). A simple and fast sampling method for chemical analyses and densitometry of bones through rib biopsies in cattle. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 37(1): 31-35.
  30. Mokolopi, B.G. and Beighle, D.E. (2006). Evaluation of the mineral status of cattle on communal grazing in the North West Province of South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 77: 179-183.
  31. Sarma PC, Gambhir SS (1995) Therapeutic uses of magnesium. Indian J Pharmacol 27: 7-13
  32. SAS, (2010). SAS Users Guide: Statistics. Version 9.3. SAS Institute, Cary. NC, USA.
  33. Satyanarayan, K. and Jagadeeswary, V. (2010). A study of knowledge and adoption behaviour of livestock farmers. Indian J. Anim. Res. 44(2): 100-106.
  34. Simpson, G.R. and Dale E. (1972). Serum levels of phosphorus, magnesium and calcium in women utilizing combination oral or long acting injectable progestational contraceptives. Fert Steril. 23(5): 326-329
  35. Touyz RM (2003) Role of magnesium in pathogenesis of hypertension. Mol Aspects Med. 24: 107-136.
  36. Trudeau, D.L. and Freier, E.F. (1967). Determination of calcium in urine and serum by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Clinic Chemistry. 13: 103-114.
  37. Zhang, Z., Bi, M., Yang, J., Yao, H., Liu, Z. and Xu, S. (2017). Effect of phosphorus deficiency on erythrocytic morphology and function in cows. J Vet Sci. 18(3): 333-340
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 12 (december 2020) : 1558-1564,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-1205

    The Role of Bone Phosphorus, Calcium and Magnesium on Bone Reserves of Indigenous Mixed Breed Cattle Grazing Natural Pasture during Times of Mineral Stress Induced by Drought in Mogosane Village of North West Province, South Africa

    B
    B.G. Mokolopi
    1Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa. 
    Cite article:- Mokolopi B.G. (2020). The Role of Bone Phosphorus, Calcium and Magnesium on Bone Reserves of Indigenous Mixed Breed Cattle Grazing Natural Pasture during Times of Mineral Stress Induced by Drought in Mogosane Village of North West Province, South Africa. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(12): 1558-1564. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-1205.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Bone consists of Ca and P deposited within an organic collagen matrix.  The highly porous nature of this matrix provides bone with an extensive surface area, making bone a highly labile source of both Ca and P and serves as metabolic reservoir for Ca, P and other minerals. Phosphorus in the skeleton provides large reserve, which may be mobilized when the diet is deficient in phosphorus, the measurement of bone minerals is important to evaluate bone reserves such as bone volume, bone specific gravity and bone thickness. 
    Methods: Ten male mix breed cattle between the ages of 6 and 12 months therefore, were randomly selected from a herd feeding exclusively on communal grazing and receiving no supplements and were used to determine the role of bone phosphorus, calcium and magnesium on bone reserves in cattle grazing natural pasture. Bone samples were analysed for P through the FASPac II Version R2MI Auto- Analyzer and were analysed for Ca and Mg through an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. 
    Results: Bone volume, bone specific gravity and bone thickness were reacting with same pattern almost throughout research. Grass phosphorus was positively correlated to bone Mg (r2= 0.466) with the P value of 0.053. Concentration of Ca in the grass was positively correlated to bone Mg (r2= 0.524) and bone specific gravity (r2= 0.593) with the P values of 0.051 and 0.048 respectively. The rainfall measured during the research shown to have positive correlation on the concentration of P in the grass r2= 0.690) and of Mg (r2= 0.848) with the P values of 0.04 and 0.001 respectively. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Ateba, T.P. and Beighle, D.E. (2011). Effect of layer chicken litter and yellow maize meal on mineral status of bovine. Life Science Journal. 8(S2): 8-11 http://www.lifesciencesite.com
    2. Bairwa, K.C, Varadan, J.R., Jhajharia, A. and Meena, D.K. (2013). An economic appraisal of livestock sector in India. Indian J. Anim. Res. 47(2): 105-112.
    3. Bashir, H., Ahmad, K. and Khan, Z.I. (2019). Effect of saptio- temporal variation on availability of trace element from soil, forage to small ruminants of semi- arid environment. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 28(12): 9252-9259. 
    4. Bhat, M.S., Shaheen, M., Zaman, R. and Muhee, A. (2011). Mineral Inter-relationship among soil, forage and dairy cattle in Kashmir, India. Vet. World. 4(12): 550-553.
    5. Beighle, D.E., Boyazoglu, P.A and Hemken, R.W. (1993). Use of bovine rib bone in serial sampling for mineral analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 1047-1052.
    6. Beighle, D.E., Tucker, W.B. and Hemken, R.W. (1990). Interactions of dietary cation-anion balance and phosphorus: Effects on blood, bone and faecal phosphorus concentration in dairy calves. J. S. Afr. Vet. Ass. 61(1): 5-8.
    7. Beighle, D.E. (2000). Bone, blood and faecal response to an acidogenic lick for range cattle using different concentrations of ammonium chloride. J. S. Afr. Vet. Ass. 71(4): 215-218.
    8. Blanco- Penedo, I., Shore, R.F., Miranda, M., Benedito, J.L and Lopez- Alonso, M. (2009). Factors affecting trace element status in calves in NW Spain. Livest. Sci. 123: 198-208.
    9. Choucair, N., Laporte, V., Levy, R., Tranchant, C., Gies, J.P., Poindron, P. and Lombard, Y. (2006). The role of calcium and magnesium ions uptake of â- Amyloid Peptides by Microglial cells. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 19(3): 683-696.
    10. Cohen, R.D.H. (1973a). Phosphorus nutrition of beef cattle. 2. Relation of pasture phosphorus to phosphorus content of blood, hair and bone of grazing steers. Austr. J. of Exp Agric. and Animal Husbandry. 13: 5-8.
