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Farmer’s Perception and Determinant of Horticultural Crops in Nagaland and Manipur States 

Amod Sharma1,*, Th Motilal Singh2, Avicha Tangjang3
1Department of Agricultural Economics, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Chumoukedima-797 106, Nagaland, India.
2ICAR for NEH Region, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Imphal-795 001, Manipur, India.
3Financial and Operations Advisory Section, Rono Hills, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh-791 112, Arunachal Pradesh, India.

  • Submitted14-08-2024|

  • Accepted24-10-2024|

  • First Online 06-11-2024|

  • doi 10.18805/BKAP772

ABSTRACT

Background: The present research work was undertaken to known about the farmer perception and determinant as the adoption of the horticultural crops and major production constraints faced by them in Nagaland and Manipur states.

Methods: For the present study by selecting 100 respondents each from Nagaland and Manipur states to have 200 respondents in total by using purposive stratified simple random sampling technique with the help of data collected through personnel interview methods during the Agricultural calendar year 2019 to 2022 (contain 3 years survey field data).

Result: About the farmer perceptions for the horticultural crops in the study area viz; pineapple and chili both were selected due to the prominent crops; based on benefit-cost ratio pineapple crops of Nagaland was recorded as highest (3.31:1) returns, followed by pineapple crop of Manipur (3.01:1) state; also based on benefit-cost ratio, chili crop of Manipur was recorded highest (2.70:1) returns, followed by chili crop of Nagaland (2.76:1) state, respectively. About the perception level it increase by maximum 17.00 per cent for Dimapur Pineapple, followed by Thoubal Chili was 16 per cent, Kohima Chili was 12.00 per cent and minimum Senapati Pineapple was 10 per cent, respectively. About the major constraints faced by the respondents during the production, the foremost was due to the need for high investment in inputs, followed by the size of the land holding and lack of technical knowledge, respectively.

INTRODUCTION

Indian agrarian basically consisting of land use pattern, cropping pattern, investment in agriculture, use of agriculture machinery and implements has seen rapid changes (Singh and Sharma, 2020a). The factors such as industrialization, population pressure, green revolution, new technology relating to agriculture development are responsible for changes in the agrarian structure. India with 2.38 per cent of global geographical area supports 17.00 per cent of total world population with 63.00 per cent depend on farming livelihood (GoI, 2020). These livelihoods need to be secured with sustainable as a holistic approach in to utilize the waste from the farm enterprise efficiency. Most probably by the end of 2030 the country population will be 1.32 billion (approx.), it will be very difficult for the government to increase the farm product by doubling the income [Chishi and Sharma, 2019; Singh and Sharma, 2021(a); Yani and Sharma, 2022].
 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the present study after collecting the data from the respondents, it was organized and then analyzed as per the selected specific objectives by following the simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) techniques and finally 100 respondents from Nagaland and 100 respondents from Manipur states to make a sample of 200 respondents (Singh and Sharma, 2021a,b.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 reveals the present research is based on horticultural crops grown successfully in both the state viz; pineapple and chilli were common. 50 pineapple growers from Dimapur district and 50 chilli growers from Kohima district were selected from Nagaland state. 50 pineapple growers from Senapati district and 50 chilli growers from Thumbol district were selected from Manipur state.

Table 1: Sample respondents growing horticultural crops in the study area (n=200).


 
The cost incurred on different horticultural crops were described in estimating the investment cost and return, which will help farmers guidance in production planning and examining the efficiency of each horticultural crops in term of economics and profit; so to obtain the better horticultural crops; so two types of cost have been identified, analyzed and described i.e; variable cost and fixed cost. Variable costs are those cost which changes with the change in proportion, whereas fixed cost are those cost which do not change with the change in proportion. (Singh and Sharma, 2021b).
 
Table 2 revealed with regard to the cost of seeds, fertilizers, manures, plant protection chemicals etc; incurred the highest cost of ₹ 59431.03 for Chilli Thoubal, followed by ₹ 57656.17 for Pineapple Dimapur, ₹ 10083.33 for Pineapple Senapati and ₹ 3911.19 followed by Chilli Kohima, Rental value of land with ₹ 49379.21 on Chilli Kohima, followed by ₹  40582.90; the total highest variable cost ₹  69440.69 on chilli Kohima, followed by ₹ 68631.18 on Chilli Thoubal, ₹ 67256.04 on Pineapple Dimapur and lowest cost incurred ₹ 16509.50 on Pineapple Senapati and to depreciation on farm implements, the highest cost incurred ₹ 1851.46 on Pineapple Dimapur, followed by
₹ 1357.17 on Chilli Kohima, ₹ 1203.46 on Chilli Thoubal and lowest cost was incurred ₹  1202.50 on Pineapple Senapati. The highest interest on fixed capital was incurred ₹ 2410.16 on Pineapple Senapati, followed by ₹ 561.53on Chjilli Thoubal, ₹ 543.39 on Chilli Kohima and lowest cost was incurred ₹ 514.92 on Pineapple Dimapur (Longkumer and Sharma, 2023). Thus, highest fixed cost was incurred ₹ 50211.38 on Chilli Kohima, followed by ` 43928.79 on Pineapple Dimapur, ₹ 43553.66 on Chilli Thoubal and lowest cost on ₹ 34000.75 on Pineapple Senapati, respectively (Similar study carried out by Pampi et al., 2020). 

