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volume 46 issue 4 (december 2012) : 317 - 324

MAIZE SILAGE IN THE DRY SEASON FOR GRAZING DAIRY COWS IN SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN MEXICO’S HIGHLANDS

B
Benito Albarran1
A
Anastacio Garcia1
A
Angelica Espinoza2
E
Enrique Espinosa3
C
Carlos Manuel Arriaga2
1Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Tejupilco Km.67.5 P.C. 52300. México.

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Albarran1 Benito, Garcia1 Anastacio, Espinoza2 Angelica, Espinosa3 Enrique, Arriaga2 Manuel Carlos (2025). MAIZE SILAGE IN THE DRY SEASON FOR GRAZING DAIRY COWS IN SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN MEXICO’S HIGHLANDS. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 46(4): 317 - 324. doi: .

ABSTRACT

The aim was to determine the productive and economic response to feeding maize silage (MS) at 3, 6 and 9 kg DM/cow/d, to continuous grazing cows with a high stocking rate and low herbage allowance during the dry season. Six Holstein cows were used in a repeated 3 x 3 latin square design. Cows received 2.5 kg/d of DM of commercial concentrate. Treatments consisted of 3, 6 and 9 kg of DM/cow/d of MS. There were no differences on response variables (P > 0.05), milk yields (19.0 kg/cow/d), fat and protein content (33.5 and 32.8 g/kg-1, respectively), live weight (473.6 kg), body condition score (1.75), and total DMI (13.86 kg/cow/d). Total feeding cost/kg of milk was $0.06, $0.07 and $0.08 (USD), for treatments 3, 6 and 9 kg/DM of MS, respectively. Increasing MS to either 6 or 9 kg/cow/d did not increase milk yields compare to 3 kg/cow/d, but it does reduce profits.