    11. Clausen, T. and Everts, M.E. (1989). Regulation of the Na, K- pump in skeletal muscle. Kidney Int. 35: 1-13.
    12. Dixon, R.M., Kidd, L.J., Coates, D.B. anderson, S.T., Benvenutti, M.A., Fletcher, M.T. and McNeill, D.M. (2017). Utilising mobilisation of body reserves to improve the management of phosphorus nutrition of breeder cows. Animal Production Science. 57(11): 2280-2290.
    13. Dixon, R.M., Coates, D.B., Mayer, R.J. and Miller, C.P. (2019). Alternative rib bone biopsy measurements to estimate changes in skeletal mineral reserves in cattle. Animal. 13(1): 119-126.
    14. Fiske, C.H. and Subarrow, Y. (1925). The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 66: 375-400.
    15. Geisert, B.G., Erickson, G.E., Klopfenstein, T.J., Macken, C.N., Luebbe, M.K. and MacDonald, J.C. (2010). Phosphorus requirement and excretion of finishing beef cattle fed different concentrations of phosphorus. J Anim Sci. 88: 2393-2402.
    16. Geissler, B., Michael, C., Mewa, M.C. and Steiner, G. (2019). Phosphate supply security for importing countries: Developments and the current situation. Science of the Total Environment. 677: 511-523
    17. Grünberg, W., Constable, P., Schröder, U., Staufenbiel, R., Morin, D. and Rohn, M. (2005). Phosphorus homeostasis in dairy cows with abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus. J Vet Intern Med. 19: 894-898.
    18. Grzegorczyk, S., Grabowski, K. and Olszewska, M. (2019). Content of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sodium in meadow sward irrigated with wastewater. J. Elem. 25(1): 249-257
    19. Hale, C. and Olson, K.C. (2001). Mineral supplements for beef cattle. University of Missouri Extension Services Bulletin no. G2081.
    20. Hasanat, F., Chakroborty, P.K., Nahar, D.N., Bishwash, S., Hena, K.N. and Mollika, R. (2017). Status of serum calcium and magnesium in women taking oral contraceptives. Bangladesh J Med Biochem. 10(2): 64-68.
    21. Kathiravan, G. and Selvam, S. (2011). Analysis of constraints to livestock production in Tamil Nadu. Indian J. Anim. Res. 45(1): 56-59.
    22. Khan, Z.I., Hussain, A., Ashraf, M. and McDowell, L.R. (2006). Mineral Status of Soils and Forages in Southwestern Punjab-Pakistan: Micro-minerals. Asian-Aust. J. Anim Sci. 19(8): 1139-1147.
    23. Keene, B.E., Knowlton, K.F., McGilliard, M.L., Lawrence, L.A., Nickols-Richardson, S.M., Wilson, J.H., Rutledge, A.M., McDowell, L.R. and Van Amburgh, M.E. (2004). Measures of bone mineral content in mature dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 3816-3825. 
    24. Khan ZI, Hussain A, Ashraf M, Ahmad K, Danish M and McDowell LR (2008). Effect of seasonal variation on the copper status in a soil-plant-animal system. Acta Agron. Hung. 56: 55-67. 
    25. Knowlton, K.F., Radcliffe, J.S., Novak, C.L. and Emmerson, D.A. (2004). Animal management to reduce phosphorus losses to the environment. J. Anim. Sci. 82: E173-E195. 
    26. Loveridge, N. (1999). Bone: More than a stick. J. Anim. Sci. 77(2): 190-196.
    27. Madke, P.K., Murkute, J.S, Upadhye, S.V. and Vedpathak, C.P. (2006). Adoption of scientific feeding practices by dairy farmers. Indian J. Anim. Res. 40(2): 155-157
    28. Malafaia, P., Magnoli, C.R., Brito, M.F., Peixoto, P.V., Barbosa, J.D., Tokarnia, C.H. and Döbereiner, J. (2014). Equívocos arraigados no meio pecuário sobre deficiências e suplementação minerais em bovinos no Brasil. Pesq Vet Bras. 34: 244-249.
    29. Malafaia, P., Salcedo, Y.T.G., Uscategui, R.A.R., Souza, V.C., Costa, D.F.A. and Berchielli, T.T. (2017). A simple and fast sampling method for chemical analyses and densitometry of bones through rib biopsies in cattle. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 37(1): 31-35.
    30. Mokolopi, B.G. and Beighle, D.E. (2006). Evaluation of the mineral status of cattle on communal grazing in the North West Province of South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 77: 179-183.
    31. Sarma PC, Gambhir SS (1995) Therapeutic uses of magnesium. Indian J Pharmacol 27: 7-13
    32. SAS, (2010). SAS Users Guide: Statistics. Version 9.3. SAS Institute, Cary. NC, USA.
    33. Satyanarayan, K. and Jagadeeswary, V. (2010). A study of knowledge and adoption behaviour of livestock farmers. Indian J. Anim. Res. 44(2): 100-106.
    34. Simpson, G.R. and Dale E. (1972). Serum levels of phosphorus, magnesium and calcium in women utilizing combination oral or long acting injectable progestational contraceptives. Fert Steril. 23(5): 326-329
    35. Touyz RM (2003) Role of magnesium in pathogenesis of hypertension. Mol Aspects Med. 24: 107-136.
    36. Trudeau, D.L. and Freier, E.F. (1967). Determination of calcium in urine and serum by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Clinic Chemistry. 13: 103-114.
    37. Zhang, Z., Bi, M., Yang, J., Yao, H., Liu, Z. and Xu, S. (2017). Effect of phosphorus deficiency on erythrocytic morphology and function in cows. J Vet Sci. 18(3): 333-340
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