Indian Journal of Animal Research

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Research Article

Indian Journal of Animal Research, volume 54 issue 6 (june 2020) : 667-672

Effects of Dietary Oils on Nutrient Utilization in the Growing Pigs Under Heat Stress Condition

Won Yun1, Min Ho Song2, Ji Hwan Lee1, Chang Hee Lee1, Woo Gi Kwak1, Han Jin Oh1, Shudong Liu1, Hyeun Bum Kim3,*, Jin Ho Cho1
1Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea 28644.
2Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
3Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea.
Cite article:- Yun Won, Song Ho Min, Lee Hwan Ji, Lee Hee Chang, Kwak Gi Woo, Oh Jin Han, Liu Shudong, Kim Bum Hyeun, Cho Ho Jin (2019). Effects of Dietary Oils on Nutrient Utilization in the Growing Pigs Under Heat Stress Condition . Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(6): 667-672. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-1137.

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary oils on nutrient digestibility and energy utilization in pigs under heat stress (35 ± 1°C) condition. Four experimental diets were tested using a 4 x 4 Latin square design for four barrows (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average initial body weight of 30.1 ± 1 kg) in individual metabolic cages per group. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two levels of oils (1% or 3%) and two types of dietary oils (Canola oil and Soybean oil). Under optimal conditions, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were not significantly different among treatments. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency were not significantly different among treatments either. However, the interaction (p < 0.05) effect was detected on analyzed value of DE and ME.

INTRODUCTION

During the past decade, many studies have been demonstrated that high temperature causes various damages to the animal (Liu et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2018). Swine in particular are susceptible to heat stress because they possess little to no functional sweat glands (Curtis, 1983; Chakraborty et al., 2018). Heat stress reduces growth performance of pigs, resulting in major losses to the pork industry. Heat-stressed pigs show decreased feed intake (Le Bellego et al., 2002). Under heat stress, pigs will reduce metabolic heat production to maintain homeothermy by reducing feed intake. Therefore, pigs show slower growth under heat stress. Decreased growth is associated with changes in the distribution of adipose tissues with an increase of abdominal fat (Le Dividich et al., 1998). To reduce the negative impact of heat stress on energy intake, producers have formulated diets using ingredients that are energy dense but low in heat increment (Stahly et al., 1981) by dietary inclusion fat and oils (NRC, 2012; Kerr et al., 2015). It has been shown that adding dietary fat can reduce the negative effect of heat stress on average daily gain (ADG) (Stahly et al., 1981; Spencer et al., 2005). Baumgard and Rhoads (2013) has concluded that pigs that experience heat stress will deposit more lipid than predicted based on their energy consumption. It is also known that the composition of dietary fat is highly reflective of pork fat composition (Ellis and Isbell, 1926; Kellner et al., 2014). This creates a scenario where high fat diets are used to alleviate heat stress and greater amounts of fat than expected are deposited in heat stressed pigs, increasing the risk of having carcass fat quality issues (Spencer et al., 2005; White et al., 2008). Feed lipids and blended lipid products available in the feed ingredient market, vary substantially in fatty acid composition, energy content, quality and price. Commonly used lipid (dietary oils) quality measurements include color, fatty acid profile, free fatty acid (FFA) content, degree of unsaturation or saturation (iodine value -IV; titer), saponification value and impurities including moisture, insolubles and unsaponifiables (MIU) (Shurson et al., 2015). Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of most popularly used dietary oils on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in pigs maintained under heat stress environmental conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The protocol for the two experiments was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.

Experiment design and housing
 
A total of four crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) growing pigs were allotted to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The pigs (average initial body weight of 30.1 ± 1.0 kg) were individually housed in 1.2m × 0.7m × 0.96m stainless steel metabolism cages in an environmental controlled room. The experimental condition was conducted at 35 ± 1°C temperature with 85 ± 1.3% relative humidity and air speed was 0.25 ± 0.02 m/s. The experimental temperature and relative humidity were based on average temperatures found in piggeries in summer seasons of South Korea.
 