REFERENCES

  1. AFRC, Animal and Food Research Council, (1993). Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
  2. Ankom. (2005). Procedures (for NDF, ADF, and in vitro Digestibility). ANKOM Technology Method. http://www.ankom.com/ Accessed 25 March 2006.
  3. Anaya-Ortega, J.P., Garduño-Castro, Y., Espinoza-Ortega, A., Rojo-Rubio, R., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2009). Silage from maize (Zea mays), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or their mixture in the dry season feeding of grazing dairy cows in small-scale campesino dairy production systems in the Highlands of Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41: 607–616.
  4. Arriaga-Jordán, C.M., and Holmes, W. (1986). The effect of concentrate supplementation on high yielding dairy cows under two systems of grazing. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.), 107: 453–461.
  5. Arriaga-Jordan, C.M., Albarrán-Portillo, B., Espinoza-Ortega, A., García-Martínez, A., Castelán-Ortega, O.A. (2002). On-farm comparison of feeding strategies based on forages for small-scale dairy production systems in the highlands of central Mexico. Exp. Agric., 38: 375-388.
  6. Bargo, F., Muller, L.D., Delahoy, J.E., Cassidy, T.W., (2002). Milk response to concentrate supplementation of high producing cows grazing at two pasture allowance. J. Diary Sci., 85: 1777-1792.
  7. Burke, F., Murphy, J.J., O´Donovan, M.A., O´Mara, F.P., Kavanagh, S., Mulligan, F.J. (2007). Comparative evaluation of alternative forages to grass silage in the diet of early lactation dairy cows. J. Diary Sci., 90: 908-917.
  8. Dale, A.J., Mayne, C.S., Laidlaw, A.S., Ferris, C.P. (2008). Effect of altering the grazing interval on growth and utilization of grass herbage and performance of dairy cows under rotational grazing. Grass. Forage Sci.,
  9. 63: 257-269.
  10. Espinoza-Ortega, A., Espinosa-Ayala, E., Bastida-López, J., Castañeda-Martínez, T., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2007). Small-scale dairy farming in the highlands of central Mexico: Technical, economic and social aspects and their impact on poverty. Exp. Agric., 43: 241-256.
  11. Fulkerson, W.J., Slack, K. (1994). Leaf number as a criterion for determining defoliation time for Lolium perenne. I. Effect of water-soluble carbohydrates and senescence. Grass. Forage. Sci., 49: 373-377.
  12. García-Martínez, A., Albarrán-Portillo, B., Castelán-Ortega, O.A., Espinoza-Ortega, A., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2009). Urea treated maize straw for small-holder campesino dairy production systems in the highlands of central Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41, 1487-1494.
  13. Garduño-Castro, Y., Espinoza-Ortega, A., González-Esquivel, C.E., Mateo-Salazar, B., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2009). Intercropped oats (Avena sativa) - common vetch (Vicia sativa) silage in the dry season for small-scale dairy systems in the Highlands of Central Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41: 827-834.
  14. Hameleers, A. (1998). The effects of the inclusion of either maize silage, fermented whole crop wheat or urea-treated whole crop wheat in a diet based on high-quality grass silage on the performance of dairy cows. Grass. Forage. Sci., 53: 157-163.
  15. Heredia-Nava, D., Espinoza-Ortega, A., González-Esquivel, C.E., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2007). Feeding strategies for small-scale dairy systems based on perennial (Lolium perenne) or annual (Lolium multiflorum) ryegrass in the central highlands of Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 39: 179-188.
  16. Hernández-Mendo, O., and Leaver, J.D. (2006). Production and behavioural responses of high- and low-yielding dairy cows to different periods of access to grazing or to a maize silage and soybean meal diet fed indoors. Grass. Forage Sci., 61: 335-346.
  17. Hodgson, J. (1990). Grazing Management: Science into Practice. Longman Scientific & Technical; Wiley, New York.
  18. Kennedy, E., O´Donovan, M., Murphy, J.P., O´Mara, F.P., and Delaby, L. (2006). The effect of initial spring grazing date and subsequent stocking rate on the grazing management, grass dry matter intake and milk production of dairy cows in summer. Grass. Forage Sci., 61: 375-384.Mayne, C.S., Wright, IA., and Fisher, G.E.J. (2000). Grassland Management under grazing and animal response. In: Grass its Production and Utilization. Hopkins A (ed). British Grassland Society, Blackwell Science, 247-291.
  19. Menke, H.K., Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Develop., 28: 488-55.
  20. Mosqueda-Losada, R., and González-Rodríguez, A. (1998). Effect of annual stocking rates in grass and maize + rye systems on production by dairy cows. Grass. Forage Sci., 53: 95-108.
  21. NRC, National Research Council. (2001). Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. National Research Council. Washington, DC. National Academy Press.
  22. O´Mara, F.P., Fitzgerald, J.J., Murphy, J.J., Rath, M. (1998). The effect on milk production of replacing grass silage with maize silage in the diet of dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci., 55: 79-87.
  23. Phillips, C.J.C., and Leaver, J.D. (1985). Supplementary feeding of forage to grazing dairy cows: I. Offering hay to dairy cows at high and low stocking rates. Grass. Forage Sci., 40: 193-199.
  24. Phipps, R.H., Weller, R.F., Rook, A.J., (1992). Forage mixtures for dairy cows: the effect on dry matter intake and milk production of incorporating different proportions of maize silage into diets based on grass silages of differing energy value. J. Agric. Sci., Camb, 118:379-382.
  25. Pulido, R.G., and Leaver, J.D. (2003). Continuous and rotational grazing of dairy cows the interactions of grazing system with level of milk yield, sward height and concentrate level. Grass. Forage Sci. 58: 265-275.
  26. Ramírez-Mella, M., Hernández-Mendo, O., Améndola-Massiotti, R.D., Ramírez-Bribiesca, E.J., Mendoza-Martínez, G,D,, and Burgueño-Ferreira, J.A. (2010). Productive response of grazing dairy cows to fresh chopped maize supplementation under a small farming system in the Mexican Highlands. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42: 1377-1383.
  27. Tilley, R.G., Terry, R.A. (1963). A two-stages technique for in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Brit. Grass Soc., 18-104.
  28. Val-Arreola, D., Kebreab, E., and France, J. (2006). Modelling small scale dairy farms in central Mexico using multi- criteria programming. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 1662-1672.
  29. Wildman, E.E., Jones, G.M., Wagner, P.E., Bomas, R.L., Troutt, H.F., and Lesch, T.N. (1982). A dairy cow body condition scoring system and its relationship to selected production characteristics. J. Dairy Sci., 65: 495–501.
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    volume 46 issue 4 (december 2012) : 317 - 324

    MAIZE SILAGE IN THE DRY SEASON FOR GRAZING DAIRY COWS IN SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN MEXICO’S HIGHLANDS

    B
    Benito Albarran1
    A
    Anastacio Garcia1
    A
    Angelica Espinoza2
    E
    Enrique Espinosa3
    C
    Carlos Manuel Arriaga2
    1Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Tejupilco Km.67.5 P.C. 52300. México.