Table 2: Comparative cost of different horticultural crops.



Table 3 reveals the cost of cultivation of cost A1 incurred the highest cost with ₹ 88871.57 on Chilli Kohima, followed by Chilli Thoubal with ₹ 74428.58, Pineapple Dimapur with ₹ 73084.70 and lowest cost incurred with ₹ 47447.63 on Pineapple Senapati. In case of cost B1, incurred the highest cost with ₹ 89414.94 on Chilli Kohima, followed by Chilli Thoubal with ` 74990.10, Pineapple Dimapur with ₹ 73599.62 and lowest cost incurred ₹ 49857.79 on Pineapple Senapati; in case of cost B2, Chilli Kohima incurred the highest cost with ₹ 138794.15, followed by Chilli Thoubal with ₹ 116778.75, ₹ 115162.03 on Pineapple Dimapur and lowest cost incurred with ₹ 79995.83 on Pineapple Senapati, respectively. However in case of cost C the highest cost incurred with ` 86749.74 on Chilli Kohima, followed by ₹ 76602.92 on Chilli Thoubal, ₹ 75277.82 on Pineapple Dimapur and lowest cost incurred with ₹ 51707.80; however the cost C‚ Chilli Kohima incurred the highest cost with ₹ 140595.64, followed by Chilli Thoubal with ₹ 118391.57, ₹ 16840.22 on Pineapple Dimapur and lowest cost incurred with ₹ 81845.82; in case of cost Cƒ , Chilli Kohima incurred the highest cost with ₹ 154655.18, followed by Chilli Thoubal with ₹ 30230.76, Pineapple Dimapur with ₹ 128524.25 and lowest cost incurred ₹ 90030.41 on Pineapple Senapati, respectively. So, it may be concluded that Chilli Kohima incurred the highest cost, followed by Chilli Thoubal, Pineapple Dimapur and Pineapple Dimapur, respectively. (Ponnusamy and Kousalya, 2017).

Table 3: Cost of cultivation incurred on horticultural crops.



Table 4 reveals in order to estimate the return the following types of farm income were calculated based on the data obtained and accordingly the B: C ratios were analyzed; the gross income from Pineapple Senapati was estimated highest with ₹ 320644.62, Chilli Thoubal with ₹ 293576.53, Chilli Kohima with ₹ 261240.52 and least cost was of Pineapple Dimapur, respectively. The net income was estimated highest Pineapple Senapati with ₹ 180049.03, followed by Chilli Thoubal with ₹ 176736.31, Chilli Kohima with ₹ 143342.51 and least was Pineapple Dimapur with ₹ 102818.29. From the average B: C ratio of different horticultural crops was estimated that Pineapple Dimapur and Pineapple Senapati with BCR of 3.31 and 3.01, respectively; however Chilli Thoubal and Chilli Kohima has BCR of 2.76 and 2.70 respectively. It can be concluded that the combination of horticultural crops i.e; Pineapple growing has more promising outcome and Chilli have less BCR (Tuithung et al., 2023).

Table 4: Comparative net return from different horticultural crop(s).



Table 5 revealed the multinomial logit regression on adoption of horticultural crops for their likelihood accessing among the four locations, for X1 (Age) as explanatory variables on Pineapple Dimapur and for X3 (Education level) on Pineapple Dimapur, for X5 (Income) Pineapple Dimapur followed by Chilli Thouibal; even for X6 (Perception) for Pineapple Dimapur and Chilli Thouibal were having significant role. (Singh and Sharma, 2020b).

Table 5: Multinomial logit regression model on adoption of horticultural crop(s) (n=200).



Table 6 reveals the selected four districts with two prominent horticultural crops viz; Pineapple and Chilli grown successfully in the study area; the maximum effect was found on Dimapur Pineapple crop increases by 1 per cent shows an increase in X1 (Age) by 15.00 per cent of the respondents was found significant at 1 per cent level and Thoubal Chilli increase by 1 per cent has enhance by 8 per cent was found significant at 5 per cent level, respectively. Dimapur Pineapple increases by 1 per cent for an increase in X3 (Education level) enhancing by 20 per cent increase found significant at 1 per cent level and Pineapple Senapati, also indicate increase by 5 per cent and found significant at 5 per cent level. Dimapur Pineapple and Thoubal Chilli both; indicates increase by 3 per cent for X4 (Farming experiences) of the respondents was found significant at 5 per cent level. Dimapur Pineapple and Thoubal Chilli both were found significant at 1 per cent level indicate increase of 20 per cent and 18 per cent enhancement, respectively. Dimapur Pineapple and Thoubal Chilli both were found significant at 1 per cent and Senapati Chilli and Kohima Chilli both were also reported significant at 5 per cent level, indicates 17 per cent, 16 per cent, 12 per cent and 10 per cent enhancement about an increase in X6 (Perception) level, respectively. (Yadav et al., 2022).