Diets and feeding
 
Diets were formulated to meet or exceed the NRC (National Research Council 1998) nutrient requirements for pigs (Table 1). The experiment was conducted for 4 periods. Each experimental period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period followed by a 3-d collection period. Four diets were formulated with  two different kinds and two different levels of dietary oils (Table 1). The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for DE (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW0.75; NRC, 1998). The allowance was divided into two equal parts and fed at 08:00 and 17:00 h. The diets were mixed with water in a ratio of 1:1 (Wt/Wt) before feeding. Pigs had free access to water during the experiment.
 

Table 1: Formula and chemical composition of the basal diets (as-fed basis).


 
Sampling and analysis
 
The pigs were weighed individually at the beginning of each period and the amount of feed supplied for each period was recorded, as well as any residual feed quantity. Each experimental period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period followed by a 3-d collection period to collect feces and urine. The fecal and urine were collected by total collection method. Total feces were collected immediately when the feces appeared in the metabolism cages, kept in plastic bags and stored at -20°C. Urine was collected once a day into buckets containing 50 mL of 6 mol/L HCl that were placed under the metabolism cages. The collected total urine was weighed and stored at -20°C. The collection of feces and urine were conducted according to the methods described by Song et al., (2003). Fecal samples were dried in a forced air oven and ground through a 1-mm screen and thoroughly mixed before a subsample was collected for chemical analysis. Diets and feces were analyzed for dry matter (AOAC, 1990), crude protein (AOAC, 1990), crude fiber (AOAC, 1990). The gross energy of diets, feces and urine were analyzed using an adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter (Parr Instruments, Moline, IL). The content of nitrogen in the urine was also analyzed (AOAC, 1990). Lipids were extracted according to Folch et al., (1957) and fatty acids determined by gas chromatography using nonadecanoic acid as internal standard. The calculation of digestible energy and metabolizable energy were conducted according to the methods described by Lammers et al., (2008).
 
Calculations
 
Digestible energy is the result of subtracting the GE in feces from dietary GE. The DE calculated from dietary chemical composition (Eq 1). The ME can be calculated directly from nutrient composition and DE (Eq 2.).

DE = 1,161 + (0.749 × GE) - (4.3 × Ash) - (4.1 × NDF)
                                                     (Nobelet and Perez, 1993) (Eq. 1)
 
 ME = (1.00 × DE) - (0.68 × CP)
                                          (Nobelet and Perez, 1993) (Eq. 2)
 
Statistical analysis
 
The data for effects of different dietary oils with inclusion at different levels on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fiber, dry matter, protein, energy and the available energy of diets in growing pigs were subjected to two-way ANOVA, with addition levels, types and their interactions as main effects and litter as covariate. Mean values for the effect of feeding treatments were compared using the pdiff statement of the GLM procedure.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth performance
 
The growth performance data were summarized in Table 2. The effect of oil types and amounts on pig performance was not significant (p > 0.05).
 

Table 2: Effects of oils supplementation and dietary oil level on growth performance in growing pigs.


 
Nutrient digestibility
 
Table 3 presents effects of oil ingredients and oil supplementation level on the apparent total tract digestibility under heat stress condition (35 ± 1°C). The ATTD of DM, CP, EE and CA were not significantly different among treatments (p > 0.05). Digestible energy and metabolizable energy had not significantly different among treatments. Pigs fed with additional dietary oils had not affects ATTD of DM, CP, EE and CA under heat stress condition (p > 0.05). The ATTD of fatty acids were represented in Table 4. Pigs fed with additional dietary oils had not affects ATTD of fatty acids (p > 0.05).
 
@tablw3
 

Table 4: Effects of oils supplementation and dietary oil level on apparent total tract digestibility of fatty acids in growing pigs.