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Albarran1 Benito, Garcia1 Anastacio, Espinoza2 Angelica, Espinosa3 Enrique, Arriaga2 Manuel Carlos (2025). MAIZE SILAGE IN THE DRY SEASON FOR GRAZING DAIRY COWS IN SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN MEXICO’S HIGHLANDS. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 46(4): 317 - 324. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    The aim was to determine the productive and economic response to feeding maize silage (MS) at 3, 6 and 9 kg DM/cow/d, to continuous grazing cows with a high stocking rate and low herbage allowance during the dry season. Six Holstein cows were used in a repeated 3 x 3 latin square design. Cows received 2.5 kg/d of DM of commercial concentrate. Treatments consisted of 3, 6 and 9 kg of DM/cow/d of MS. There were no differences on response variables (P > 0.05), milk yields (19.0 kg/cow/d), fat and protein content (33.5 and 32.8 g/kg-1, respectively), live weight (473.6 kg), body condition score (1.75), and total DMI (13.86 kg/cow/d). Total feeding cost/kg of milk was $0.06, $0.07 and $0.08 (USD), for treatments 3, 6 and 9 kg/DM of MS, respectively. Increasing MS to either 6 or 9 kg/cow/d did not increase milk yields compare to 3 kg/cow/d, but it does reduce profits.

