Mushrooms is cultivated since earlier period due to his nutritional value and flavour especially in the eastern countries. The edible mushrooms cultivation carries of great relevance in today’s world within the situation of a growing human population and extreme pressure on the atmosphere. Therefore, this study summarized the important species of mushroom cultivated in India, nutritional and meditational values and the way mushroom production is environment friendly.
Cultivated mushrooms are a highly nutritious food which will be grown on biological wastes, agricultural wastes or agro-industrial wastes (
Sánchez, 2010 and
Atila, 2017). Researchers have reported variations within the nutritional content of mushrooms cultivated on different substrates. When comparing the consequences of various agro-wastes on the nutritional composition of oyster mushrooms and
Pleurotus cystidiosus, formulas with 100% sugar bagasse and 100% corncob showed higher values of protein, fiber, ash and mineral content (Ca, K and Mg) than 100% sawdust
Hoa et al., (2015). Moreover, supplementation of mushroom substrates in
Agaricus bisporus with trace elements has been described as reliable for the formation of fruiting bodies enriched with selenium, copper, zinc and micronutrients that regularly are deficient within the human diet
Bird et al., (2017); Rzymski et al., (2017), Werner and Beelman 2002). Several products also made from mushroom for nutrition. Anti-viral, anti-cancerous and anti oxidant properties also found in mushroom so people focused on its processing and cultivation. In case of Edible Mushroom, due to its richness in protein, vitamin, mineral, fibres, microelements and minute calories level used extensively
(Naeem et al., 2020).
Universal cultivated mushrooms
In mushrooms there are only some species of fungi which are commercially cultivated Among the 300 genera of mushroom and allied fleshy basidiomycetes, the reason for that, the absence of the host many of them not sporulate due to its mycorhizal condition. But many saprophytic species are agreeable to cultivation. Some common cultivated species of mushroom are shown in Table 1.
Nutritional value of mushroom
Edible mushrooms are source of food and they form easily digestible and very nourishing meals. Mushrooms are intake for their values like nutrition, flavor and taste. On the basis of fresh weight mushrooms contain higher protein content
(Aremu et al., 2009) to any or all fruits and vegetables and in meat and dairy products protein content is high than the mushroom source (Table 2). On the basis of dry-weight, mushrooms are alike to dried-yeast and greater to dried beans and peas.
The nutritional content differs from different species and substrates use for their growth requirement. Mushrooms are recommended to heart patients because it contains high protein and low caloric diet and also all the essential amino-acids required to an adult
(Koyyalamudi et al., 2009). Tryptophan and lysine are also present in high concentrations as compare to cystein and methionine. Edible mushrooms contain low amount of carbohydrate and fat. It makes supreme food for diabetic patients and for those persons who wants to shed excess fat due to the lack of starch in mushrooms. Edible mushroom also known as vegetable meat (
Haas and James, 2009). can be arranged into different delicious dishes and flavour for other dishes. Some people those are vegetarian use mushroom in their diet on the supplementary of meat (
Abulude, 2005).
Researchers
Kattawan et al., (2011) and
Naeem et al., (2020) has been proved that mushroom enclose antioxidants. Apart from nutritious importance, mushrooms have prospective medicinal benefits particularly as antitumor. A number of researchers gave details about medicinal importance of
Pleurotus tuber-regium (
Abulude, 2005;
Kuforiji and Fasidi, 2008;
Kattawan et al., 2011). Mushroom also used with medicinal plants for care of many diseases as chest pain, headache, dropsy, fever, smallpox and stomach pains (
Change, 2012). Mushrooms convey many nutritional produce, as well as aspect more generally originate in grains, beans or meat. Mushroom has low calories, fat-free, very squat in sodium and cholesterol-free (
Patel and Goyal, 2013). Mushroom perform as anti-cancer complex and play fundamental role as immediate anti-mitotic, oxygen species inducer, mitotic kinase inhibitor, topoisomerase inhibitor, angiogenesis inhibitor, leading to apoptosis and eventually inspection cancer dispersal.
Medicinal value
Numerous chemical compounds are found in mushrooms and hypothetical that it has curative uses and benefits. Similarly, the lipid fraction of
Grifola exhibit antioxidant activity and inhibit enzymes that cause many chronic diseases as well as cancer
(Inoue et al., 2002). The mushroom constituents not only restrain development of the disease by using direct cytotoxicity against tumour cells but also deplume other non-immune inhibiting mechanisms (
Chang, 1996).