 
Comparison between calculated value and analyzed value
 
The comparison between calculated value and Analyzed value are summarized in Table 5. The interaction (p < 0.05) effect was detected on analyzed value of DE and ME. The values of GE-DE, DE-ME and GE-ME were no significantly differences among treatments (p > 0.05).
 

Table 5: Comparison between calculated value and Analyzed value.


        
Heat stress reduces domestic animal production parameters and negatively affects global agriculture economy. Heat-induced financial loss is caused by increased morbidity and mortality (especially in market weight pigs), decreased growth performance, stagnancy sow performance, poor carcass value (increased lipid and decreased protein content) and carcass processing problems (St-Pierre et al., 2003).
        
To alleviate the negative effect of heat stress on feed intake, producers typically formulate diets on a seasonal basis using ingredients with low heat increment but high energy density during heat stress conditions (Stahly et al., 1981). Dietary oils are ideal as such ingredients (Forbes and Swift, 1944; Kerr et al., 2015). Therefore, they are used more frequently and at higher dietary concentrations during warm periods of the year.
        
When dietary oil was added, ADG and feed efficiency were increased. These results could be due to increased energy density of additional dietary oils. Therefore, it is possible to cope with decreased feed intake caused by heat stress by adding dietary oil with low heat increment. Despite previous results showing that dietary oil could affect nutrient utilization, additional dietary oils showed no significant effect on nutrient utilization in our study.
        
Heat stress increases the secretion of two adipokines: leptin and adiponectin. It also increases the expression of their receptors (Bernabucci et al., 2009; Morera et al., 2012). Leptin stimulates the hypothalamic axix, resulting in reduced feed intake (Rabe et al., 2008). Adiponectin regulates the feeding behavior through peripheral and central mechanisms. It serves as ‘a starvation signal’ (Hoyda et al., 2012). Hence, heat stress stimulates the hypothalamic axis through increasing leptin and adiponectin levels, resulting in decreased feed intake. This form of caloric restriction allows hyperthermic animals to reduce heat generation. Therefore, supplementation with dietary oils could be used to suppress the negative effect of heat stress resulting from reduced feed intake due to increased levels of leptin and adiponectin that lead to decreased growth performance.
        
Contents of apparent total tract digestibility were not correlated with supplementation of dietary oils or modified lipid metabolism in pig body under heat stress conditions. Lipid metabolism is affected by chronic heat stress. It has been shown that ambient temperature-induced heat stress can reduce fat oxidation in different species. Several studies have demonstrated that basal levels of non-esterified fatty acids are typically reduced in pigs during heat stress (Pearce et al., 2011). This reduction is independent of reduced dry matter intake. Moreover, heat stress downregulates lipolytic enzyme activities in chickens and swine (Geraert et al., 1996). Decreased lipolytic activity of the adipose tissue seems to be an adaptation to limit heat generation in heat-stressed animals. Furthermore, heat stress creates bottleneck for pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle, thus increasing pyruvate-derived metabolite production. Consequently, heat-induced hyperlactemia may contribute to altered post-absorptive carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (Baumgard and Rhoads 2013). Heat stress also compromises pig’s intestinal integrity and morphology (Pearce et al., 2014). These negative effects are largely independent of reduced feed intake (Pearce et al., 2015).
        
High temperature (>27°C) and relatively high humidity (> 85%) which typically prevail in tropical areas, provide a great condition for growth and activity of mycotoxin in the stored feeds (Shivasharanappa et al., 2013). Lipids had activations of promoting fungal vegetative growth, sporulation and mycotoxin production. These activations are sensitive to subtle differences in lipid concentration and structure (Gao and Kolomiets. 2009). Accordingly, on the basis of the various negative effects indicated by previous studies, it would be advantageous not to add dietary oils of feeds under heat stress condition.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, regardless different levels and different kinds the effects of addition of dietary oils were shown to be ineffective on nutrient utilization under heat stress Conditions in Pigs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2019R1F1A1060192).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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