    REFERENCES

    1. AFRC, Animal and Food Research Council, (1993). Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
    2. Ankom. (2005). Procedures (for NDF, ADF, and in vitro Digestibility). ANKOM Technology Method. http://www.ankom.com/ Accessed 25 March 2006.
    3. Anaya-Ortega, J.P., Garduño-Castro, Y., Espinoza-Ortega, A., Rojo-Rubio, R., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2009). Silage from maize (Zea mays), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or their mixture in the dry season feeding of grazing dairy cows in small-scale campesino dairy production systems in the Highlands of Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41: 607–616.
    4. Arriaga-Jordán, C.M., and Holmes, W. (1986). The effect of concentrate supplementation on high yielding dairy cows under two systems of grazing. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.), 107: 453–461.
    5. Arriaga-Jordan, C.M., Albarrán-Portillo, B., Espinoza-Ortega, A., García-Martínez, A., Castelán-Ortega, O.A. (2002). On-farm comparison of feeding strategies based on forages for small-scale dairy production systems in the highlands of central Mexico. Exp. Agric., 38: 375-388.
    6. Bargo, F., Muller, L.D., Delahoy, J.E., Cassidy, T.W., (2002). Milk response to concentrate supplementation of high producing cows grazing at two pasture allowance. J. Diary Sci., 85: 1777-1792.
    7. Burke, F., Murphy, J.J., O´Donovan, M.A., O´Mara, F.P., Kavanagh, S., Mulligan, F.J. (2007). Comparative evaluation of alternative forages to grass silage in the diet of early lactation dairy cows. J. Diary Sci., 90: 908-917.
    8. Dale, A.J., Mayne, C.S., Laidlaw, A.S., Ferris, C.P. (2008). Effect of altering the grazing interval on growth and utilization of grass herbage and performance of dairy cows under rotational grazing. Grass. Forage Sci.,
    9. 63: 257-269.
    10. Espinoza-Ortega, A., Espinosa-Ayala, E., Bastida-López, J., Castañeda-Martínez, T., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2007). Small-scale dairy farming in the highlands of central Mexico: Technical, economic and social aspects and their impact on poverty. Exp. Agric., 43: 241-256.
    11. Fulkerson, W.J., Slack, K. (1994). Leaf number as a criterion for determining defoliation time for Lolium perenne. I. Effect of water-soluble carbohydrates and senescence. Grass. Forage. Sci., 49: 373-377.
    12. García-Martínez, A., Albarrán-Portillo, B., Castelán-Ortega, O.A., Espinoza-Ortega, A., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2009). Urea treated maize straw for small-holder campesino dairy production systems in the highlands of central Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41, 1487-1494.
    13. Garduño-Castro, Y., Espinoza-Ortega, A., González-Esquivel, C.E., Mateo-Salazar, B., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2009). Intercropped oats (Avena sativa) - common vetch (Vicia sativa) silage in the dry season for small-scale dairy systems in the Highlands of Central Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41: 827-834.
    14. Hameleers, A. (1998). The effects of the inclusion of either maize silage, fermented whole crop wheat or urea-treated whole crop wheat in a diet based on high-quality grass silage on the performance of dairy cows. Grass. Forage. Sci., 53: 157-163.
    15. Heredia-Nava, D., Espinoza-Ortega, A., González-Esquivel, C.E., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. (2007). Feeding strategies for small-scale dairy systems based on perennial (Lolium perenne) or annual (Lolium multiflorum) ryegrass in the central highlands of Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 39: 179-188.
    16. Hernández-Mendo, O., and Leaver, J.D. (2006). Production and behavioural responses of high- and low-yielding dairy cows to different periods of access to grazing or to a maize silage and soybean meal diet fed indoors. Grass. Forage Sci., 61: 335-346.
    17. Hodgson, J. (1990). Grazing Management: Science into Practice. Longman Scientific & Technical; Wiley, New York.
    18. Kennedy, E., O´Donovan, M., Murphy, J.P., O´Mara, F.P., and Delaby, L. (2006). The effect of initial spring grazing date and subsequent stocking rate on the grazing management, grass dry matter intake and milk production of dairy cows in summer. Grass. Forage Sci., 61: 375-384.Mayne, C.S., Wright, IA., and Fisher, G.E.J. (2000). Grassland Management under grazing and animal response. In: Grass its Production and Utilization. Hopkins A (ed). British Grassland Society, Blackwell Science, 247-291.
    19. Menke, H.K., Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Develop., 28: 488-55.
    20. Mosqueda-Losada, R., and González-Rodríguez, A. (1998). Effect of annual stocking rates in grass and maize + rye systems on production by dairy cows. Grass. Forage Sci., 53: 95-108.
    21. NRC, National Research Council. (2001). Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. National Research Council. Washington, DC. National Academy Press.
    22. O´Mara, F.P., Fitzgerald, J.J., Murphy, J.J., Rath, M. (1998). The effect on milk production of replacing grass silage with maize silage in the diet of dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci., 55: 79-87.
    23. Phillips, C.J.C., and Leaver, J.D. (1985). Supplementary feeding of forage to grazing dairy cows: I. Offering hay to dairy cows at high and low stocking rates. Grass. Forage Sci., 40: 193-199.
    24. Phipps, R.H., Weller, R.F., Rook, A.J., (1992). Forage mixtures for dairy cows: the effect on dry matter intake and milk production of incorporating different proportions of maize silage into diets based on grass silages of differing energy value. J. Agric. Sci., Camb, 118:379-382.
    25. Pulido, R.G., and Leaver, J.D. (2003). Continuous and rotational grazing of dairy cows the interactions of grazing system with level of milk yield, sward height and concentrate level. Grass. Forage Sci. 58: 265-275.
    26. Ramírez-Mella, M., Hernández-Mendo, O., Améndola-Massiotti, R.D., Ramírez-Bribiesca, E.J., Mendoza-Martínez, G,D,, and Burgueño-Ferreira, J.A. (2010). Productive response of grazing dairy cows to fresh chopped maize supplementation under a small farming system in the Mexican Highlands. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42: 1377-1383.
    27. Tilley, R.G., Terry, R.A. (1963). A two-stages technique for in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Brit. Grass Soc., 18-104.
    28. Val-Arreola, D., Kebreab, E., and France, J. (2006). Modelling small scale dairy farms in central Mexico using multi- criteria programming. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 1662-1672.
    29. Wildman, E.E., Jones, G.M., Wagner, P.E., Bomas, R.L., Troutt, H.F., and Lesch, T.N. (1982). A dairy cow body condition scoring system and its relationship to selected production characteristics. J. Dairy Sci., 65: 495–501.
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