The chemicals formed by species of
Ganoderma have antibacterial property
(Smania et al., 1999) and have been shown to check the growth of bacteria like
Staphylococcus (
Mothana et al., 2000). Steroids isolated from them are active against various microorganisms
(Kuznetsov et al., 2005). Experimentally based evidence has been growing to support observations over the centuries about the nutritional and medicinal benefit from mushrooms.
Currently the value of mushrooms has been acquired to a wonderful level with medicinal mushroom trials conducted for HIV/AIDS patients in Africa, yielding promising results (
Chang, 2006). The mycelial extracts from
Lentinula generate antiprotozoal actions against
Paramecium (
Badalyan, 2004). Mushrooms have an antiviral properties and various elements isolated from
Ganoderma are active against HIV-1
(El-Mekkawy et al., 1998; Ichimura et al., 1998) are also known to possess antiviral property against influenza virus type 1 of the various medicinal use of mushroom.
In medicinal purpose mushroom or mushroom extracts, that are used to treatments for diseases also.
Lentinula edodes (shiitake),
Grifola frondosa (maitake) and
Ganoderma lucidum (reishi), have a history of medicinal use spanning millennia in parts of Asia. Medicinal mushroom researches indicate the properties of antiparasitic, cardiovascular, anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective, activities (
Lentinan, 2009). The benefits of mushroom such as the medicinal, nutritional and mythological uses also have been diagnosed (
Akpaja, 2005;
Smith et al., 2002).
It is recognized that the uses of mushroom genetic resources are not only of high attention in agriculture, agronomy, animal feed and human food but also for the production, development and detection of constituents with high added value in industries like pharmaceutical and chemical industries (
Labarère and Menini, 2000). Mushrooms materials, including polysaccharide, proteoglycens and glycoprotein modulate immune system responses and block tumor growth. Currently, numerous extracts have wide spread use in China, Japan and Korea as adjuncts to chemotherapy and radiation treatments
(Smith et al., 2002; Borchers et al., 2008).
Mushrooms that include psychoactive substances have been used as ordinations for therapeutic (Mental and physical) (
Huder, 2000). Certain mushrooms, mainly polypores like Reishi were thought to be able to benefits in a various variety of health illne
(Sarfaraz et al., 2009). A researcher finds out the enhancements of egg laying capacity and disease resistant ability of birds when they use
Ganoderma sp. (Ogbe et al., 2008). Okhuoya et al., (2010) have found that Betaglucan based diet originated by
Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) effective in buruli ulcer caused by Mycobacterium in Nigeria.
Other uses of mushroom
Mushroom is use for dyeing wood and other natural fibers. The chromosphores of mushroom dyes are organic material and produce a vivid and solid colors and all variety of colors can have attained with mushroom dyes Wikipedia (Accessed, 2011). Dyes from them have been the resource of various dyes before the artificial dyes (
Mussak and Bechtold, 2009).
In developed countries, mushroom has been used as fire starter. They also have been applied by Evocative devise LLC to make biodegradable packaging. Currently, they play a vital role in the improvement of new biological filtration technologies and remediation techniques. Wikipedia (Accessed, 2011). Mushrooms are also use as gun powder
(Akpaja et al., 2005).
Environment friendly crop
Use of expensive substrate for growing oyster mushroom increases their cost of production. So there was need to search for definite substitute materials which should be existing in sufficient amount at relatively low price (
Arya and Arya, 2003).
Pleurotus has been reported to grow readily on a number of non-conventional substrate
(Das et al., 2000; Mukherjee and Nandi, 2002;
Nageswaran et al., 2003). In West Bengal, India water hyacinth (
Eicchornia crassipes Solms.), a low-cost supplement for oyster mushroom (
Pleurotus florida) cultivation.
Bandopadhyay et al., (2009). In India
Pleurotus sajor-caju has been successfully cultivated on banana pseudo-stem and paddy straw (
Jandaik, 1974;
Jandaik and Kapoor, 1975). Rice straw, wheat straw, ragi straw, hulled maize cab, waste paper were tried in different studies (
Jandaik and Kapoor, 1975). All these unutilized wastes together with other trash materials which pollute the environment may well be utilized for cultivation of protein-rich mushrooms. (
Medda, 2001). With the help of biotechnological process, the huge organic wastes can be re-cycled through mushroom cultivation for the production of food, fuel and fertilizers. Spent residues after the cultivation of edible mushroom could be better source of biologically pre-treated substrates for biogas production. Recycling of agro wastes is done through mushroom cultivation (
Madan, 1994).