Table 6: Multinomial Logit regression on adoption of horticultural crop(s)



Table 7 reveals that all the constraints identified faced by the respondent during the production i.e; the foremost was due to need of high investment on inputs cost was ranked 1st, followed by size of land holding and lack of technical knowledge or training etc; which were ranked 2nd and 3rd respectively. The lack of availability of hired labour, lack of financial facility / availability, transport facilities availability, lack of irrigation water availability and lack of price fluctuation were ranked 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th, respectively. Similar study was carried out by Sawian et al., (2022); Namdew and Sharma (2024).

Table 7: Constraints faced by the farmers during production of crops (n=200).


 
 

CONCLUSION

About the perception level of the respondent; it has been increase by maximum 17.00 per cent for Dimapur Pineapple crop, followed by Thoubal Chili crop it was recorded as 16.00 per cent, Kohima Chili was reported as 12.00 per cent and Senapati Pineapple was recorded as minimum with 10.00 per cent, respectively. Among the major constraints due to need of high investment on inputs cost was ranked first followed by size of land holding and lack of technical knowledge or training etc; which were ranked second and third respectively. It can also be concluded that lack of price fluctuation was ranked as 8th position, respectively.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Some policies can be drawn for further improvement related to farming and adoption viz;
o Systemic production may be opted for more remunerative prices.
o Weather Crop Insurance Scheme may encourage better prices.
o Even by supply of quality inputs viz; seeds and other inputs.
o ICT knowledge for market intelligence knowledge should be disseminated.
o Interest rate of bank loans should be decrease for credit facilities.
o Value addition-cum-processing of horticultural crops may encourage for additional income.
 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author’s were duly acknowledge to the Prof. Jagdish Kumar Patnaik, the Hon’able Vice Chancellor, Nagaland University, Nagaland and also to the referee of the manuscript for providing the suggestions/modifications to maintain the quality of the research article/paper. 
 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

REFERENCES


  1. Chishi, S. Kanitoli and Sharma, A. (2019). Resource use efficiency on different farm size groups of integrated watershed development programmes beneficiaries in Nagaland. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 8(6): 2135-2144. 

  2. GoI (2020). Agricultural Statistics at a Glance. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of India, New Delhi.

  3. Longkumer, W. and Sharma, A. (2023). Economics of rubber plantation in mokokchung District. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 57(06): 845-851. doi: 10.18805/ IJARe.A-6137.

  4. Namdew, K. and Sharma, A. (2024). Resource-use-efficiency and Constraints faced by the king chilli growers in peren District of Nagaland. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika. 69(11): 87-92. doi: 10.18805/BKAP652.

  5. Pampi, P.B.S., Meena, S.M. and Archana, B. (2020). Determinants of likelihood access for different livestock based enterprises by the farmers in Tripura, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(2): 120-124. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3272.

  6. Ponnusamy, K. and Kousalya, M.D. (2017). Impact of integrated farming system approach on doubling farmers’ income. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 30(2): 233-240.

  7. Sawian, K.D., Sharma, A. and Kumar, S. (2022). Socio-economic and the trend analysis of tea enterprise in Meghalaya State. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika. 37(4): 369- 373. doi: 10.18805/BKAP468.

  8. Singh, T.M. and Sharma, A. (2020)a. Cost and returns on various farm levels of selected major horticultural crops in the state of Nagaland and Manipur, India. Plant Archives. 20(2): 9095-9103. 

  9. Singh, T.M. and Sharma, A. (2020)b. Resource-use-efficiency analysis for the selected major horticultural crops in the state of Nagaland and Manipur, India. Plant Archives. 20(2): 9113-9119. 

  10. Singh, T.M. and Sharma, A. (2021)a. Implication of Indigenous Farming Practices on the Employment and Income Pattern for the Selected Horticultural Crops of Nagaland and Manipur States of India. Plant Archives. 21(2): 859-863. 

  11. Singh, T.M. and Sharma, A. (2021)b. A comparative study of the farmers’ perception on the organic cultivation in selected horticultural crops of Nagaland and Manipur states of India. International Journal of Creative Research Throughts. 9(4): 4702-4707.

  12. Tuithung, S., Sharma, A. and Singh, M. (2023). Women Empowerment Impact through Nagaland State Rural Livelihood Mission Scheme in Dimapur district of Nagaland. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika. 38(2): 177-180. doi: 10.18805/BKA P458.

  13. Yadav, M.K., Sharma, A. and Singh, Th. M. (2022). A Sustainability approach of Income, Expenditure and Employment through different activities adopted under watershed programme in Nagaland. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia. 53(2): 5591-5598.

  14. Yani, P. and Sharma, A. (2022). Prioritization strategies for the resources of traditional paddy-cum-fish culture in lower Subansiri District. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 56(3): 357-362. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5015.
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